THEMATIC STRUCTURES IN THE LANGUAGE OF JAVANESE LUDRUK.
ABSTRACT
Susanto. Thematic Structures in the Language of Javanese Ludruk. Thesis:
English Applied Linguistic Graduate Program. UNIMED. 2005
This thesis deals with Thematic Structures in the Language of Javanese
Ludruk. The objectives are to describe variOus kinds of thematic structures
used in the language of Javanese Ludruk, to explore the dominant type and to
explain the reasons for the thematic structures in the language of Ludruk. This
study is based on a descriptive method which focuses on the natural
characteristics of data and the data resulted are the clauses com iled from the
transcripts of the dialogues in Ludruk entitled Ajisoko. The research findings
indicate that all kinds of thematic structures are used in the language of Ludruk
but the dominant one is Unmarked Theme because Ludruk performs certain
social issue and proposes the tenor (social relation).
IV
BIOGRAPHY
Name
: Susanto
Place and Date ofB1rth
: Medan, May 3, 1977
Student Index Number
: 025010083
Khalipah - Tembung
Religion
:Moslem
Sex
:Male
Occupation
:Lecturer
Marital Status
:Unmarried
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL
..............................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDMENTS ... ...... ... . .. . .. . .. . . . ...... ... ... ... .. . . . . . . . .. .
ii
ABSTRACT
iv
··•••••··•••••····••···•••···•••••···············••••···••
BIOGRAPHY
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER I
;::.
~ -·
rz
·•••································•···••••····
vi
IN"TRODUCTIO'N ...................................
1.1
Background of the Study .................. .
1
1.2
Scope ofthe Study ......................... ..
2
1.3
Problems of the Study ..................... .
3
1.4
Objective of the Study ................... .
1.5
Significance of the Study .................... .
I
I~
I
I
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE •....•••
i
2.1
Functional Grammar ......................... ..
2.1.1
Thematic Structure..............................
6
14
VI
CHAPTER III
2.2
Javanese Ludruk... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2. 1
Language used in Ludruk ... ... .... ... ... .. . ... ... 23
2.3
Conceptual Framework........................... 24
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3. 4
I
,:=..
CHAPTERIV
21
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ill • • •
26
Techniques of Data Analysis .................... .
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ••• ... •.• . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... %8
4.1 Types ofThematic Structures in the Language of
Javanese Ludruk ..................................... .
~z
4.2 Complex Themes .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .
31
4.3Theme in Clause Complexes.......................
34
4.4 Discussions .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .
36
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS .. . . . . . .. . . ..
39
I
I~
i
I
i
CHAPTERV
vii
REFERENCES . . . .. .. .. . . ... .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
42
APPENDIX l
THEMATICSTRUC:TURElN CLAUSE.........
31
APPENDIX II
TRANSCRIPTS OF THE DIALOGUES...........
57
viii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 1
The Relationship between Context and Text
Figure 2
Metafuoetionally Oriented Dimensions of Mode
..........
16
Variation in Context ................................................
18
Figure3
Tbe Contextualisation ofTbe~n
20
Table 1
Tbe Realization of Topical~
n erpersona
I
i
I
I
Table 2
and Rbeme
Textual and
emcs
The Realization ofVarious Types in tbe Topical
I
I
Theme ...........................................................
i
Ii
I
I
Table 3
The Realization of Simple and Complex Themes .....
Table 4
The Realization of Various Types in tbe Textual
Them·~
Table 5
........................... .
Tbe Realization of Various Types in the Interpersonal
Theme ........................................................... .
Table 6
The Realization of Theme in Clause and Clause
Comp_lexes ................................................... .
IX
30
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
..
NIILJK PERUSJ1~K
1.1 Background of the Study
.
----··4-.
AANf
UNIMEO
_......__.... ....
,
l
,.-
Ludruk is a Javanese drama which performs the stories of Javanese
myths and histories associated with daily life using satirical aHusions. lt will be
rather difficult to comprehend and enjoy the stories in Ludruk unless the
viewers understand the language of Ludruk since it is one of its dominant part
(Siswanto, W. 1997). In other words, by understanding the thematic structures
of the language used in Ludruk, the viewers will make themselves easy to
figure the story out. Therefore, this study is aimed at describing the thematic
structures in the language of Javanese Ludruk.
Thematic structures are ones in which information is structured.
Different contexts of language result in different thematic structures (Halida)!.
1994). Only by knowing the thematic structures can one well understand a text.
The language use in Ludruk is structured in its own thematic structures. Thus,
by learning its thematic structures, the Javanese can appreciate Ludruk as their
cultural heritage.
Furthermore, Ludruk itself conveys its own massages to the viewers or
society in its own way. In other words, the conveyed information is uniquely
structured. The information can only be understood well and effectively by
studying the structure of the thematic organization found in the language of
Ludruk. Hence, by learning its thematic structures, the viewers of Ludruk can
understand it better.
This study functions to document Javanese's cultural richness by which
the ~avnes
can preserve their culture. In this way, they ar€ motivated to
appreciate Ludruk as the cultural product. It is predicted that the next
of gradual decrease in interest in watching Ludruk (Supriyanto, 1992). Thus,
this study serves an effort to maintain the existence of Ludruk as a cultuJ"al
asset and identity in pluralistic society of Indonesia.
1.2 S(ope of the Study
This study is limited to the description of the thematic structures found
m the language of Javanese Ludruk In this study, the writer specifically
explores the types of thematic structures, investigates the dominant type and
describes why it is structured thematically as it is. Hence, the study is focused
on textual function found in the drama with reference to Hallidayan approach
in Systemic FuncJional Grammar (SFG).
I
2
1.3 Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the problems of the study are
formulated as the fo11owing:
1. What kinds of thematic structures are used in the language of Javanese
Ludruk?
2. What is the dominant type used in the drama?
1.40bjectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are:
1.
to describe various kinds of thematic structures used in the language
of Javanese Ludruk.
2.
to explore the dominant type used in the drama.
to explain the reasons for the thematic structures in the language of
Ludruk.
3
1.5 Significance of the Study
Based on the objectives of the study, the findings of this study are
expected to be relevant or useful for
1. other researchers who intend to conduct a research in Javanese Ludruk
with reference to SFG.
2. those who are interested in language st4dies by informing them that
language used in Javanese Ludruk is one of languages that has its own
untqueness an
3. preservation of Javanese cultural heritage.
4
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion
The theory of thematic structures (Theme and Rheme) as proposed by
Halliday can be applied in analyzing the language of Javanese Ludruk. Having
analyzed the data, conclusions are drawn as the following:
The thematic structures, which are used in the language of Javanese
Ludruk, are various namely Topical Theme, Textual Theme and
Interpersonal Theme. Each theme consists of its own elements sucfi as
marked and unmarked in Topical Theme; continuative, conjunctive and
structural in Textual Theme; and modal adjunct, vocative, finite and
wh-element in Interpersonal Theme.
2. It is found that the dominant theme is unmarked one. It shows that tie~
is agreement to a certain social issue such as; giving support, stating
balance argumentation and proposing the tenor.
-3. The language of Ludruk thematically structured as describea above
because:
a. 1fhe language of Ludruk has the total spoken channel and it is used
as a mode..ofaction. The language functions theatrically to convey a
39
message of a story verbally in a performance and some outspoken
dialogues are related to the real situation to attract the interest of
audience. Further, the contexts of situation and culture are also
observed.
b. The awareness in the language of Ludruk to convey and to extend
the information is intense. It is the consequence-of having
outspokenness in Ludruk
Ludruk as a theatrical event
audience for the partners. The interaction is aimed to know whether
the audience has understood or not, agreed or not, liked or not and
how far they comprehend the story.
d. The main purpose of Ludruk is to entertain by conveymg the
message taken from the Javanese mythology and history related to
the reality everyday life with many satirical allusions to
contemporary events. Consequently, most clauses reveal the theme
normally expected to find and it is easy to understand the message
and to find the continuity of the story clearly. Most actors
ith their
own collaborations tend to make every clause spoken naturally. As a
result, the performed story can be absorbed spontaneously.
40
5.2 Suggestion
The research finding is the application of Systemic Functional grammar
(SFG) as the theoretical framework into the clauses in Javanese Ludruk. As
the matter of fact, since this research does not cover all aspects of the SFG
theory and it is limited to the thematic structure, it is suggested to analyze all
clauses in Ludruk precisely from other aspects of linguistic theory to prove that
Ludruk as a literary work is potential enough to analyze not only from the
literary point of view but also from the linguistic one.
z
41
REFERENCES
Bloor, T. and Bloor, M. 1995. The Functional L4nalysis ofEnglish. New York:
Arnold.
Downing, A. and Locke, P. 1992. A University Course in English Grammar.
New York: Prentice HalL
Eggins, S. 1994. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London:
Pinters.
Geertz. 1997. Javanese Pattern. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Gerot, L. and WignelL 1994. Making Sense ofFunctional Grammar. Sydney:
Stabler.
Grace. 1965. Response to Literature. New York: McGraw-Hill Book.
Halliday, M.AK. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London:
Edward Arnold.
Martin, J.R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure . Amsterdam:
Benjamins.
Mathesius,V. I 975. A Functional Analysis of Present-Day English on a
General Linguistic Basis . Prague: Academia.
Mujianto, at. al. 1990. Penelitian Karakterisasi Bahsa Ludruk di Jawa Timur
Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Nababan, P.W. Y. 1993. Variasi dalam Bahasa Jawa. Jakarta: Gramedia
Pustaka Utama.
Rose. D. 2002. Some variations in Theme across Languages. Amsterdam:
Benjamins.
42
1989. Varieties of Language; The Ethnography of
Communication, Cambridge: Basil Backwell.
Saviel-Troike, M.
Siswanto, W. 1997. Perkembangan Ludruk. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan
Pengembangan Bahasa.
Sunyoto, W. 1998. StanZfarisasai Bahasa Jawa. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka
Utama.
Supriyanto, 1992. Deskripsi Lakon Ludruk. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan
Pengembangan Bahasa
Thompson, G. 1996. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Tokyo: Arnold.
Wakito. 1997. Stratifikasi dalam Bahasa Jawa. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka
Utama.
Yule, G. 1985. Language, Society, and Culture. Cambridge: Cambrioge
University Press
43
Susanto. Thematic Structures in the Language of Javanese Ludruk. Thesis:
English Applied Linguistic Graduate Program. UNIMED. 2005
This thesis deals with Thematic Structures in the Language of Javanese
Ludruk. The objectives are to describe variOus kinds of thematic structures
used in the language of Javanese Ludruk, to explore the dominant type and to
explain the reasons for the thematic structures in the language of Ludruk. This
study is based on a descriptive method which focuses on the natural
characteristics of data and the data resulted are the clauses com iled from the
transcripts of the dialogues in Ludruk entitled Ajisoko. The research findings
indicate that all kinds of thematic structures are used in the language of Ludruk
but the dominant one is Unmarked Theme because Ludruk performs certain
social issue and proposes the tenor (social relation).
IV
BIOGRAPHY
Name
: Susanto
Place and Date ofB1rth
: Medan, May 3, 1977
Student Index Number
: 025010083
Khalipah - Tembung
Religion
:Moslem
Sex
:Male
Occupation
:Lecturer
Marital Status
:Unmarried
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL
..............................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDMENTS ... ...... ... . .. . .. . .. . . . ...... ... ... ... .. . . . . . . . .. .
ii
ABSTRACT
iv
··•••••··•••••····••···•••···•••••···············••••···••
BIOGRAPHY
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER I
;::.
~ -·
rz
·•••································•···••••····
vi
IN"TRODUCTIO'N ...................................
1.1
Background of the Study .................. .
1
1.2
Scope ofthe Study ......................... ..
2
1.3
Problems of the Study ..................... .
3
1.4
Objective of the Study ................... .
1.5
Significance of the Study .................... .
I
I~
I
I
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE •....•••
i
2.1
Functional Grammar ......................... ..
2.1.1
Thematic Structure..............................
6
14
VI
CHAPTER III
2.2
Javanese Ludruk... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2. 1
Language used in Ludruk ... ... .... ... ... .. . ... ... 23
2.3
Conceptual Framework........................... 24
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3. 4
I
,:=..
CHAPTERIV
21
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ill • • •
26
Techniques of Data Analysis .................... .
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ••• ... •.• . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... %8
4.1 Types ofThematic Structures in the Language of
Javanese Ludruk ..................................... .
~z
4.2 Complex Themes .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .
31
4.3Theme in Clause Complexes.......................
34
4.4 Discussions .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .
36
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS .. . . . . . .. . . ..
39
I
I~
i
I
i
CHAPTERV
vii
REFERENCES . . . .. .. .. . . ... .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
42
APPENDIX l
THEMATICSTRUC:TURElN CLAUSE.........
31
APPENDIX II
TRANSCRIPTS OF THE DIALOGUES...........
57
viii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 1
The Relationship between Context and Text
Figure 2
Metafuoetionally Oriented Dimensions of Mode
..........
16
Variation in Context ................................................
18
Figure3
Tbe Contextualisation ofTbe~n
20
Table 1
Tbe Realization of Topical~
n erpersona
I
i
I
I
Table 2
and Rbeme
Textual and
emcs
The Realization ofVarious Types in tbe Topical
I
I
Theme ...........................................................
i
Ii
I
I
Table 3
The Realization of Simple and Complex Themes .....
Table 4
The Realization of Various Types in tbe Textual
Them·~
Table 5
........................... .
Tbe Realization of Various Types in the Interpersonal
Theme ........................................................... .
Table 6
The Realization of Theme in Clause and Clause
Comp_lexes ................................................... .
IX
30
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
..
NIILJK PERUSJ1~K
1.1 Background of the Study
.
----··4-.
AANf
UNIMEO
_......__.... ....
,
l
,.-
Ludruk is a Javanese drama which performs the stories of Javanese
myths and histories associated with daily life using satirical aHusions. lt will be
rather difficult to comprehend and enjoy the stories in Ludruk unless the
viewers understand the language of Ludruk since it is one of its dominant part
(Siswanto, W. 1997). In other words, by understanding the thematic structures
of the language used in Ludruk, the viewers will make themselves easy to
figure the story out. Therefore, this study is aimed at describing the thematic
structures in the language of Javanese Ludruk.
Thematic structures are ones in which information is structured.
Different contexts of language result in different thematic structures (Halida)!.
1994). Only by knowing the thematic structures can one well understand a text.
The language use in Ludruk is structured in its own thematic structures. Thus,
by learning its thematic structures, the Javanese can appreciate Ludruk as their
cultural heritage.
Furthermore, Ludruk itself conveys its own massages to the viewers or
society in its own way. In other words, the conveyed information is uniquely
structured. The information can only be understood well and effectively by
studying the structure of the thematic organization found in the language of
Ludruk. Hence, by learning its thematic structures, the viewers of Ludruk can
understand it better.
This study functions to document Javanese's cultural richness by which
the ~avnes
can preserve their culture. In this way, they ar€ motivated to
appreciate Ludruk as the cultural product. It is predicted that the next
of gradual decrease in interest in watching Ludruk (Supriyanto, 1992). Thus,
this study serves an effort to maintain the existence of Ludruk as a cultuJ"al
asset and identity in pluralistic society of Indonesia.
1.2 S(ope of the Study
This study is limited to the description of the thematic structures found
m the language of Javanese Ludruk In this study, the writer specifically
explores the types of thematic structures, investigates the dominant type and
describes why it is structured thematically as it is. Hence, the study is focused
on textual function found in the drama with reference to Hallidayan approach
in Systemic FuncJional Grammar (SFG).
I
2
1.3 Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the problems of the study are
formulated as the fo11owing:
1. What kinds of thematic structures are used in the language of Javanese
Ludruk?
2. What is the dominant type used in the drama?
1.40bjectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are:
1.
to describe various kinds of thematic structures used in the language
of Javanese Ludruk.
2.
to explore the dominant type used in the drama.
to explain the reasons for the thematic structures in the language of
Ludruk.
3
1.5 Significance of the Study
Based on the objectives of the study, the findings of this study are
expected to be relevant or useful for
1. other researchers who intend to conduct a research in Javanese Ludruk
with reference to SFG.
2. those who are interested in language st4dies by informing them that
language used in Javanese Ludruk is one of languages that has its own
untqueness an
3. preservation of Javanese cultural heritage.
4
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion
The theory of thematic structures (Theme and Rheme) as proposed by
Halliday can be applied in analyzing the language of Javanese Ludruk. Having
analyzed the data, conclusions are drawn as the following:
The thematic structures, which are used in the language of Javanese
Ludruk, are various namely Topical Theme, Textual Theme and
Interpersonal Theme. Each theme consists of its own elements sucfi as
marked and unmarked in Topical Theme; continuative, conjunctive and
structural in Textual Theme; and modal adjunct, vocative, finite and
wh-element in Interpersonal Theme.
2. It is found that the dominant theme is unmarked one. It shows that tie~
is agreement to a certain social issue such as; giving support, stating
balance argumentation and proposing the tenor.
-3. The language of Ludruk thematically structured as describea above
because:
a. 1fhe language of Ludruk has the total spoken channel and it is used
as a mode..ofaction. The language functions theatrically to convey a
39
message of a story verbally in a performance and some outspoken
dialogues are related to the real situation to attract the interest of
audience. Further, the contexts of situation and culture are also
observed.
b. The awareness in the language of Ludruk to convey and to extend
the information is intense. It is the consequence-of having
outspokenness in Ludruk
Ludruk as a theatrical event
audience for the partners. The interaction is aimed to know whether
the audience has understood or not, agreed or not, liked or not and
how far they comprehend the story.
d. The main purpose of Ludruk is to entertain by conveymg the
message taken from the Javanese mythology and history related to
the reality everyday life with many satirical allusions to
contemporary events. Consequently, most clauses reveal the theme
normally expected to find and it is easy to understand the message
and to find the continuity of the story clearly. Most actors
ith their
own collaborations tend to make every clause spoken naturally. As a
result, the performed story can be absorbed spontaneously.
40
5.2 Suggestion
The research finding is the application of Systemic Functional grammar
(SFG) as the theoretical framework into the clauses in Javanese Ludruk. As
the matter of fact, since this research does not cover all aspects of the SFG
theory and it is limited to the thematic structure, it is suggested to analyze all
clauses in Ludruk precisely from other aspects of linguistic theory to prove that
Ludruk as a literary work is potential enough to analyze not only from the
literary point of view but also from the linguistic one.
z
41
REFERENCES
Bloor, T. and Bloor, M. 1995. The Functional L4nalysis ofEnglish. New York:
Arnold.
Downing, A. and Locke, P. 1992. A University Course in English Grammar.
New York: Prentice HalL
Eggins, S. 1994. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London:
Pinters.
Geertz. 1997. Javanese Pattern. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Gerot, L. and WignelL 1994. Making Sense ofFunctional Grammar. Sydney:
Stabler.
Grace. 1965. Response to Literature. New York: McGraw-Hill Book.
Halliday, M.AK. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London:
Edward Arnold.
Martin, J.R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure . Amsterdam:
Benjamins.
Mathesius,V. I 975. A Functional Analysis of Present-Day English on a
General Linguistic Basis . Prague: Academia.
Mujianto, at. al. 1990. Penelitian Karakterisasi Bahsa Ludruk di Jawa Timur
Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Nababan, P.W. Y. 1993. Variasi dalam Bahasa Jawa. Jakarta: Gramedia
Pustaka Utama.
Rose. D. 2002. Some variations in Theme across Languages. Amsterdam:
Benjamins.
42
1989. Varieties of Language; The Ethnography of
Communication, Cambridge: Basil Backwell.
Saviel-Troike, M.
Siswanto, W. 1997. Perkembangan Ludruk. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan
Pengembangan Bahasa.
Sunyoto, W. 1998. StanZfarisasai Bahasa Jawa. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka
Utama.
Supriyanto, 1992. Deskripsi Lakon Ludruk. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan
Pengembangan Bahasa
Thompson, G. 1996. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Tokyo: Arnold.
Wakito. 1997. Stratifikasi dalam Bahasa Jawa. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka
Utama.
Yule, G. 1985. Language, Society, and Culture. Cambridge: Cambrioge
University Press
43