Directory UMM :Data Elmu:jurnal:A:Animal Feed Science and Technology:Vol84.Issue1-2.Apr2000:
Animal Feed Science and Technology
84 (2000) 1±11
Correlation between physical measurements and dietary
energy values of wheat for poultry and pigs
J. Wiseman*
Division of Agriculture and Horticulture, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton
Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leics, LE12 5RD, UK
Received 5 October 1999; received in revised form 5 January 2000; accepted 7 February 2000
Abstract
A number of wheat samples were obtained for evaluation: for young poultry, 50 wheats (10
varieties each grown at ®ve sites) with bushel weights/thousand grain weights ranging from 69.5 to
80.0 kg/hl and 34.6 to 59.3 g, respectively; for pigs (8 different varieties each grown at 2 sites) with
bushel weights/thousand grain weights ranging from 71.0 to 81.5 kg/hl and 40.9 to 56.7 g,
respectively. Apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and coef®cient of metabolisability of gross
energy (CAME) were determined with young broilers; Digestible energy (DE) and coef®cient of
total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of gross energy were determined with growing ®nishing
pigs. Wheat was added at a rate of 750 and 900 g/kg diet for poultry and pigs, respectively, in a
series of metabolism trials. AME values ranged from 8.49 to 12.45 MJ/kg DM and CAME from
0.491 to 0.702. DE values ranged from 14.55 to 16.07 MJ/kg DM and CTTAD from 0.848 to 0.890.
There were signi®cant differences between variety and site (together with interaction terms) in both,
the physical and biological measurements, but not in a structured fashion. There were no signi®cant
relationships between the two physical measurements and any dietary energy value (either in terms
of concentration or coef®cient), con®rming previous work. The two lowest bushel weight wheats
had among the highest AME values for poultry, con®rming that evaluation of the variability in
nutritional value of wheat for poultry should only proceed against a background of detailed
knowledge of genotype. Comparisons on the basis of variety name alone appear inappropriate as
individual varieties do not seem to respond in a uniform fashion. # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All
rights reserved.
Keywords: Poultry; Pigs; Wheat; Dietary energy; Bushel weight; Thousand grain weight
*
Tel.: 44-0-115 9516054; fax: 44-0-115-9516060.
E-mail address: julian.wiseman@nottingham.ac.uk (J. Wiseman)
0377-8401/00/$ ± see front matter # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 7 7 - 8 4 0 1 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 1 0 7 - 3
2
J. Wiseman / Animal Feed Science and Technology 84 (2000) 1±11
1. Introduction
Wheat is a major raw material for inclusion into diets for non-ruminants; it is
conventionally used at a rate of 300 g/kg in diets for growing/®nishing pigs and its rate of
inclusion may approach 600 g/kg in diets for broilers in those countries where the crop is
available and its cost appropriate.
Although wheat is frequently ascribed a uniform dietary energy value, evidence has
been accumulating for some years that, at least for poultry, this is probably not the case
(e.g. Mollah et al., 1983; Rogel et al., 1987; Wiseman and Inborr, 1990). There has been a
considerable amount of work designed to investigate the reasons for this variation in
nutritional values and attention has been focussed on the non-starch polysaccharide
(NSP) content and structure (e.g. Choct and Annison, 1990; Annison, 1991; Choct et al.,
1996; Austin et al., 1999).
Analyses of the NSP content and structure are, however, relatively complex and there
has been renewed interest in the relationship between more simple tests and subsequent
nutritional value of wheat. The advantage of these latter tests is their speed as well as
their simplicity which renders them easily performed on a routine basis by both, the
growers and feed compounders alike. There have been limited studies on the correlation
between physical tests (e.g. bushel weight and thousand grain weight) and nutritional
value although Sibbald and Price (1976) were unable to demonstrate signi®cant
relationships between these and metabolisable energy (ME) values in broilers; however,
this study was undertaken with adult birds and it is known that the younger broiler is
more sensitive to variations in dietary inputs.
The current programme was designed to examine the relationship between simple
physical tests and nutritional value of wheat for young broilers. Selection of wheat
samples was in a structured fashion, with named cultivars being grown at different
locations to investigate environmental interactions, thus removing some of the variability
in previous data from wheats of unknown cultivars and locations of growth.
In contrast to poultry, dietary energy values of wheat for pigs are not variable to any
extent (see, e.g. Wiseman et al., 1979). Fuller et al. (1989) concluded that there was no
evidence that differences in wheat variety and husbandry (fertiliser, seed rate, fungicide,
growth regulator) signi®cantly in¯uenced the digestibility of starch or gross energy.
Nevertheless, bushel weight and thousand grain weight are sometimes considered
accurate indicators of nutritional value of wheat for pigs. A second objective of the
current programme was to examine this possibility with speci®c varieties grown at two
known locations.
2. Method and materials
2.1. Poultry metabolism trial
Ten wheat samples were obtained from each of the ®ve growth sites. Physical
measurements are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively, for bushel weight and
thousand grain weight. The range in data was considered suf®cient for subsequent
3
J. Wiseman / Animal Feed Science and Technology 84 (2000) 1±11
Table 1
Bushel weight (kg/hl) Ð poultry trial
Variety
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Mean
Variety
Site
Site
Mean
1
2
3
4
5
73.0
74.0
74.0
72.5
77.5
74.0
72.0
76.0
71.0
78.5
74.3
S.E.
1.47
1.01
72.0
70.0
72.5
71.0
77.0
72.0
74.0
76.0
70.0
74.0
72.9
p
0.001
84 (2000) 1±11
Correlation between physical measurements and dietary
energy values of wheat for poultry and pigs
J. Wiseman*
Division of Agriculture and Horticulture, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton
Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leics, LE12 5RD, UK
Received 5 October 1999; received in revised form 5 January 2000; accepted 7 February 2000
Abstract
A number of wheat samples were obtained for evaluation: for young poultry, 50 wheats (10
varieties each grown at ®ve sites) with bushel weights/thousand grain weights ranging from 69.5 to
80.0 kg/hl and 34.6 to 59.3 g, respectively; for pigs (8 different varieties each grown at 2 sites) with
bushel weights/thousand grain weights ranging from 71.0 to 81.5 kg/hl and 40.9 to 56.7 g,
respectively. Apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and coef®cient of metabolisability of gross
energy (CAME) were determined with young broilers; Digestible energy (DE) and coef®cient of
total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of gross energy were determined with growing ®nishing
pigs. Wheat was added at a rate of 750 and 900 g/kg diet for poultry and pigs, respectively, in a
series of metabolism trials. AME values ranged from 8.49 to 12.45 MJ/kg DM and CAME from
0.491 to 0.702. DE values ranged from 14.55 to 16.07 MJ/kg DM and CTTAD from 0.848 to 0.890.
There were signi®cant differences between variety and site (together with interaction terms) in both,
the physical and biological measurements, but not in a structured fashion. There were no signi®cant
relationships between the two physical measurements and any dietary energy value (either in terms
of concentration or coef®cient), con®rming previous work. The two lowest bushel weight wheats
had among the highest AME values for poultry, con®rming that evaluation of the variability in
nutritional value of wheat for poultry should only proceed against a background of detailed
knowledge of genotype. Comparisons on the basis of variety name alone appear inappropriate as
individual varieties do not seem to respond in a uniform fashion. # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All
rights reserved.
Keywords: Poultry; Pigs; Wheat; Dietary energy; Bushel weight; Thousand grain weight
*
Tel.: 44-0-115 9516054; fax: 44-0-115-9516060.
E-mail address: julian.wiseman@nottingham.ac.uk (J. Wiseman)
0377-8401/00/$ ± see front matter # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 7 7 - 8 4 0 1 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 1 0 7 - 3
2
J. Wiseman / Animal Feed Science and Technology 84 (2000) 1±11
1. Introduction
Wheat is a major raw material for inclusion into diets for non-ruminants; it is
conventionally used at a rate of 300 g/kg in diets for growing/®nishing pigs and its rate of
inclusion may approach 600 g/kg in diets for broilers in those countries where the crop is
available and its cost appropriate.
Although wheat is frequently ascribed a uniform dietary energy value, evidence has
been accumulating for some years that, at least for poultry, this is probably not the case
(e.g. Mollah et al., 1983; Rogel et al., 1987; Wiseman and Inborr, 1990). There has been a
considerable amount of work designed to investigate the reasons for this variation in
nutritional values and attention has been focussed on the non-starch polysaccharide
(NSP) content and structure (e.g. Choct and Annison, 1990; Annison, 1991; Choct et al.,
1996; Austin et al., 1999).
Analyses of the NSP content and structure are, however, relatively complex and there
has been renewed interest in the relationship between more simple tests and subsequent
nutritional value of wheat. The advantage of these latter tests is their speed as well as
their simplicity which renders them easily performed on a routine basis by both, the
growers and feed compounders alike. There have been limited studies on the correlation
between physical tests (e.g. bushel weight and thousand grain weight) and nutritional
value although Sibbald and Price (1976) were unable to demonstrate signi®cant
relationships between these and metabolisable energy (ME) values in broilers; however,
this study was undertaken with adult birds and it is known that the younger broiler is
more sensitive to variations in dietary inputs.
The current programme was designed to examine the relationship between simple
physical tests and nutritional value of wheat for young broilers. Selection of wheat
samples was in a structured fashion, with named cultivars being grown at different
locations to investigate environmental interactions, thus removing some of the variability
in previous data from wheats of unknown cultivars and locations of growth.
In contrast to poultry, dietary energy values of wheat for pigs are not variable to any
extent (see, e.g. Wiseman et al., 1979). Fuller et al. (1989) concluded that there was no
evidence that differences in wheat variety and husbandry (fertiliser, seed rate, fungicide,
growth regulator) signi®cantly in¯uenced the digestibility of starch or gross energy.
Nevertheless, bushel weight and thousand grain weight are sometimes considered
accurate indicators of nutritional value of wheat for pigs. A second objective of the
current programme was to examine this possibility with speci®c varieties grown at two
known locations.
2. Method and materials
2.1. Poultry metabolism trial
Ten wheat samples were obtained from each of the ®ve growth sites. Physical
measurements are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively, for bushel weight and
thousand grain weight. The range in data was considered suf®cient for subsequent
3
J. Wiseman / Animal Feed Science and Technology 84 (2000) 1±11
Table 1
Bushel weight (kg/hl) Ð poultry trial
Variety
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Mean
Variety
Site
Site
Mean
1
2
3
4
5
73.0
74.0
74.0
72.5
77.5
74.0
72.0
76.0
71.0
78.5
74.3
S.E.
1.47
1.01
72.0
70.0
72.5
71.0
77.0
72.0
74.0
76.0
70.0
74.0
72.9
p
0.001