Handout TIF201 Ch 1 Pendahuluan
Learning Outcomes
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•
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•
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Database Systems:
Thomas Connolly, Carolyn Begg, Database System, A Practical Approach to
Design Implementation and Management, 4 th Edition, Addison Wesley
1-1
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
1
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
Introduction
2
Examples of Database Application
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Database System
DBMS
Database
Database Apps.
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
Introduction
Traditional File-based Systems
Database Approach
Roles in the Database Environment
Advantages & Disadvantages of DBMS
3
Purchases from the supermarket
Purchases using credit card
Booking a holiday at the travel
Using the local library
Taking out insurance
Using the Internet
Studying at university
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
4
File-based Approach
File-based Processing
• Traditional file-based system
– An early file-based system (tradditionl way) use the manual filing
system
– A “mistake” database system
– We can learn from that mistake
• Prefevent from reapeating the problem that coused by this mistake
• Understanding how the file system works
• Collection of application program that perform services for the
end users (e.g reports)
• Program defines and manages it’s own data
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
5
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
File-based Processing
6
Limitations of File-based
• Separation and isolation
– When data is isolated in separate files, it is more difficult to access data that should
be available.
• Duplication
– Uncontrolled duplication of data accour
• Program and data dependence
– Because the physical structure and storage of the data files and records are defined
in the application code (program), so the changes to an existing structure are
difficult to make.
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
7
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
8
Limitations of File-based
Database
• Incompatible file format
• Limitation of file-based factors:
– Because the structure of files is embedded in the application programs, the
structures are dependent on the application programming language.
– (1) the definition of the data is embedded in the application programs,
rather than being stored separately and independently;
– (2) there is no control over the access and manipulation of data beyond
that imposed by the application programs.
• Fixed queries and proliferation of application programs
– The requirement for new or modified queries grew
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
9
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
Database
10
Database
• Definition
• Database characteristics
– A large repository of data that can be used simultaneously by many departments
and users.
– All data items are integrated with a minimum amount of duplication.
– Shared resource.
– Holds not only the organization’s operational data but also a description of this data
(a self-describing and integrated data files)
– A shared collection of logically related data, and a description of this data,
designed to meet the information needs of an organization.
• Logical Related
– When we analyze the information needs of an organization, we attempt to identify
entities, attributes, and relationships.
• Entities: is a distinct object (a person, place, thing, concept, or event) in the
organization that is to be represented in the database
• Attributes: is a property that describes some aspect of the object that we wish to
record.
• Relationship: is an association between entities.
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
• System catalog
– Metadata
– Data dictionary
– Overhead data
11
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
12
Database
Database Management System (DBMS)
• Program-data independencies
– The nature of database
• Data abstraction
– One advantage of this approach, is that we can change the internal definition of an
object without affecting the users of the object, provided the external definition
remains the same.
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
13
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
Database Management System (DBMS)
Database Approach as DBMS
• A software system that enables users to define, create, maintain,
and control access to the database.
• Facilities:
– Recovery control system - which restores the database to a previous consistent
state following a hardware or software failure.
– User-accessible catalog - which contains descriptions of the data in the database.
14
– Data definition language (DDL) - allows users to specify the data types and
structures and the constraints on the data to be stored in the database.
– Data manipulation language (DML)/query language - allows users to insert,
update, delete, and retrieve data from the database.
– Structured query language (SQL) – standard language for DBMS.
– Security system - which prevents unauthorized users accessing the database.
– Integrity system - which maintains the consistency of stored data.
– Concurrency control system - which allows shared access of the database.
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
15
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
16
DBMS Environment
DBMS Environment
• Hardware
• Procedure
– Client-server architecture
– Start, stop, log on, log off, back up, recovery
• Software
– dbms, os, network, application
• Data
– Schema, subschema, table, attribute
• People
–
–
–
–
Data administrator & database administrator
Database designer: logical & physical
Application programmer
End-user: naive & sophisticated
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
17
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
Roles in the Database Environment
Advantages of DBMS
• Data Administrator (DA)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
– Management of data resources
– Ensure database development support corporate objectives
• Database Administrator (DBA)
– Physical realization of database
– More technically oriented
• Database Designers
– Logical
• Identifying data
– Physical
• Realization of logical database
• Application Programmers
– Implement application program for user
• End Users (Naïve and Sophisticated)
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
18
19
Control redundancy
Consistency
Integrity
Security
Concurrency control
Backup & recovery
Data standard
More information
Data sharing & conflict control
Productivity & accessibility
Economy of scale
Maintenance
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
20
Limitations of DBMS
• Complexity
• Size
• Cost
Database Systems:
Thomas Connolly, Carolyn Begg, Database System, A Practical Approach to
Design Implementation and Management, 4th Edition, Addison Wesley
– Software
– Hardware
– Conversion
• Performance
• Vulnerability
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
21
1-22
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
22
•
•
•
•
•
Database Systems:
Thomas Connolly, Carolyn Begg, Database System, A Practical Approach to
Design Implementation and Management, 4 th Edition, Addison Wesley
1-1
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
1
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
Introduction
2
Examples of Database Application
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Database System
DBMS
Database
Database Apps.
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
Introduction
Traditional File-based Systems
Database Approach
Roles in the Database Environment
Advantages & Disadvantages of DBMS
3
Purchases from the supermarket
Purchases using credit card
Booking a holiday at the travel
Using the local library
Taking out insurance
Using the Internet
Studying at university
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
4
File-based Approach
File-based Processing
• Traditional file-based system
– An early file-based system (tradditionl way) use the manual filing
system
– A “mistake” database system
– We can learn from that mistake
• Prefevent from reapeating the problem that coused by this mistake
• Understanding how the file system works
• Collection of application program that perform services for the
end users (e.g reports)
• Program defines and manages it’s own data
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
5
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
File-based Processing
6
Limitations of File-based
• Separation and isolation
– When data is isolated in separate files, it is more difficult to access data that should
be available.
• Duplication
– Uncontrolled duplication of data accour
• Program and data dependence
– Because the physical structure and storage of the data files and records are defined
in the application code (program), so the changes to an existing structure are
difficult to make.
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
7
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
8
Limitations of File-based
Database
• Incompatible file format
• Limitation of file-based factors:
– Because the structure of files is embedded in the application programs, the
structures are dependent on the application programming language.
– (1) the definition of the data is embedded in the application programs,
rather than being stored separately and independently;
– (2) there is no control over the access and manipulation of data beyond
that imposed by the application programs.
• Fixed queries and proliferation of application programs
– The requirement for new or modified queries grew
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
9
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
Database
10
Database
• Definition
• Database characteristics
– A large repository of data that can be used simultaneously by many departments
and users.
– All data items are integrated with a minimum amount of duplication.
– Shared resource.
– Holds not only the organization’s operational data but also a description of this data
(a self-describing and integrated data files)
– A shared collection of logically related data, and a description of this data,
designed to meet the information needs of an organization.
• Logical Related
– When we analyze the information needs of an organization, we attempt to identify
entities, attributes, and relationships.
• Entities: is a distinct object (a person, place, thing, concept, or event) in the
organization that is to be represented in the database
• Attributes: is a property that describes some aspect of the object that we wish to
record.
• Relationship: is an association between entities.
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
• System catalog
– Metadata
– Data dictionary
– Overhead data
11
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
12
Database
Database Management System (DBMS)
• Program-data independencies
– The nature of database
• Data abstraction
– One advantage of this approach, is that we can change the internal definition of an
object without affecting the users of the object, provided the external definition
remains the same.
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
13
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
Database Management System (DBMS)
Database Approach as DBMS
• A software system that enables users to define, create, maintain,
and control access to the database.
• Facilities:
– Recovery control system - which restores the database to a previous consistent
state following a hardware or software failure.
– User-accessible catalog - which contains descriptions of the data in the database.
14
– Data definition language (DDL) - allows users to specify the data types and
structures and the constraints on the data to be stored in the database.
– Data manipulation language (DML)/query language - allows users to insert,
update, delete, and retrieve data from the database.
– Structured query language (SQL) – standard language for DBMS.
– Security system - which prevents unauthorized users accessing the database.
– Integrity system - which maintains the consistency of stored data.
– Concurrency control system - which allows shared access of the database.
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
15
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
16
DBMS Environment
DBMS Environment
• Hardware
• Procedure
– Client-server architecture
– Start, stop, log on, log off, back up, recovery
• Software
– dbms, os, network, application
• Data
– Schema, subschema, table, attribute
• People
–
–
–
–
Data administrator & database administrator
Database designer: logical & physical
Application programmer
End-user: naive & sophisticated
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
17
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
Roles in the Database Environment
Advantages of DBMS
• Data Administrator (DA)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
– Management of data resources
– Ensure database development support corporate objectives
• Database Administrator (DBA)
– Physical realization of database
– More technically oriented
• Database Designers
– Logical
• Identifying data
– Physical
• Realization of logical database
• Application Programmers
– Implement application program for user
• End Users (Naïve and Sophisticated)
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
18
19
Control redundancy
Consistency
Integrity
Security
Concurrency control
Backup & recovery
Data standard
More information
Data sharing & conflict control
Productivity & accessibility
Economy of scale
Maintenance
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
20
Limitations of DBMS
• Complexity
• Size
• Cost
Database Systems:
Thomas Connolly, Carolyn Begg, Database System, A Practical Approach to
Design Implementation and Management, 4th Edition, Addison Wesley
– Software
– Hardware
– Conversion
• Performance
• Vulnerability
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
21
1-22
Chapter 1 Part One: Introduction to Database |
22