PPSI11 Knowledge Management dan Learning Organization
Fakultas Ilmu Komputer Universitas Indonesia
IKI-10400
Prinsip Prinsip
Sistem Informasi
(Principles of Information System)
3 SKS
11 – Knowledge Management &
Learning Organization
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Pengertian
(1 dari 4)
X
Data is fact
O
O
O
X
Satu atau lebih simbol yang
merepresentasikan sesuatu
Data = attribute + value
Contoh : nomor 43
Information is interpreted data
O
O
O
Data yang mempunyai makna/arti
Information = object + attribute + value
Contoh : pegawai nomor 43
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Pengertian
(2 dari 4)
X
Knowledge
O
is derived from information with existing knowledge
[Beynon]
O
O
O
O
O
O
is networked information [Beynon]
capability to act [Liebowitz]
is information combined with experience, context,
interpretation, and reflection [Anonymous]
Knowledge = object + relation + object
Relation di ekspresikan dengan declaration atau rule
Contoh : banyaknya jenis produk yg dihasilkan sama
dengan jumlah jenis produk yg dijual
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Pengertian
(3 dari 4)
X
Knowledge · another view
Input
Activity
Activity
Output
(uses
(usesknowledge,
knowledge,e.g.,
e.g.,
to
tomake
makedecision)
decision)
X
X
X
X
Data/Info · Decisions
Info/Knowledge · New Knowledge
Existing Knowledge · Validated Knowledge
Unstructured Knowledge · Rules, Lessons, Procedures
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Pengertian
(4 dari 4)
X
Knowledge
Information
Information
X
X
X
X
Activity
Activity
Knowledge
comparison (membandingkan),
connection (mengkaitkan),
conversation (tanya-jawab), dan
consequences (akibat)
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Kepentingan Knowledge
X
X
Knowledge sekarang sudah merupakan salah satu
sumberdaya (resources) dari suatu organisasi
Selain itu
O
O
O
O
Increased knowledge leads to increased capability to perform effectively
Knowledge sesuatu yg kompleks dan sulit ditiru · generate longterm & sustainable competitive advantage
Karyawan yang mempunyai banyak pengetahuan mengenai
organisasi tsb, kalau keluar akan terasa sangat kehilangan
Knowledge di-create dan digunakan oleh organisasi itu sendiri ·
organisational learning
Knowledge is power
Sharing knowledge is power
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Organisational
Knowledge
(1 dari 3)
X
X
X
X
Knowledge diperoleh secara individual dalam
melaksanakan pekerjaan2 yg spesifik
Setiap group dalam organisasi yang ada didalam
organisasi karena pekerjaannya, mempunyai knowledge
yg spesifik
Setiap organisasi mempunyai organisational memory
yang berisi pengetahuan mengenai bisnis proses dan
lingkungannya
Knowledge yang ada didalam organisational memory
merupakan critical resources bagi organisasi, yang
memungkinkan organisasi tsb melakukan bisnisnya
dengan efektif dalam economic market
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Organisational
Knowledge
(2 dari 3)
X
2 bentuk Organisational Knowledge
O
Explicit Knowledge (Structured Internal Knowledge)
'
'
O
Knowledge yang siap diakses, karena telah didokumentasikan
dan tersusun dengan baik
Objective, technical, rational, formalized, documented, codified,
simple, no need for interpretation, teachable
Tacit Knowledge (Informal Internal Knowledge) ·
pengetahuan yg ada di dalam otak individu2 anggota
organisasi
'
'
Sulit diakses dan hanya bisa diakses dengan elicitation
technique
Subjective, cognitive, experiential, takes long to learn, expertise, high
level skills
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Organisational
Knowledge
(3 dari 3)
X
Knowledge dalam organisasi berdasarkan
content-nya dibedakan menjadi
O
O
O
O
X
Declarative knowledge · knowing what
Procedural knowledge · knowing how
Reasoning knowledge · knowing why
Linguistic · interpretation
Knowledge dalam organisasi berdasarkan
susunannya dibedakan menjadi
O
O
Structured · procedure, manuals, courses, etc
Unstructured · email correspondence
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
World
Basic Knowledge
Processes
(1 dari 2)
Research
Get Training
Produce New K
Acquire K
(Invent & Validate)
Browse
Published
Patented Knowledge
Individual/
Team
Structure
Store K
Acquire K,
Produce &
Transfer K
Transfer K
Instruct/Present K
Integrate K
Organizational
Organization
Learning
Expose to
Best Practices
Share K
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Basic Knowledge
Processes
(2 dari 2)
Market Research
Acquire I/K
The Enterprise
Produce K
Best Practices
Management & Administrative Processes
Produce K
Planning
Training
Publish
Strategic
Plan (K)
Product
Development
Produce K
K
Suppliers
(Raw Mat’ls)
Support
Customer
Market
to Customer
Finance
Acquire I/K
BPR/
TQM
IT
Info/K
in KBases,
K in docs,
email
Manufacture
Ship
Key Components of Value-Chain Process
Implement
Redesigned
Process (K)
Test & Evaluation
Sell to
Customer
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Knowledge
Management
(1 dari 3)
·
·
X
Handling (menangani), directing (mengatur), governing
(menguasai), or controlling (mengendalikan) of natural
knowledge processes (acquire/validate, produce,
transfer/integrate K) within an organization in order to
better achieve the goals and objectives of the organization
The process of creating value from an organization’s
intangible assets
Knowledge management ditujukan untuk menyediakan
the best knowledge untuk right person pada waktu yang
tepat (the right time)
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Knowledge
Management
(2 dari 3)
X
X
X
Knowledge management dilaksanakan secara
comprehensive, dng menggunakan metodologi full lifecycle & memanfaatkan people, process & technology
Information is a prerequisite to effective knowledge ·
umumnya knowledge management baru dilaksanakan,
apabila top management percaya pada ke-efektif-an
information management
Key process pada knowledge management
O
O
O
O
Create knowledge
Capture & codify knowledge
Distributed knowledge
Sharing knowledge
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Knowledge
Management
(3 dari 3)
[Laudon, page 316]
Share
Knowledge
OA Systems
Group Collaboration
Systems
• Groupware
• Intranets
AI Systems
Capture &
Codify Knowledge
• Expert systems
• Neural nets
• Fuzzy logic
• Genetic
algorithms
• Intelligent agents
Distribute
Knowledge
• Word processing
• Desktop publishing
• Imaging & Web
publishing
• Desktop database
• Electronic calendars
Knowledge Work
Systems
• CAD/CAM
• Virtual Reality
• Investment
workstations
Create
Knowledge
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
The Essence of
Knowledge Management
INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL
Tacit
HUMAN
CAPITAL
(Individual)
–
–
–
–
–
–
Expertise
Experience
Capability
Capacity
Creativity
Adaptability
SOCIAL
CAPITAL
(Team)
–
–
–
–
–
Networks
Relationships
Interactions
Language
Patterning
ENTERPRISE
KNOWLEDGE
Explicit
CORPORATE
CAPITAL
(Organization)
– Intellectual
Property
– Processes
– Databases
– Flexibility
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Learning Organization
(1 dari 6)
X
Organizations
O
O
O
O
where people continually expand their capacity to create the
results they truly desire,
where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured,
where collective aspiration is set free, and
where people are continually learning how to learn together
[Peter Senge]
X
Organization skilled at creating, acquiring, interpreting,
transferring, and retaining knowledge, and at purposely
modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge and
insights [David Garvin]
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Learning Organization
(2 dari 6)
X
Syarat agar suatu organisasi bisa menjadi
learning organizations [Peter Senge, 1990]
O
System Thinking · lihat topik mengenai sistem
'
'
O
Suatu kerangka berpikir (framework) untuk memahami
structures, patterns, dan relationships yang membentuk
organizational behavior
Suatu disiplin untuk melihat sesuatu secara menyeluruh
(seeing wholes)
Personal Mastery
'
'
Organizations learn only through individuals who learn
Komitmen individu · dengan kemampuannya untuk
belajar sepanjang hayat (lifelong learning)
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Learning Organization
(3 dari 6)
X
Syarat agar suatu organisasi bisa menjadi
learning organizations [Peter Senge, 1990]
O
Mental Models
'
'
O
Mental models menentukan bagaimana seseorang bertindak
(norms)
Model berupa personal pictures yang dapat dicontoh dan
dipahami bagaimana mereka dapat mempengaruhi tindakan
orang lain
Shared Vision
'
'
'
Visi bersama semua anggota organisasi
Kemampuan untuk memelihara gambaran masa depan
(picture of a future) yang ingin dicapai
Helps establish overarching goals
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Learning Organization
(4 dari 6)
X
Syarat agar suatu organisasi bisa menjadi
learning organizations [Peter Senge, 1990]
O
Team Learning
'
'
·
Dibentuk team/group sebagai unit yang belajar (learning
unit) · perlu dibangun terlebih dahulu kemampuan untuk
melakukan diskusi dan dialog
Team/group juga akan mendorong anggotanya untuk
menyelaraskan pola pikirnya dengan pola pikir team/group
dan organisasi
disebut the fifth discipline
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Learning Organization
(5 dari 6)
X
Untuk mengubah organisasi menjadi
learning organizations, diperlukan
mengubah paradigma pembelajaran
organisasi tsb
Single Loop
Learning
Double Loop
Learning
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Learning Organization
(6 dari 6)
ADJUSTMENT
Single Loop
Learning
ERROR
ACTION
INCREASE
ORGANISATIONAL
PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION
OF CURRENT
NORMS
Double Loop
Learning
NEGOTIATION OF
NEW NORMS
ERROR
RE-STRUCTURE
ORGANISATION
AL ACTION
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Mind Mapping
(1 dari 1)
SIngle
loop
Organisational
learning
Double
loop
Knowledge
creation
Organisational
memory
Knowledge
transfer
Knowledge
codification
Processes
Explicit
Information
management
[Beynon, page 448]
Informatics
infrastructure
Knowledge
Management
Knowledge
Supporting
technology
Information
Knowledge
systems
Data
Implicit
Tacit
IKI-10400
Prinsip Prinsip
Sistem Informasi
(Principles of Information System)
3 SKS
11 – Knowledge Management &
Learning Organization
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Pengertian
(1 dari 4)
X
Data is fact
O
O
O
X
Satu atau lebih simbol yang
merepresentasikan sesuatu
Data = attribute + value
Contoh : nomor 43
Information is interpreted data
O
O
O
Data yang mempunyai makna/arti
Information = object + attribute + value
Contoh : pegawai nomor 43
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Pengertian
(2 dari 4)
X
Knowledge
O
is derived from information with existing knowledge
[Beynon]
O
O
O
O
O
O
is networked information [Beynon]
capability to act [Liebowitz]
is information combined with experience, context,
interpretation, and reflection [Anonymous]
Knowledge = object + relation + object
Relation di ekspresikan dengan declaration atau rule
Contoh : banyaknya jenis produk yg dihasilkan sama
dengan jumlah jenis produk yg dijual
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Pengertian
(3 dari 4)
X
Knowledge · another view
Input
Activity
Activity
Output
(uses
(usesknowledge,
knowledge,e.g.,
e.g.,
to
tomake
makedecision)
decision)
X
X
X
X
Data/Info · Decisions
Info/Knowledge · New Knowledge
Existing Knowledge · Validated Knowledge
Unstructured Knowledge · Rules, Lessons, Procedures
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Pengertian
(4 dari 4)
X
Knowledge
Information
Information
X
X
X
X
Activity
Activity
Knowledge
comparison (membandingkan),
connection (mengkaitkan),
conversation (tanya-jawab), dan
consequences (akibat)
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Kepentingan Knowledge
X
X
Knowledge sekarang sudah merupakan salah satu
sumberdaya (resources) dari suatu organisasi
Selain itu
O
O
O
O
Increased knowledge leads to increased capability to perform effectively
Knowledge sesuatu yg kompleks dan sulit ditiru · generate longterm & sustainable competitive advantage
Karyawan yang mempunyai banyak pengetahuan mengenai
organisasi tsb, kalau keluar akan terasa sangat kehilangan
Knowledge di-create dan digunakan oleh organisasi itu sendiri ·
organisational learning
Knowledge is power
Sharing knowledge is power
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Organisational
Knowledge
(1 dari 3)
X
X
X
X
Knowledge diperoleh secara individual dalam
melaksanakan pekerjaan2 yg spesifik
Setiap group dalam organisasi yang ada didalam
organisasi karena pekerjaannya, mempunyai knowledge
yg spesifik
Setiap organisasi mempunyai organisational memory
yang berisi pengetahuan mengenai bisnis proses dan
lingkungannya
Knowledge yang ada didalam organisational memory
merupakan critical resources bagi organisasi, yang
memungkinkan organisasi tsb melakukan bisnisnya
dengan efektif dalam economic market
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Organisational
Knowledge
(2 dari 3)
X
2 bentuk Organisational Knowledge
O
Explicit Knowledge (Structured Internal Knowledge)
'
'
O
Knowledge yang siap diakses, karena telah didokumentasikan
dan tersusun dengan baik
Objective, technical, rational, formalized, documented, codified,
simple, no need for interpretation, teachable
Tacit Knowledge (Informal Internal Knowledge) ·
pengetahuan yg ada di dalam otak individu2 anggota
organisasi
'
'
Sulit diakses dan hanya bisa diakses dengan elicitation
technique
Subjective, cognitive, experiential, takes long to learn, expertise, high
level skills
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Organisational
Knowledge
(3 dari 3)
X
Knowledge dalam organisasi berdasarkan
content-nya dibedakan menjadi
O
O
O
O
X
Declarative knowledge · knowing what
Procedural knowledge · knowing how
Reasoning knowledge · knowing why
Linguistic · interpretation
Knowledge dalam organisasi berdasarkan
susunannya dibedakan menjadi
O
O
Structured · procedure, manuals, courses, etc
Unstructured · email correspondence
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
World
Basic Knowledge
Processes
(1 dari 2)
Research
Get Training
Produce New K
Acquire K
(Invent & Validate)
Browse
Published
Patented Knowledge
Individual/
Team
Structure
Store K
Acquire K,
Produce &
Transfer K
Transfer K
Instruct/Present K
Integrate K
Organizational
Organization
Learning
Expose to
Best Practices
Share K
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Basic Knowledge
Processes
(2 dari 2)
Market Research
Acquire I/K
The Enterprise
Produce K
Best Practices
Management & Administrative Processes
Produce K
Planning
Training
Publish
Strategic
Plan (K)
Product
Development
Produce K
K
Suppliers
(Raw Mat’ls)
Support
Customer
Market
to Customer
Finance
Acquire I/K
BPR/
TQM
IT
Info/K
in KBases,
K in docs,
Manufacture
Ship
Key Components of Value-Chain Process
Implement
Redesigned
Process (K)
Test & Evaluation
Sell to
Customer
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Knowledge
Management
(1 dari 3)
·
·
X
Handling (menangani), directing (mengatur), governing
(menguasai), or controlling (mengendalikan) of natural
knowledge processes (acquire/validate, produce,
transfer/integrate K) within an organization in order to
better achieve the goals and objectives of the organization
The process of creating value from an organization’s
intangible assets
Knowledge management ditujukan untuk menyediakan
the best knowledge untuk right person pada waktu yang
tepat (the right time)
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Knowledge
Management
(2 dari 3)
X
X
X
Knowledge management dilaksanakan secara
comprehensive, dng menggunakan metodologi full lifecycle & memanfaatkan people, process & technology
Information is a prerequisite to effective knowledge ·
umumnya knowledge management baru dilaksanakan,
apabila top management percaya pada ke-efektif-an
information management
Key process pada knowledge management
O
O
O
O
Create knowledge
Capture & codify knowledge
Distributed knowledge
Sharing knowledge
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Knowledge
Management
(3 dari 3)
[Laudon, page 316]
Share
Knowledge
OA Systems
Group Collaboration
Systems
• Groupware
• Intranets
AI Systems
Capture &
Codify Knowledge
• Expert systems
• Neural nets
• Fuzzy logic
• Genetic
algorithms
• Intelligent agents
Distribute
Knowledge
• Word processing
• Desktop publishing
• Imaging & Web
publishing
• Desktop database
• Electronic calendars
Knowledge Work
Systems
• CAD/CAM
• Virtual Reality
• Investment
workstations
Create
Knowledge
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
The Essence of
Knowledge Management
INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL
Tacit
HUMAN
CAPITAL
(Individual)
–
–
–
–
–
–
Expertise
Experience
Capability
Capacity
Creativity
Adaptability
SOCIAL
CAPITAL
(Team)
–
–
–
–
–
Networks
Relationships
Interactions
Language
Patterning
ENTERPRISE
KNOWLEDGE
Explicit
CORPORATE
CAPITAL
(Organization)
– Intellectual
Property
– Processes
– Databases
– Flexibility
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Learning Organization
(1 dari 6)
X
Organizations
O
O
O
O
where people continually expand their capacity to create the
results they truly desire,
where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured,
where collective aspiration is set free, and
where people are continually learning how to learn together
[Peter Senge]
X
Organization skilled at creating, acquiring, interpreting,
transferring, and retaining knowledge, and at purposely
modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge and
insights [David Garvin]
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Learning Organization
(2 dari 6)
X
Syarat agar suatu organisasi bisa menjadi
learning organizations [Peter Senge, 1990]
O
System Thinking · lihat topik mengenai sistem
'
'
O
Suatu kerangka berpikir (framework) untuk memahami
structures, patterns, dan relationships yang membentuk
organizational behavior
Suatu disiplin untuk melihat sesuatu secara menyeluruh
(seeing wholes)
Personal Mastery
'
'
Organizations learn only through individuals who learn
Komitmen individu · dengan kemampuannya untuk
belajar sepanjang hayat (lifelong learning)
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Learning Organization
(3 dari 6)
X
Syarat agar suatu organisasi bisa menjadi
learning organizations [Peter Senge, 1990]
O
Mental Models
'
'
O
Mental models menentukan bagaimana seseorang bertindak
(norms)
Model berupa personal pictures yang dapat dicontoh dan
dipahami bagaimana mereka dapat mempengaruhi tindakan
orang lain
Shared Vision
'
'
'
Visi bersama semua anggota organisasi
Kemampuan untuk memelihara gambaran masa depan
(picture of a future) yang ingin dicapai
Helps establish overarching goals
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Learning Organization
(4 dari 6)
X
Syarat agar suatu organisasi bisa menjadi
learning organizations [Peter Senge, 1990]
O
Team Learning
'
'
·
Dibentuk team/group sebagai unit yang belajar (learning
unit) · perlu dibangun terlebih dahulu kemampuan untuk
melakukan diskusi dan dialog
Team/group juga akan mendorong anggotanya untuk
menyelaraskan pola pikirnya dengan pola pikir team/group
dan organisasi
disebut the fifth discipline
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Learning Organization
(5 dari 6)
X
Untuk mengubah organisasi menjadi
learning organizations, diperlukan
mengubah paradigma pembelajaran
organisasi tsb
Single Loop
Learning
Double Loop
Learning
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Learning Organization
(6 dari 6)
ADJUSTMENT
Single Loop
Learning
ERROR
ACTION
INCREASE
ORGANISATIONAL
PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION
OF CURRENT
NORMS
Double Loop
Learning
NEGOTIATION OF
NEW NORMS
ERROR
RE-STRUCTURE
ORGANISATION
AL ACTION
IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi
Mind Mapping
(1 dari 1)
SIngle
loop
Organisational
learning
Double
loop
Knowledge
creation
Organisational
memory
Knowledge
transfer
Knowledge
codification
Processes
Explicit
Information
management
[Beynon, page 448]
Informatics
infrastructure
Knowledge
Management
Knowledge
Supporting
technology
Information
Knowledge
systems
Data
Implicit
Tacit