Struktur Fungsi dan Prubahan lanskap
29/12/2010
MINGGU 2:
STRUKTUR , FUNGSI DAN
PERUBAHAN LANSKAP
Prof. Lilik Budi Prasetyo
http://lbprastdp.staff.ipb.ac.id
Bogor Agricultural University
INDONESIA
BAGAIMANA MELIHAT STRUKTUR
LANSKAP ?
Landscape Structure:
spatial relationships among landscape elements
(hubungan spasial antar elemen pembentuk)
Landscape Function:
how the elements act and interact
(bagaimana masing-masing elemen berperan dan interaksi antar
elemen)
Landscape Change:
alteration of the structure and function of the landscape over time
(alterasi struktur dan fungsi pada bentang lahan sepanjang waktu)
Tipe element
• Tipe element
• Dominansi /Luas (size) element
• Jumlah tiap element
(Heterogenitas)
• Bentuk (shape)/Size elemen
• Distribusi/arrangement
1
29/12/2010
Dominansi
Distribusi/Arrangement
Heterogenitas
Distribusi/Arrangement
2
29/12/2010
Bentuk/shape
Bentuk/shape
Faktor apa yg menentukan
structure/pattern sebuah lanskap
•
•
•
•
Tipe Disturbance/gangguan
– Intensity
– Frequency (Chronic/single disturbance)
– Timing (coincidence)
– Extent/Area
– Distribution (random/clumped)
Sucession
Biophysical Factors
– Topography, geology, soil (independent), Wildlife (Biotic
interaction : competion, domince)
Climate
– Curah hujan, suhu, kelembaban
STRUKTUR & CHANGE (Role Disturbance)
DISTURBANCE :
Kejadian yg mengganggu struktur ekosistem, komunitas atau
populasi dan mengubah sumberdaya dan ketersediaan materi,
atau lingkungan fisik
any process or condition external to the natural physiology of
living organisms that results in the sudden mortality of
biomass in a community on a time scale significantly shorter
than the accumulation of the biomass.
Any relatively discrete event in space and time that disrupts
ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes
resources, substrate, or the physical environment. Disturbances
typically cause a significant change in the system.
3
29/12/2010
STRUKTUR & CHANGE (Role Disturbance)
Concepts of Disturbance and Equilibrium
Tipe and asal/origin dari disturbances
Disturbance can also be defined as a relatively discrete event in time and
space where plant biomass (or labile soil organic matter) has been lost or
removed; in this case, the disturbance concept is intricately linked with the
concept of succession.
Pickett and White (1985) and Chapin et al. (2002)
disturbance as a relatively discrete event in time and space that alters
the structure of populations, communities, and ecosystems and causes
changes in resource availability or the physical environment
Disturbance
1)
1)
Disturbance
Intensity: proporsi biomasa yang
terganggu/hilang/mati
Misal : tipe kebakaran (surface/crown fire)
Clear cutting/selective logging
3) Timing: coincidence disturbance dengan faktor lain
Frequency: Jumlah disturbance pada satu waktu
interval tertentu : menentukan bagaimana proses
suksesi bisa berlangsung.
4) Disturbance area: luasan disturbance
Frekuensi gangguan dapat diprediksi bila berulang
pada interval tertentu, misal kekeringan, banjir,
kebakaran
misal : peristiwa kebakaran pada musim kemarau
akan lebih parah merusak ekosistem dibandingkan
bila terjadi pada musim hujan api pada musim hujan
5) Ketersediaan Sumberdaya: kehilangan/kematian
secarimmediate mortality is the most dramatic
mendadak mempunyai efek yg lebih besar
4
29/12/2010
State variables
Disturbance Recovery-
Disturbance
Recovery
PATCH ORIGIN
Seasonal
Time
•
•
•
Setelah disturbance, ecosystems kembali mengalami suksesi/ succession,
Bila disturbance berhenti maka suksesi proses akan mencapai klimaks/climax
(titik akhir suksesi),
Pada titik ini struktur dan ecosystem mengalami steady state kebutuhan
vegetasi (mempertahankan kondisi klimaks) akan sama seimbang dengan
suplainya (respirasi =fotosintesa)
Succession
FAKTA DARI RESEARCH
Disturbance and Species Existence
• Primer :
occurring over decades to centuries explain
much of the local variation among
ecosystems (waktu sangat panjang)
• Secondary succession
occurs on previously vegetated sites after
disturbances such as fire, hurricanes, logging,
and agricultural plowing (relatif pendek karena
tersedia resources/biji, stolon, etc)
5
29/12/2010
DISTURBANCE RECOVERY
(Case study)
Prasetyo, L.B, Hirata, Y, Hideki, S
TOTAL AFFECTED AREAS IN 1998
RECOVERY PROCESS OF FIRE DISTURBANCE :
NDSWIR DYNAMIS CHANGES 1998 - 2000
3.4 MILLION HECTARE
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Oct-00
Nov-00
Dec-00
Jul-00
Aug-00
Sep-00
Apr-00
Jun-00
Mar-00
May-00
Jan-00
Feb-00
Oct-99
Nov-99
Dec-99
Jul-99
Aug-99
Sep-99
Apr-99
Jun-99
Mar-99
May-99
Jan-99
Feb-99
Oct-98
Nov-98
Dec-98
Jul-98
Aug-98
Sep-98
Apr-98
Jun-98
-0.1
May-98
0
-0.2
6
29/12/2010
250
Exogenous disturbance
Saplings
200
No. of species
PLOT LEVEL RECOVERY
(Species Diversity)
H.SIMBOLON et.al
Natural
Post fire
A mangium
150
100
50
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
No. of subplots
300
180
Tre e s
Herbs & Seedlings
150
Natural
Post fire
A mangium
200
150
100
50
No. of sp
No. of species
250
120
Natural
Post fire
A mangium
90
60
30
0
KONDISI
KONDISI LANSKAP
LANSKAP 2004
1989
1992
2000
1985
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
No. of subplots
40
60
80
100
No. of sub-plots
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Spatial distribution of 24 fire ignition points in relation to fuel types in the CNF
(left) and NJP (right) USA. 5 = Brush < 0.8 m with scattered trees, 8 = Litter
layer without under story, 10 = Litter layer with under story, and 11 = light
logging/Swamps.
Effects of weather, landscape structure, and management
on fire spread: Comparison between WI hardwoods and
NJ Pinelands, USA
Eastern USA
Zheng, D1*., J.J. LaCroix1, S. Ryu1, J. Chen1, J. Hom2, and K. Clark2
1
2
University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
USDA Forest Service, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA
KESIMPULAN
Fire spread was + with landscape fragmentation. The combination of
fuel/structure determine fire areas/patterns if other factors are constants.
7
29/12/2010
KAJIAN KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG
DI BERBAGAI TIPE LANSKAP HUTAN TANAMAN PINUS
SOURCE & SINK GHG
TIARA SUKRA DEWI
L.B.Prasetyo, S. Genya, U. Rosalina
D.Murdiyarso, H. Tsuruta
Land-use/cover changes in Jambi
impact on green house gas :
reduction of above-ground
carbon stock : 10 x 106 ton/year
reduction of Methane gas
absorption : 1.5 x 103 ton/year
Kekayaan jenis burung di lokasi penelitian
Kondisi Burung
Jumlah jenis
Lokasi A
Lokasi B
Lokasi C
Lokasi D
16
16
27
22
Indeks Keanekaragaman
2.13
2.33
2.98
2.47
Indeks Kemerataan
0.77
0.84
0.90
0.80
Jumlah Jenis Dominan
5
7
7
5
Jumlah Jenis Jarang
4
2
10
9
Jumlah Jenis Dilindungi
4
4
4
4
Jumlah Jenis Endemik
2
1
3
2
8
29/12/2010
45
Kacamata gunung
A
38.56
Kerapatan Relatif
Cinenen Jaw a
Perenjak Jaw a
30
Gelatik-batu kelabu
25
20
15
Walet linci
Tepus pipi-perak
35
Kerapatan
Relatif
40
Cekakak Jaw a
Wiw ik kelabu
18.95
12.36
11.24
C
10
5.62 5.06
5
3.93
Cucak kutilang
5.23
5
Srigunting hitam
3.27
2.61
1.96
1.31
0
Cica-koreng Jaw a
Burung-madu sriganti
Pelanduk semak
Jenis Burung
Cabai gunung
1.69
1.12
0.56
Jenis Burung
Layang-layang batu
10
2.25
0
Cekakak sungai
15
3.37 2.81
Kacamata Gunung
(Zosterops montanus)
Walet linci
Kacamata gunung
Kacamata biasa
Gelatik-batu kelabu
Tekukur biasa
Cinenen Jaw a
Perenjak Jaw a
Cekakak sungai
Pelanduk semak
Burung-madu sriganti
Srigunting kelabu
Cinenen pisang
Cekakak Jaw a
Srigunting hitam
Wiw ik kelabu
Munguk beledu
Meninting besar
Caladi tilik
Empuloh janggut
Cabai Jaw a
Bondol Jaw a
Layang-layang batu
Merbah cerucuk
Tepus pipi-perak
Cinenen kelabu
Gemak loreng
Burung-madu kelapa
Kacamata Gunung
(Zosterops montanus)
Walet linci
30
B
24.24
Kerapatan Relatif
Kacamata gunung
40
Layang-layang batu
Perenjak Jaw a
21.21
Kerapatan
Relatif
25
Cabai Jaw a
20
Cekakak Jaw a
Cucak kutilang
15
Cinenen Jaw a
5
9.09
7.07
5.05
4.04
3.03
8.08
Jenis Burung
10
11.11
7.14
6.35
5.56 4.76
Tekukur biasa
2.38
0.79
Kacamata gunung
Walet linci
Pelanduk semak
Perenjak Jaw a
Cabai Jaw a
Wiw ik kelabu
Gelatik-batu kelabu
Cinenen Jaw a
Tepus pipi-perak
Wiw ik uncuing
Srigunting hitam
Layang-layang batu
Remetuk laut
Empuloh janggut
Munguk beledu
Tekukur biasa
Cekakak Jaw a
Burung-gereja Erasia
Cekakak sungai
Jingjing batu
Meninting besar
Cinenen pisang
Burung-madu sriganti
Cabai gunung
Raja-udang meninting
1.01
3.97 3.17
Kacamata biasa
(Zosterops palpebrosus)
Jenis Burung
Kacamata biasa
2.02
Cekakak sungai
Burung-madu sriganti
0
20
0
Pelanduk semak
10
D
32.54
30
Walet linci (Collocalia linchi)
Walet linci (Collocalia linchi)
9
MINGGU 2:
STRUKTUR , FUNGSI DAN
PERUBAHAN LANSKAP
Prof. Lilik Budi Prasetyo
http://lbprastdp.staff.ipb.ac.id
Bogor Agricultural University
INDONESIA
BAGAIMANA MELIHAT STRUKTUR
LANSKAP ?
Landscape Structure:
spatial relationships among landscape elements
(hubungan spasial antar elemen pembentuk)
Landscape Function:
how the elements act and interact
(bagaimana masing-masing elemen berperan dan interaksi antar
elemen)
Landscape Change:
alteration of the structure and function of the landscape over time
(alterasi struktur dan fungsi pada bentang lahan sepanjang waktu)
Tipe element
• Tipe element
• Dominansi /Luas (size) element
• Jumlah tiap element
(Heterogenitas)
• Bentuk (shape)/Size elemen
• Distribusi/arrangement
1
29/12/2010
Dominansi
Distribusi/Arrangement
Heterogenitas
Distribusi/Arrangement
2
29/12/2010
Bentuk/shape
Bentuk/shape
Faktor apa yg menentukan
structure/pattern sebuah lanskap
•
•
•
•
Tipe Disturbance/gangguan
– Intensity
– Frequency (Chronic/single disturbance)
– Timing (coincidence)
– Extent/Area
– Distribution (random/clumped)
Sucession
Biophysical Factors
– Topography, geology, soil (independent), Wildlife (Biotic
interaction : competion, domince)
Climate
– Curah hujan, suhu, kelembaban
STRUKTUR & CHANGE (Role Disturbance)
DISTURBANCE :
Kejadian yg mengganggu struktur ekosistem, komunitas atau
populasi dan mengubah sumberdaya dan ketersediaan materi,
atau lingkungan fisik
any process or condition external to the natural physiology of
living organisms that results in the sudden mortality of
biomass in a community on a time scale significantly shorter
than the accumulation of the biomass.
Any relatively discrete event in space and time that disrupts
ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes
resources, substrate, or the physical environment. Disturbances
typically cause a significant change in the system.
3
29/12/2010
STRUKTUR & CHANGE (Role Disturbance)
Concepts of Disturbance and Equilibrium
Tipe and asal/origin dari disturbances
Disturbance can also be defined as a relatively discrete event in time and
space where plant biomass (or labile soil organic matter) has been lost or
removed; in this case, the disturbance concept is intricately linked with the
concept of succession.
Pickett and White (1985) and Chapin et al. (2002)
disturbance as a relatively discrete event in time and space that alters
the structure of populations, communities, and ecosystems and causes
changes in resource availability or the physical environment
Disturbance
1)
1)
Disturbance
Intensity: proporsi biomasa yang
terganggu/hilang/mati
Misal : tipe kebakaran (surface/crown fire)
Clear cutting/selective logging
3) Timing: coincidence disturbance dengan faktor lain
Frequency: Jumlah disturbance pada satu waktu
interval tertentu : menentukan bagaimana proses
suksesi bisa berlangsung.
4) Disturbance area: luasan disturbance
Frekuensi gangguan dapat diprediksi bila berulang
pada interval tertentu, misal kekeringan, banjir,
kebakaran
misal : peristiwa kebakaran pada musim kemarau
akan lebih parah merusak ekosistem dibandingkan
bila terjadi pada musim hujan api pada musim hujan
5) Ketersediaan Sumberdaya: kehilangan/kematian
secarimmediate mortality is the most dramatic
mendadak mempunyai efek yg lebih besar
4
29/12/2010
State variables
Disturbance Recovery-
Disturbance
Recovery
PATCH ORIGIN
Seasonal
Time
•
•
•
Setelah disturbance, ecosystems kembali mengalami suksesi/ succession,
Bila disturbance berhenti maka suksesi proses akan mencapai klimaks/climax
(titik akhir suksesi),
Pada titik ini struktur dan ecosystem mengalami steady state kebutuhan
vegetasi (mempertahankan kondisi klimaks) akan sama seimbang dengan
suplainya (respirasi =fotosintesa)
Succession
FAKTA DARI RESEARCH
Disturbance and Species Existence
• Primer :
occurring over decades to centuries explain
much of the local variation among
ecosystems (waktu sangat panjang)
• Secondary succession
occurs on previously vegetated sites after
disturbances such as fire, hurricanes, logging,
and agricultural plowing (relatif pendek karena
tersedia resources/biji, stolon, etc)
5
29/12/2010
DISTURBANCE RECOVERY
(Case study)
Prasetyo, L.B, Hirata, Y, Hideki, S
TOTAL AFFECTED AREAS IN 1998
RECOVERY PROCESS OF FIRE DISTURBANCE :
NDSWIR DYNAMIS CHANGES 1998 - 2000
3.4 MILLION HECTARE
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Oct-00
Nov-00
Dec-00
Jul-00
Aug-00
Sep-00
Apr-00
Jun-00
Mar-00
May-00
Jan-00
Feb-00
Oct-99
Nov-99
Dec-99
Jul-99
Aug-99
Sep-99
Apr-99
Jun-99
Mar-99
May-99
Jan-99
Feb-99
Oct-98
Nov-98
Dec-98
Jul-98
Aug-98
Sep-98
Apr-98
Jun-98
-0.1
May-98
0
-0.2
6
29/12/2010
250
Exogenous disturbance
Saplings
200
No. of species
PLOT LEVEL RECOVERY
(Species Diversity)
H.SIMBOLON et.al
Natural
Post fire
A mangium
150
100
50
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
No. of subplots
300
180
Tre e s
Herbs & Seedlings
150
Natural
Post fire
A mangium
200
150
100
50
No. of sp
No. of species
250
120
Natural
Post fire
A mangium
90
60
30
0
KONDISI
KONDISI LANSKAP
LANSKAP 2004
1989
1992
2000
1985
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
No. of subplots
40
60
80
100
No. of sub-plots
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Spatial distribution of 24 fire ignition points in relation to fuel types in the CNF
(left) and NJP (right) USA. 5 = Brush < 0.8 m with scattered trees, 8 = Litter
layer without under story, 10 = Litter layer with under story, and 11 = light
logging/Swamps.
Effects of weather, landscape structure, and management
on fire spread: Comparison between WI hardwoods and
NJ Pinelands, USA
Eastern USA
Zheng, D1*., J.J. LaCroix1, S. Ryu1, J. Chen1, J. Hom2, and K. Clark2
1
2
University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
USDA Forest Service, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA
KESIMPULAN
Fire spread was + with landscape fragmentation. The combination of
fuel/structure determine fire areas/patterns if other factors are constants.
7
29/12/2010
KAJIAN KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG
DI BERBAGAI TIPE LANSKAP HUTAN TANAMAN PINUS
SOURCE & SINK GHG
TIARA SUKRA DEWI
L.B.Prasetyo, S. Genya, U. Rosalina
D.Murdiyarso, H. Tsuruta
Land-use/cover changes in Jambi
impact on green house gas :
reduction of above-ground
carbon stock : 10 x 106 ton/year
reduction of Methane gas
absorption : 1.5 x 103 ton/year
Kekayaan jenis burung di lokasi penelitian
Kondisi Burung
Jumlah jenis
Lokasi A
Lokasi B
Lokasi C
Lokasi D
16
16
27
22
Indeks Keanekaragaman
2.13
2.33
2.98
2.47
Indeks Kemerataan
0.77
0.84
0.90
0.80
Jumlah Jenis Dominan
5
7
7
5
Jumlah Jenis Jarang
4
2
10
9
Jumlah Jenis Dilindungi
4
4
4
4
Jumlah Jenis Endemik
2
1
3
2
8
29/12/2010
45
Kacamata gunung
A
38.56
Kerapatan Relatif
Cinenen Jaw a
Perenjak Jaw a
30
Gelatik-batu kelabu
25
20
15
Walet linci
Tepus pipi-perak
35
Kerapatan
Relatif
40
Cekakak Jaw a
Wiw ik kelabu
18.95
12.36
11.24
C
10
5.62 5.06
5
3.93
Cucak kutilang
5.23
5
Srigunting hitam
3.27
2.61
1.96
1.31
0
Cica-koreng Jaw a
Burung-madu sriganti
Pelanduk semak
Jenis Burung
Cabai gunung
1.69
1.12
0.56
Jenis Burung
Layang-layang batu
10
2.25
0
Cekakak sungai
15
3.37 2.81
Kacamata Gunung
(Zosterops montanus)
Walet linci
Kacamata gunung
Kacamata biasa
Gelatik-batu kelabu
Tekukur biasa
Cinenen Jaw a
Perenjak Jaw a
Cekakak sungai
Pelanduk semak
Burung-madu sriganti
Srigunting kelabu
Cinenen pisang
Cekakak Jaw a
Srigunting hitam
Wiw ik kelabu
Munguk beledu
Meninting besar
Caladi tilik
Empuloh janggut
Cabai Jaw a
Bondol Jaw a
Layang-layang batu
Merbah cerucuk
Tepus pipi-perak
Cinenen kelabu
Gemak loreng
Burung-madu kelapa
Kacamata Gunung
(Zosterops montanus)
Walet linci
30
B
24.24
Kerapatan Relatif
Kacamata gunung
40
Layang-layang batu
Perenjak Jaw a
21.21
Kerapatan
Relatif
25
Cabai Jaw a
20
Cekakak Jaw a
Cucak kutilang
15
Cinenen Jaw a
5
9.09
7.07
5.05
4.04
3.03
8.08
Jenis Burung
10
11.11
7.14
6.35
5.56 4.76
Tekukur biasa
2.38
0.79
Kacamata gunung
Walet linci
Pelanduk semak
Perenjak Jaw a
Cabai Jaw a
Wiw ik kelabu
Gelatik-batu kelabu
Cinenen Jaw a
Tepus pipi-perak
Wiw ik uncuing
Srigunting hitam
Layang-layang batu
Remetuk laut
Empuloh janggut
Munguk beledu
Tekukur biasa
Cekakak Jaw a
Burung-gereja Erasia
Cekakak sungai
Jingjing batu
Meninting besar
Cinenen pisang
Burung-madu sriganti
Cabai gunung
Raja-udang meninting
1.01
3.97 3.17
Kacamata biasa
(Zosterops palpebrosus)
Jenis Burung
Kacamata biasa
2.02
Cekakak sungai
Burung-madu sriganti
0
20
0
Pelanduk semak
10
D
32.54
30
Walet linci (Collocalia linchi)
Walet linci (Collocalia linchi)
9