DEVIANT CHARACTER OF CHANTAL PRYM IN PAULO COELHO’S THE DEVIL AND MISS PRYM
DEVIANT CHARACTER OF CHANTAL PRYM
IN PAULO COELHO’S THE DEVIL AND MISS PRYM
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
AGNES YUDITA LARASATININGRUM
Student Number : 014214025
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008
BeeiN’ GreeN
kermit the frog
- The Muppet Show-
It's not that easy bein' green
Having to spend each day the color of the leaves
When I think it could be nicer bein' red or yellow or gold
Or something much more colorful like that
It's not easy bein' green
It seems you blend in with so many other ordinary things
And people tend to pass you over 'cause you're
Not standin' out like flashy sparkles on the water
Or stars in the sky
But green is the color of Spring
And green can be cool and friendly-like
And green can be big like an ocean
Or important like a mountain
Or tall like a tree
When green is all there is to be
It could make you wonder why
But why wonder, why wonder?
I am green and it'll do fine
It's beautiful
And I think it's what I want to be
I love green and I want to be “green”
- diTa-
This Undergraduate Thesis is Dedicated to Jesus Christ for His blessings My Parents: Opi and Mama for their caring and incessant love My Sisters: Pucha and Cimbul for their inspiration My Lovely Fiance: D1 for his love and faithfulness
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Life is a matter of choice. “We can not appreciate happiness without experiencing suffer is this life”. I have learned about it through experiences that sometimes made me down and upset. However, after I have finished this thesis, I also realized that life is not always a matter of choice. Life should be a struggle. Struggle to be a better person start from this moment. First of all I would like to thank Jesus Christ, My Lord and my Savior who has given me all this blessing and best life in this world. I believe that I will not be anything without Him. Jesus has given me all the experiences in life that have developed me to be the way I am now.
Furthermore, I probably will not be able to finish my thesis without the advice and guidance from my sponsors. I would like to give million thanks to Gabriel Fajar Sasmita Aji, S.S., M.Hum who had helped me a lot in doing my thesis, and who had overwhelmed me with support, patience and willingness to spend his valuable time to help me. My deepest gratitude also goes to Modesta Luluk Artika Windrasti, S.S. who has given me input and suggestion in finishing my thesis. I would also give my gratitude to Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum who has given me support and guidance to be a good student in English Letters Department.
A very deep gratitude I dedicate to my precious family. A very big thank and respect I should give to my father, A. K. Wiharyanto, who always gives his incessant love for me and the family, I will never be able to return his love. To my dearest encouraging me to do the best in my life, she is the most caring mother in the whole world. To Fusca Lina Widyaningrum and Maria Linda Wahyuningrum my two lovely sisters who always inspire me to be a stronger woman in this life, they are the best sisters in the world. To Mikael and Bernadine, my cutest cousins who always make me laugh in my days.
I would also thank my beloved friends Cisca, Risa, Lintang, and Endra who have given me all the best time in Sadhar. I feel so lucky to have you all. My thank is also given to my friend Eka Dina, without her I will never have the inspiration to finish this thesis. My greatest thanks goes to Danie “the Kidd”, who never gives up to encourage me to do the best I can do in life.
I also would like to thank all my ’01 friends in English Letters, who has given me the best experience in my life. Thanks for making me the person who I am right now. To all of the English Letters’ Staff, I would also give my best regard, because without all their help I will not be able to finish my study here. Also to all the library staff in Sanata Dharma University, who always accompany me in my research time.
I also would like to thank my dearest friends in ‘Pleasure Shop’, Mike, Roy, Ocki, Anto and Kubon, who always make me have fun everyday. Also to the greatest group band ever “End of Julia” keep on struggle my brothers.
Last but not least, I would also dedicate my special thank to my fiancé Iwantara, the man who has given me love, spirit and support to finish this thesis.
Thanks for everything.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
21 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY……………………………………….
53 d. Perception and Behavior…………………………………….
c. Motives and Behavior………………………………………
52
b. Sanction as Deviant…………………………………………
49
a. The Labeling as Deviant……………………………………
48
37 C. Chantal’s Deviance………………………………………………..
28 B. The Characteristics of Viscos Society……………………………
27 A. The Characteristics of Chantal Prym………………………………
25 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS………………………………………………….
24 C. Method of the Study………………………………………………
23 B. Approach of the Study…………………………………………..
23 A. Object of the Study……………………………………………....
17 C. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………..
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………….. i APPROVAL PAGE…………………………………………………………… ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE……………………………………………………….. iii MOTTO PAGE……………………………………………………………….. iv DEDICATION PAGE………………………………………………………… v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………… vi TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………… viii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………... ix ABSTRAK……………………………………………………………………. x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………….
14 e. Theoretical Conception of Deviance……………………..
12 d. Theory on Society………………………………………...
c. Theory on Setting…………………………………………
11
10 b. Theory on Characterization…………………………….....
a. Theory on Character………………………………………
10
8 B. Review of Related Theories………………………………………
8 A. Review of Related Studies………………………………………..
6 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW……………………………….
6 D. Definition of Terms……………………………………………….
6 C. Objective of the Study……………………………………………..
1 B. Problem Formulation………………………………………………
1 A. Background of the Study ………………………………………….
54
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION..………………………………………………
55 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………
57 APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………...
59
ABSTRACT
AGNES YUDITA LARASATININGRUM. Deviant Character of Chantal Prym as
Seen in Paulo Coelho’s The Devil and Miss Prym. Yogyakarta: Department of
English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.Society is never static. It is undergoing change and it is always in process. Deviant behavior, then, can play a role in the process of social organization. Deviance can take a variety of forms, sometimes approved and encouraged by society; or they may be destructive and rejected by society. Deviant behavior is potential to contribute to both social and cultural disorganization and reorganization. One of the theories of deviance is named Labeling Theory. Social groups create deviance by making the rule whose infraction constitutes deviance. The brilliant novel of Paulo Coelho entitled The Devil and Miss Prym presents the issue of deviance through the character of Chantal Prym. Chantal lived in Viscos, a remote village which contains a few inhabitants. The village seems to have rules and Chantal wants to break them. It’s very hard to do because Viscos is strong in their togetherness sentiment. Then, the unsupported situation in Viscos, brings a big consequence to Chantal. She has to accept the reality being labeled as deviant by her society. Becoming a deviant involves a labeling process. Chantal is labeled as a deviant because a particular group so defines her.
The writer of this thesis formulates three questions in order to guide the writer to stay focus on the topic of this analysis. They are: “How is Chantal, the main character, in The Devil and Miss Prym depicted?”. “How are the characteristics of society she lived in presented?”. “How can Chantal be labeled as a deviant by her society?”. The general objective of this thesis is to examine that Chantal’s labeling process as a deviant is influenced by socio-cultural situation in her society.
The method used in gathering data was library research. The primary data is the novel entitled The Devil and Miss Prym, by Paulo Coelho. The secondary data are some books about society, deviance, character and also internet media to find criticism about the primary data. Sociological approach is also applied since the topic of this thesis concerns on society. Sociological approach is an approach that has something to do with analyzing society and social organization.
This thesis presented some results. They are: Chantal is labeled as a deviant because Viscos society consider her as a disobedient and unruly person. Viscos people also know that Chantal regrets her being as Viscos inhabitants. Her act of regretting also brings a consequence to her, that is being labeled as deviant by her society. In addition, seeing from the complexity dimension of deviation, Chantal also can be considered as a pure deviant. A pure deviant always tries to fight and struggle to reach what he/she really wants.
ABSTRAK
AGNES YUDITA LARASATININGRUM. Deviant Character of Chantal Prym in
Paulo Coelho’s The Devil and Miss Prym. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris,
Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008.Masyarakat selalu berproses. Mereka mengalami perubahan dan selalu dalam proses. Penyimpangan mempunyai peran dalam proses terbentuknya aturan sosial. Penyimpangan memuat bermacam bentuk, beberapa diterima dan didukung masyarakat, atau kemungkinan merusak dan ditolak masyarakat. Perilaku menyimpang berpotensi memberikan kontribusi dalam proses disorganisasi maupun reorganisasi sosial dan kebudayaan. Salah satu teori mengenai perilaku menyimpang adalah teori cap,“labelling theory”. Masyarakat menciptakan penyimpang dengan membuat kaidah / peraturan yang pelanggarannya mengakibatkan perilaku menyimpang. Sebuah novel cerdas dari Paulo Coelho yang berjudul The Devil and
Miss Prym
menampilkan persoalan mengenai perilaku menyimpang melaui tokoh Chantal Prym. Chantal tinggal di Viscos, sebuah desa terpencil yang hanya memiliki sedikit penduduk. Desa ini memiliki kaidah – kaidah dan Chantal ingin melanggarnya. Ini sangat sulit dilakukan karena desa ini memiliki rasa kebersamaan yang sangat kuat. Keadaan yang tidak mendukung di Viscos mengakibatkan konsekuensi pada Chantal. Dia harus menerima resiko dianggap sebagai penyimpang oleh masyarakat. Menjadi penyimpang melibatkan proses pelabelan. Dia menjadi penyimpang karena masyarakat memberi label begitu.
Penulis skripsi ini merumuskan tiga pertanyaan. Yaitu ; “Bagaimana Chantal, tokoh utama dalam The Devil and Miss Prym, digambarkan?”. Bagaimana sifat dari masyarakat dimana dia tinggal ditampilkan?”, “ Bagaimana Chantal bisa dilabeli sebagai penyimpang oleh masyarakatnya?”. Tujuan umum dari skripsi ini adalah untuk memeriksa pelabelan Chantal sebagai penyimpang akibat dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan nilai nilai tradisi dalam masyarakat.
Metode yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah riset perpustakaan. Data utama adalah sebuah novel berjudul The Devil and Miss Prym. Data sekunder adalah buku-buku mengenai kemasyarakatan, penyimpangan, penokohan, dan juga media internet untuk mengetahui kupasan novel. Pendekatan sosiologi juga digunakan dalam skripsi ini secara skripsi ini menyoal tentang masyarakat.
Pendekatan Sosiologi adalah pendekatan yang menjabarkan masyarakat dan aturan- aturan di dalamnya.
Skripsi ini memberikan beberapa hasil; yaitu; Chantal ditetapkan sebagai penyimpang karena masyarakat Viscos menganggap dia tidak patuh dan berlaku tak pantas. Masyarakat Viscos juga mengetahui kalau Chantal menyesali keberadaan dia sebagai penduduk Viscos. Tindakannya memberi akibat ditetapkan sebagai penyimpang oleh masyarakatnya. Sebagai tambahan, dilihat dari kompleksitas dimensi penyimpangan, Chantal dapat disebut sebagai penyimpang sejati karena dia
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study People differ from each other in their appearance and behavior as well. Variation in behavior occurs even though we have norms and roles that specify what
should happen and what people should do in almost any given situation. Social differentiation is not only tolerated but expected in social interaction, it is all because its establishment will provoke some variations in life. For Peter L. Berger in
Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective .
From most of us the yoke of society seems easy to bear…..because most of the time we ourselves desire just that which society expect to us. Society not only determines what we do but also what we are. (Berger, 1963: 93-94). Thus, from the statement above, an individual learns to control his actions in accordance with expectations of the society. We expect people to be different from ourselves in behavior and appearance, and we would be very surprised if they were not. At a particular point, however, when differences has broken norms and values of the society, social differentiation becomes social deviation. Social deviation is placed in higher level, which means that social differentiation is still tolerated but social deviation is not, it will cause a sanction from society.
All societies have rules that specify what people should do in specific situations which is defined as norms. Norms describe the accepted or required individual variations and differences, is predictable because it is in accordance with mutually understood norms. However, some behavior is contrary to generally accepted norms, and it is called deviant behavior. (Clinard, 1985: 47).
The sociology of deviance is the sociological study of deviant behavior, the recognized violation of cultural norms, and the creation and enforcement of those norms (Landis, 1971: page 240). The field of deviance is primarily defined by theories used to explain deviance. For example, Labeling Theory by Howard S.
Becker, Strain Theory by Robert K. Merton, Functionalism and etc. Furthermore, for the next explanation, this thesis will focus on Labeling Theory of deviance.
Howard S. Becker, a leading sociologist, in Outsiders discuss the labeling aspect of deviance. He states ; social group create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance. Becoming a deviant involves a labeling process. One is deviant because a particular group defines him. (Becker, 1964: 12). So, it is sure that behaviors or characteristics of individuals are deviant when they are defined that way by members of society. Labeling theory suggest that deviance is caused by the deviant person being labeled by people surround him.
Furthermore, William Graham Sumner in his book Folkways sets out that “Deviance is not a quality of the act of the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of the rules and sanctions to an offender. According to Labeling Theory, deviants are those who have been labeled as such; therefore, much depends upon whose rules we are considering”. (Sumner, 1956: 19).
Some deviant, therefore, is pushing against the boundaries set by group. In its manifestation, the presence of deviance can not be separated from conformity. People tend to conform to the expectations from society than become a deviant. For one thing, it is less painful to conform. When an individual acts according to the norms, the group or society will accept him without any tendency.
Nevertheless, on the contrary of the discussion above, deviant behavior is not easy to identify and analyze for a number of reasons. For one thing, as Professor Stanton Wheeler suggests, norms are difficult to portray definitely.
Deviant behavior, ordinarily, is defined as conduct that runs afoul of social norms. But norms are not blueprints outlining in compulsory detail how people should act. They are abstract standards of conduct that people re expected to approximate in their daily activities, and this means that there are many varieties of behavior, many shades of difference, which fit within the compass of the norm. (Wheeler, 1967: 605-606).
Wheeler goes on to say that people always have a little doubt about limits of a norm. Individuals constantly review these limits through discussion, experimentation in behavior, or they decide to bring it to the court or other social institution in difficult cases. Then, it can be concluded that the labeling of deviant is very relative. What is defined as deviant by one group maybe defined as normal by another. The definition of deviance depends on the variable being defined and the group doing the defining.
Furthermore, in addition to the explanation above, Wheeler also suggested that “deviance takes such a great variety of forms, which majority are negative issues,
- – crime, delinquency, suicide, rebellion, riot, sexual excess, and many more”. So that,
Chantal Prym, the youngest in Viscos, is the main character in this novel. She was a young and rather beautiful barmaid in the only hotel in Viscos. The village seems to have rules and Chantal wants to break them. It is very hard to do because Viscos is full of hypocrite people. They tend to live in “peaceful” fake in spite of struggle for a new better life. Then, the unsupported situation in Viscos brings a big consequence to Chantal. She has to accept the reality being labeled as deviant by her society. Becoming a deviant involves a labeling process. One is a deviant because a particular group so defines him / her.
From a sociological viewpoint, deviant behavior is learned behavior, developed through the socialization process. With an occasional exception, deviant behavior is seen not as inborn, but as behavior that is developed and learned through interaction with others. In this thesis, the writer wants to show how Chantal is being labeled as a deviance by her society. The reader can also see the dimension of complexity of deviance. That are how is the relationships between motives and behavior of Chantal’s deviance, and also the relationship between perception and then, by seeing through both of the dimension of complexity above, the reader can understand that not all deviance is intended or detected: and some deviants may be secretive in their behavior, while others are falsely accused.
Furthermore, the main reason why the writer of this thesis is interested in analyzing this novel is that because the struggle of the main character is very inspirational. Although she has to face many obstacles and boundaries in her life, especially being labeled as a deviant by her society, she never gives up to reach her aims. Paulo Coelho, as the author of this novel, could make the readers feel sympathetic towards Chantal. By reading this novel, the readers could understand that living in a society is very complex. We have to adapt to the society where we live in so that we can be accepted. Through the character of Chantal we can learn that being a deviant is not always bad. Because deviant is only a label from society, we know ourselves better than others.
Realizing the important and interesting topic about deviance, this thesis will focus on the character of Chantal Prym being compared to other characters.
Considering the socio-cultural situation in this novel, it is obvious that it also gives a big influence to her phenomenon in being a deviant.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the explanation above, the writer forms three questions in the way to analyze and find out the phenomenon of the main character in being deviant in Paulo Coelho’s The Devil and Miss Prym. The problems can be formulated as follows:
1. How is Chantal, the main character, in The Devil and Miss Prym depicted?
2. How are the characteristics of society she lived in?
3. How can Chantal be labeled as a deviant?
C. Objective of the Study
The general objective of this thesis is not only to find out the characters presented in The Devil and Miss Pyrm, but also to understand the story more clearly.
After relating the situation reflected in the text, the writer began to realize that the phenomenon of the main character as a deviant was influenced by socio-cultural situation in that society.
D. Definition of Term
1. Deviance Howard S. Becker, in Outsiders states that “social group create deviance by making rules whose infraction constitutes deviance and by applying those rules to particular people. Becoming a deviant involves a labeling process—one is deviant because a particular group so defines him” (Becker, 1963: 9)
William Graham Sumner in his book Folkways . He shows that “ Deviance is not a quality of the act of the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of the rules and sanctions to an offender.” (Sumner, 1956: 19)
2. Myth Keen and Valley Fox in Your Mythic Journey define myths as the
“interlocking stories, rituals, rites, and custom that inform and give the pivotal sense of meaning and direction to a person, family, community, or culture” (Fox, 1989: 26) Edgar V. Roberts says that “A myth is a story,…that is associated with the religion, philosophy, and collective psychology of various groups of cultures. Myths sometimes embody scientific truths for pre-scientific societies, they codify the social cultural values of the civilization in which they are composed” (Roberts, 1987: 283)
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review Of Related Studies The writer finds there are several studies done on Paulo Coelho’s The Devil
and Miss Prym
. Those studies are mostly done on essays. Firstly, there is an essay done by Sarah Crawford. In her essay she stated that The Devil and Miss Prym has the timeless quality and parable. In this stunning new novel, Paulo Coelho dramatizes the struggle within every soul between light and darkness, and its relevance to our everyday struggles: to dare to follow our dreams, to have the courage to be different and to master the fear that prevents us from truly living. The Devil and Miss Prym is a story charged with emotion, in which the integrity of being human meets a terrifying test. (http://www.shopireland.ie/books/detail/0007116055/The-Devil-and-Miss- Prym/)
Secondly, Zinnia Ali in her essay, gave some opinion about The Devil and Miss Prym.
She stated that this novel is a parable in which all the characters, at some time, betray contradictions of human soul. The book is about the ever going struggle within every human being, the battle between good and evil, and which path they choose and why. The question that it arises is, Are human beings doomed to be evil or do they choose their own path? This is an immensely readable and inspiring brew of adventure and insight into human behavior. Paulo Coelho doesn’t just write, he crafts his magnificent tales that examines what it is to be human and what it is that makes us human, warts and all. (http://www.dooyoo.co.uk/printed-books/coelho- paulo-in-general/419777/)
Thirdly, Robert Andrews states in the book Fundamental Care of Souls about Paulo Coelho and his novel, The Devil and Miss Prym, “His book has had a life- enchanting impact on millions of people”. In The Devil and Miss Prym, Paulo Coelho’s takes as his starting point the basic theme of good versus evil. Are humans inherently good or is there always a set of circumstances that can make them turn to bad. Human greed, cowardice fear and the subject of temptation are dramatized in the most compelling way. What at first appears to be a simple tale, is in fact something much complicated – because the choice between good and evil is not always simple to make. (Andrews, 2001: 48).
All of the essays above, said that the novel of Paulo Coelho “The Devil And
Miss Prym”
talks about the battle between God and Evil through the character of Chantal and the Stranger. Thus, in this thesis, the writer wants to analyze this novel from the other view, that is by using theory of deviance seeing from sociological approach.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory on Character and Characterization
a. Character
In Literature for Composition, the word character has two meanings, they are, a figure in a literary work, and personalities or the mental and qualities of a figure. A figure in literary work means a person or an individual in the literary work, for example, Chantal Prym, the priest, old Berta, etc (in Paulo Coelho’s The Devil and
Miss Prym
). Mental and moral qualities refer to the personalities of the figure or person in the literary work, for example, strong, weak, fussy, and kind. ( Barnet and Berman, 1988: 71). Characters in the second meaning, as pointed by Abrams in his book entitles A Glossary of Literary Terms, are the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral, dispotional and emotional qualities that ere expressed in what they say-the dialogue- and what they do-in the action. The grounds in the characters’ temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called motivation (Abrams, 1985: 23 ). In addition to this, Langland also includes the individual’s thought to show his or her personality by the presence of a narrator in a story who may provide an access to enter the individual’s mind (Langland, 1984: 9).
b. Characterization
Characterization refers to the representation of persons in a narrative or dramatic works by means characters’ actions, speech, or physical appearances (Baldick, 1990: 34). A character can be different from others as each of them is attributed each own particular personality and physical attributes.
According to Holman and Harmon, there are three basic methods of characterization. Firstly, the characterization may be in the shape of explicit presentation or direct exposition about the character. The presentation may be in the form of an introductory block or it may also appear piece by piece throughout the story. Secondly, the characterization may not use any explicit exposition, if not a little, but may use action instead. From the character’s action, the reader expected to infer some attributes of the character. Finally, the reader has to understand by himself or herself about the character since there is no direct comment exposition given by the author. It is a presentation from within a character (Holman and Harmon, 1976: 81)
In addition to these methods, M. J. Murphy gives other ways to characterize a character in the story. Some of them are more or less similar with those proposed by Holman and Harmon previously. One’s personality may also be shown through personal description that is from the description of one’s physical appearance and attributes attached to him or her. These attributes may refer to one’s clothing or the way one dresses oneself. It can also be seen from other character’s opinion or ideas about the character through their conversation. Besides giving a direct comment, an author may also give a direct knowledge of what the character is thinking about ( his or her thought). Characterization can also be done by placing the character in a certain situation to see how he or she reacts to it. It can also be done by tracing the character’s past life as it can be revealed in a direct exposition of another characters’ knowledge about the past or the character’s own initiative to reveal his or her past (Murphy, 1972: 161-173).
Characterization must follow three principles in order to be convincing. Firstly, the characters in the story must have consistency in the way they behave. This consistency might be broken if only there is sufficient reason to explain this change of behavior. Secondly, whatever the characters do, they must have clear motivations especially when they break the consistency of their behaviors. Finally, the characters must appear lifelike or plausible. (Perrine, 1974: 69)
2. Theory on Setting
Setting can be noticed in a limited sense and in a large sense. In a limited sense it refers to “the general sense” that is particular physical location in which the story takes place. It also refers to “the historical time” that shows when the story takes place. In a large sense, setting refers to “the social circumstances that are situations or conditions, and environments in which the characters live (Abrams,
1981 : 175). Holman and Harmon also include spiritual background as part of setting (1986 : 465). There are four elements that help to create setting in a story, namely:
1.The real geographical location that includes the topography and scenery; the setting may also be the indoor location like the physical arrangements of the furniture or the position of windows and door of a room.
2. The characters’ occupations and daily attitudes or activities of living.
3. The time or era in which the action happens, for examples: the year, the season, or it might be an epoch in history, etc.
4. The general environment through which the characters act or move; which may include the characters’ religious background, mental or emotional conditions, as well as the social and moral conditions (1986:465)
According to Van de Laar and Schooderwoerd, a setting refers to the place where and the time at which the story happens. That is to say the writer should prepare the scene that contributes something toward the reader’s knowledge of the plot of the story. Similar to characters, the setting can be drawn from the real but it is not taken straightly from the reality which means there should be a kind of distortion to suit the purpose of the novel (1958: 172). The setting of time in a story then can be related to the factual time at which certain historical events took place.
Setting has an important role as it may determine the credibility of the work. It influences the characters and contributes to the atmosphere or the mood of the work. In a certain way it may stands as a symbol as well (Rohberger & Woods, 1971 : 22), and may imply a theme of the story (Stanton, 1965:18)
3. Theory on Society
Society is an organization of people who live in a place around us. We are the part of society. There are various society forms, such as village or rural society, a nation, and an urban society. In the society, there are a lot of persons who have various values and desires. In his book, An Introduction to Sociology, Vander Zander says that society forms can be small community such as a tribal community of several dozen people and it can be large community such as a modern nation-state with hundreds of millions of people (Zanden,1988:101). Furthermore, R.M Maciver and Charles H. Page say :
“Society is a system of usages and procedures, of authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions, of controls of human behavior and of liberties” (Maciver, 1949: 5) As an individual, we have to adapt to the society where we live in. The existence of the society does influence everyone’s life. A certain society has some values which are built together. Sometimes, the values are different from values which are possessed by every individual. We have to adapt ourselves to the environment so that we can be accepted by the society. The claims of independence from certain people cannot separate every individual from society. On the contrary, every person can influence the society around them. For example, if a person is honored or considered to be a leader, he or she can influence the society through his or her way of thinking and his or her behavior.
There is also likeness which is possessed by every person in the society. The likeness is like the likeness of values, desires, interests, and purposes. Society is formed from the likeness and also from the difference from every individual. Maciver and Page say that without likeness there will not be the sense of “belonging together”.
Without the sense of likeness there could also be no society because of no mutual recognition. Society exists if every person resembles one and another in some degree, in body, and in mind. However, society also depends on differences as it depends on similarities. If people are absolutely alike, the social relationship which they have built would be limited. Perhaps, it is like a hundred or may be a thousand of ants or bee. It will be only little give and take. It will be only very little contribution from one person to another (Maciver, 1949:7)
Basically, human beings are personal creature and dependent creature. The need of being in society shows that human beings are dependent creature who cannot live without others. Every person needs to have ability to adapt in the society so that they can hold out in their environment
4. Society in the Novel
Concerning its literal meaning, society in the novel or fictional society can be understood in the same way as that of the society in the real life. It also points to be idea of human relationship or human association in a certain area in which people live together sharing common opinions, values, beliefs, and customs (Rose, 1977: 87-89).
Society provides various facts of life such as human experiences, events, social conditions, institutions, values, norms, social backgrounds or place, etc. All of these become the object of literature. Though this real society is imitated into imaginative or fictitious society of literary work, it is not identical with that of literary work. It, however, stands outside the work.
Fictional society or society in the novel can be understood in the same way. It is important, however, to see this society of literary works as something which does not really exist in reality as it exists as a result of an author’s imagination. Langland in Society of the Novel defines society as a medium in fiction in which characters exist, act, respond, and define themselves (Langland, 1984: 4,9,19). She defines society in a wider sense as follow :
Society…comprehending not merely people and their classes but also their customs, conventions, beliefs and values, their institutions – legal, religious, and cultural – their physical environment…This society also revealed through human relationships, through characters’ patterned interactions and their common expectations of one another…its particular manifestation in a novel will be dictated by its role within the work…(Langland, 1984:6-7).
Speaking about society’s role in the novel, Langland mentions that society is basically “a context or background within which, and against which, characters define themselves” (Langland, 1984:7-8).
5. Theoretical Conceptions of Deviance In the absence of a generally agreed-upon theory of deviant behavior, Jack P.
Gibbs suggests that there are a number of different conceptions of deviance.
“We are today in the conceptualization stage of scientific development as it pertains to human behavior, and these various conceptions are constantly changing”. (Gibbs, 1966: 9-14) Some older conceptions assumed that there was something inherent in deviants which distinguish them from non-deviants. Historically, criminals were viewed as biologically distinctive in one way or another. While this perspective has been rejected generally by today’s scholar’s, there is another older view which is just now being challenged. Gibbs calls this “analytical conception”. Rather than assume that criminals are inherently deviant, this notion assumes that deviant acts are inherently injurious to society. In other words, there has been shift from an interest in the character of the actors to an interest in the characteristic of their acts.
Newer conceptions tends to reject both of these older perspectives. Some scholars point out that deviant behavior is not necessary injurious or dysfunctional.
Deviance maybe in some respect functional and make positive contributions to parts of the social order. Furthermore, deviance is a relative concept; what is wrong in one society or at one time is not necessarily wrong in another in the different time. One of the pioneers of this perspective was William Graham Sumner in his book Folkways . He set out to show that almost any form of human behavior is normative somewhere in the world. “ Deviance is not a quality of the act of the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of the rules and sanctions to an offender. According to Labeling Theory, deviants are those who have been labeled as such; therefore, much depends upon whose rules we are considering”. (Sumner, 1956: 19)
Additional problems concerning the complex nature and role of deviancy arise when we realize that not all deviance is intended or detected. In Norms, Values, and
Sanctions, Judith Blake and Kingsley Davis point out that there are four possible
relationships between people’s motives and their behavior. Both motives and behavior may conform to or deviate from expected and accepted standards. The variations can be depicted as follows :
The Possible Relationships between Motives and Behavior
BEHAVIOR Conforming Deviating
Conforming + / + (1) + / - ( 2) MOTIVE
Deviating - / + ( 3) - / - ( 4) In all societies many people fall into categories 1 and 4. They desire to conform and do so; or they motivated to deviate and do so. However, some people deviate unintentionally (category 2). They may do this because of error, because they do not know the rules, because the nature of the social situation, or because they are incapable of conforming. Others, by way of contrast, intend to deviate but do not do so (category 3). These people may be deterred from violating the norms because they wish the social rewards for approved behavior or because they want to avoid the penalties for deviation. Furthermore, those falling into category 3 may not deviate in behavior because they lack the social and cultural opportunity to do so. (1964, page 468)
Nevertheless, there is still another dimension of complexity, some deviants are falsely accused and others maybe secret deviants. According to Howard Becker in
Outsiders : Studies in The Sociology of Deviance
, there are four possible categories, using the variable of perception.
The Possible Relationships between Perceptions and Behavior Conformist Behavior Deviant Behavior Perceived as Deviant
falsely accused non-deviant pure deviant
Not Perceived as Deviant
conformist secret deviant Some scholars emphasize deviance as behavior which is perceived as improper by society or certain segments of society. Becker takes this view and, therefore, is able to stress the distinctions between those who clearly conform or conform but are identified by society s deviants. So long as they are so perceived, the falsely accused maybe treated as pure deviants. Conversely, in every society, there is an unknown number of people who are never detected as a deviant. Until they are so perceived, they are treated as a conformist in the community. In summary, then, deviance is difficult to identify and analyze; since norms are difficult to portray definitively, deviant behavior may take variety of forms, including new and unanticipated directions; not all deviance is intended or detected; and some deviants may be secretive in their behavior, while other are falsely accused.
Obviously, deviance drives many functions. It is useful to the social order and perpetuated by the community. In The Functions of Social Conflict, Lewis A. Coser suggests several ways to conceive of the functions of deviant behavior. He indicates how does deviant behavior contribute the social order and then analyze the more subtle implications. These functions of deviance can be explained in four ways