Directory UMM :Data Elmu:jurnal:A:Agricultural Water Management:Vol45.Issue1.Jun2000:
Agricultural Water Management 45 (2000) 41±54
Determination of evapotranspiration and crop
coef®cients of rice and sun¯ower
with lysimeter
N.K. Tyagi (Director), D.K. Sharma (Senior Scientist)*,
S.K. Luthra (Senior Scientist)
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132001, India
Accepted 9 August 1999
Abstract
Lysimeter experiments were conducted on rice during rainy season (July±October) and sun¯ower
during summer seasons (March±June) in a set of two electronic weighing type lysimeters of
2 m 2 m 2 m size to measure the hourly evapotranspiration of these crops from 1994 to 1995 at
Karnal, India. The average weekly ET of rice varied from 6.6 mm per day at milking stage. The peak ETc was 6.61 mm per day and it occurred 11
weeks after transplanting at reproductive stage when LAI was 3.4. In case of sun¯ower, ETc was
3).
During the reproductive phase starting from 9 to 14th week after transplanting, Kc of rice
slightly decreased from 1.26 to 1.01 and 1.17 to 1.1 with Penman±Monteith and FAO±
Blaney and Criddle methods, respectively because the LAI reduced to less than 1.3 during
this stage. Crop coefficient declined rapidly to 0.85 and 0.88 by respective methods
during last stage covering the period from 15 to 17 WAT.
The computed Kc values by Penman±Monteith method during initial, crop
development, reproductive and last stages were 1.15, 1.23, 1.14 and 1.02, respectively
and these values estimated by and FAO±Blaney and Criddle and FAO±radiation methods
were 1.11, 1.19, 1.09 and 0.97 and 1.1, 1.29, 1.11 and 0.92 in respective stages (Table 5).
The estimated Kc values calculated by Penman±Monteith and FAO±Blaney and Criddle
during all the stages are closer to the values reported by FAO.
3.3.2. Sun¯ower
In the initial stage covering the period from sowing to end of the 3rd week after sowing
(WAS), crop coefficients increased from 0.36 to 0.96, 0.30 to 0.88 and 0.42 to 0.99 by
Penman±Monteith, FAO-ID-24 corrected Penman and PanE methods, respectively
(Fig. 4). The Kc values during this stage increased very slowly because LAI was less
Table 5
Values of crop coef®cient derived from different methods for rice (1994) and sun¯ower (average values of 1994
and 1995)
Methods
Rice
Penman±Monteith
FAO-corrected Penman
Kimberly Penman
FAO±Blaney and Criddle
FAO±radiation
FAO
Sun¯ower
Penman±Monteith
FAO-corrected
Penman
FAO±Radiation
PanE
FAO
Crop stages
I
II
III
IV
Average
1.15
1.05
1.18
1.11
1.10
1.1±1.15
1.23
0.88
1.12
1.19
1.29
1.1±1.5
1.14
0.87
1.13
1.09
1.11
1.1±1.3
1.02
0.82
0.99
0.97
0.92
0.95±1.05
1.14
0.90
1.10
1.09
1.11
1.05±1.2
0.63
0.54
1.09
1.11
1.29
1.14
0.40
0.37
0.85
0.79
0.52
0.75
0.3±0.4
1.10
1.15
0.7±0.8
1.32
1.25
1.05±1.2
0.41
0.39
0.55±0.85
0.83
0.88
0.6±0.8
52
N.K. Tyagi et al. / Agricultural Water Management 45 (2000) 41±54
Fig. 4. Crop coef®cients (Kc) of sun¯ower.
than 0.5 during this period. Crop coefficient increased rapidly from 1.06 to 1.39, 1.05 to
1.28 and 1.1 to 1.38 by respective methods in crop development stage starting from fourth
to ninth week after sowing (Fig. 4). The maximum values of crop coefficients were also
estimated during the ninth week after sowing mainly because of the LAI was more than
4.0 during this week. Sin (1989) reported that Kc values was curvilinearly related to the
LAI. The reproductive phase starting from the 10 to 13th weeks after sowing, crop
coefficient decreased slowly upto 0.62, 0.53, and 0.56 by Penman±Monteith, FAO-
N.K. Tyagi et al. / Agricultural Water Management 45 (2000) 41±54
53
corrected Penman and PanE methods, respectively, could be due to LAI during this week
decreased to 2.16.
Table 5 summarizes the growth stages wise computed Kc values for sunflower.
The estimated Kc values by Penman±Monteith method in the first, second and
third stages were 80.0%, 45.3% and 15.1%, respectively, higher than the FAO Kc values.
The estimated Kc value was lower than the FAO Kc value by 42.8% in the last stage.
On the other hand, observed seasonal Kc value was slightly higher than the FAO Kc
value.
4. Conclusions
The estimated Kc values for this region during the first, second, third and fourth growth
stages for rice are 1.15, 1.23, 1.14 and 1.02, respectively, and the corresponding values
for sunflower are 0.63, 1.09, 1.29, and 0.40. The estimated values of crop coefficients for
sunflower differ considerably at all the stages from those suggested by FAO, but in case
of rice calculated values are very close to the values given by FAO. Local calibration of
crop coefficients is therefore an essential.
References
Allen R.G., 1991. Ref±ET evapotranspiration calculator for use with ASCE manual 70, Utah State University,
Logan, pp. 105.
Allen, R.G., Jensen, M.E., Burman, R.D., 1990. Evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirement. ASCE
Manual and Report on Engineering Practice, no. 70. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, USA,
pp. 123.
Allen, R.G., Jensen, M.E., Wright, J.L., Burman, R.D., 1989. Operational estimates of reference
evapotranspiration. Agron. J. 81, 650±662.
Bhardwaj, S.P., 1983. Studies on consumptive use rates in weighing type lysimeters for irrigation. Report,
Central Soil and Water Conservation Research Institute, Dehar Dun, pp. 100.
Doorenbose, J., Pruitt, W.O., 1977. Guideline for predicting crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and
Drainage, Paper No. 24. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 193 pp.
Fynn, R.P., Al-shooshan, A., Short, T.H., Mc Mahon, R.W., 1993. Evapotranspiration measurement and
modeling for a potted chrysanthemum crop. Trans. ASAE 3 (6), 1907±1913.
Hem, J.M., Heilman, J.L., Lascano, R.J., 1991. Soil and canopy energy balance of a row crop at partial cover.
Agron. J. 83, 744±753.
Jensen, M.E., Burman, R.D., Allen, R.G., 1990. Evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirements. ASCE Ð
Manuals and Report on Engineering Practice, no. 70. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, USA,
332 pp.
Midmore, D.J., Cartwright, J.B., Fischer, R.A., 1984. Wheat in tropical environmental. II. Crop growth and grain
yield. Field Crop Res. 8, 207±227.
Mohan, S., 1991. Inter comparison of evapotranspiration estimates. Hydrol. Sci. J. 366, 447±460.
Penman, H.L., 1963. Vegetation and Hydrology. Tech. Comm. no. 53. Common Wealth Bureaux of Soils,
Harpenden, England, 125 pp.
Sin, S.F., 1989. Relating calculated leaf area index, evapotranspiration and irrigation methods of sugarcane.
Agron. J. 81, 111±115.
Sandhu, B.S., Khera, K.L., Singh, Baldev, 1982. A note on the use of irrigation water and yield of transplanted
rice in relation to time of last irrigation. Ind. J. Agric. Sci. 52, 870±872.
54
N.K. Tyagi et al. / Agricultural Water Management 45 (2000) 41±54
Singh, P., 1988. Water stress and plant parameters for wheat. Ind. Soc. Agric. Eng. 85, 34±40.
Smith, M., Allen, R., Monteith J.L, Perrier, A., Santos, Pereira, L. Sageren, A., 1992. Expert consultation on
revision of FAO methodologies for crop water requirements. Food and Agricultural Organization of the
United Nations , Land and Water Development Division, Rome, Italy, 60 pp.
Villalorios, G., Fereres, F.J., 1990. Evapotranspiration measurement beneath corn cotton and sun¯ower canopies.
Agron. J. 82, 1153±1159.
Determination of evapotranspiration and crop
coef®cients of rice and sun¯ower
with lysimeter
N.K. Tyagi (Director), D.K. Sharma (Senior Scientist)*,
S.K. Luthra (Senior Scientist)
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132001, India
Accepted 9 August 1999
Abstract
Lysimeter experiments were conducted on rice during rainy season (July±October) and sun¯ower
during summer seasons (March±June) in a set of two electronic weighing type lysimeters of
2 m 2 m 2 m size to measure the hourly evapotranspiration of these crops from 1994 to 1995 at
Karnal, India. The average weekly ET of rice varied from 6.6 mm per day at milking stage. The peak ETc was 6.61 mm per day and it occurred 11
weeks after transplanting at reproductive stage when LAI was 3.4. In case of sun¯ower, ETc was
3).
During the reproductive phase starting from 9 to 14th week after transplanting, Kc of rice
slightly decreased from 1.26 to 1.01 and 1.17 to 1.1 with Penman±Monteith and FAO±
Blaney and Criddle methods, respectively because the LAI reduced to less than 1.3 during
this stage. Crop coefficient declined rapidly to 0.85 and 0.88 by respective methods
during last stage covering the period from 15 to 17 WAT.
The computed Kc values by Penman±Monteith method during initial, crop
development, reproductive and last stages were 1.15, 1.23, 1.14 and 1.02, respectively
and these values estimated by and FAO±Blaney and Criddle and FAO±radiation methods
were 1.11, 1.19, 1.09 and 0.97 and 1.1, 1.29, 1.11 and 0.92 in respective stages (Table 5).
The estimated Kc values calculated by Penman±Monteith and FAO±Blaney and Criddle
during all the stages are closer to the values reported by FAO.
3.3.2. Sun¯ower
In the initial stage covering the period from sowing to end of the 3rd week after sowing
(WAS), crop coefficients increased from 0.36 to 0.96, 0.30 to 0.88 and 0.42 to 0.99 by
Penman±Monteith, FAO-ID-24 corrected Penman and PanE methods, respectively
(Fig. 4). The Kc values during this stage increased very slowly because LAI was less
Table 5
Values of crop coef®cient derived from different methods for rice (1994) and sun¯ower (average values of 1994
and 1995)
Methods
Rice
Penman±Monteith
FAO-corrected Penman
Kimberly Penman
FAO±Blaney and Criddle
FAO±radiation
FAO
Sun¯ower
Penman±Monteith
FAO-corrected
Penman
FAO±Radiation
PanE
FAO
Crop stages
I
II
III
IV
Average
1.15
1.05
1.18
1.11
1.10
1.1±1.15
1.23
0.88
1.12
1.19
1.29
1.1±1.5
1.14
0.87
1.13
1.09
1.11
1.1±1.3
1.02
0.82
0.99
0.97
0.92
0.95±1.05
1.14
0.90
1.10
1.09
1.11
1.05±1.2
0.63
0.54
1.09
1.11
1.29
1.14
0.40
0.37
0.85
0.79
0.52
0.75
0.3±0.4
1.10
1.15
0.7±0.8
1.32
1.25
1.05±1.2
0.41
0.39
0.55±0.85
0.83
0.88
0.6±0.8
52
N.K. Tyagi et al. / Agricultural Water Management 45 (2000) 41±54
Fig. 4. Crop coef®cients (Kc) of sun¯ower.
than 0.5 during this period. Crop coefficient increased rapidly from 1.06 to 1.39, 1.05 to
1.28 and 1.1 to 1.38 by respective methods in crop development stage starting from fourth
to ninth week after sowing (Fig. 4). The maximum values of crop coefficients were also
estimated during the ninth week after sowing mainly because of the LAI was more than
4.0 during this week. Sin (1989) reported that Kc values was curvilinearly related to the
LAI. The reproductive phase starting from the 10 to 13th weeks after sowing, crop
coefficient decreased slowly upto 0.62, 0.53, and 0.56 by Penman±Monteith, FAO-
N.K. Tyagi et al. / Agricultural Water Management 45 (2000) 41±54
53
corrected Penman and PanE methods, respectively, could be due to LAI during this week
decreased to 2.16.
Table 5 summarizes the growth stages wise computed Kc values for sunflower.
The estimated Kc values by Penman±Monteith method in the first, second and
third stages were 80.0%, 45.3% and 15.1%, respectively, higher than the FAO Kc values.
The estimated Kc value was lower than the FAO Kc value by 42.8% in the last stage.
On the other hand, observed seasonal Kc value was slightly higher than the FAO Kc
value.
4. Conclusions
The estimated Kc values for this region during the first, second, third and fourth growth
stages for rice are 1.15, 1.23, 1.14 and 1.02, respectively, and the corresponding values
for sunflower are 0.63, 1.09, 1.29, and 0.40. The estimated values of crop coefficients for
sunflower differ considerably at all the stages from those suggested by FAO, but in case
of rice calculated values are very close to the values given by FAO. Local calibration of
crop coefficients is therefore an essential.
References
Allen R.G., 1991. Ref±ET evapotranspiration calculator for use with ASCE manual 70, Utah State University,
Logan, pp. 105.
Allen, R.G., Jensen, M.E., Burman, R.D., 1990. Evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirement. ASCE
Manual and Report on Engineering Practice, no. 70. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, USA,
pp. 123.
Allen, R.G., Jensen, M.E., Wright, J.L., Burman, R.D., 1989. Operational estimates of reference
evapotranspiration. Agron. J. 81, 650±662.
Bhardwaj, S.P., 1983. Studies on consumptive use rates in weighing type lysimeters for irrigation. Report,
Central Soil and Water Conservation Research Institute, Dehar Dun, pp. 100.
Doorenbose, J., Pruitt, W.O., 1977. Guideline for predicting crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and
Drainage, Paper No. 24. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 193 pp.
Fynn, R.P., Al-shooshan, A., Short, T.H., Mc Mahon, R.W., 1993. Evapotranspiration measurement and
modeling for a potted chrysanthemum crop. Trans. ASAE 3 (6), 1907±1913.
Hem, J.M., Heilman, J.L., Lascano, R.J., 1991. Soil and canopy energy balance of a row crop at partial cover.
Agron. J. 83, 744±753.
Jensen, M.E., Burman, R.D., Allen, R.G., 1990. Evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirements. ASCE Ð
Manuals and Report on Engineering Practice, no. 70. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, USA,
332 pp.
Midmore, D.J., Cartwright, J.B., Fischer, R.A., 1984. Wheat in tropical environmental. II. Crop growth and grain
yield. Field Crop Res. 8, 207±227.
Mohan, S., 1991. Inter comparison of evapotranspiration estimates. Hydrol. Sci. J. 366, 447±460.
Penman, H.L., 1963. Vegetation and Hydrology. Tech. Comm. no. 53. Common Wealth Bureaux of Soils,
Harpenden, England, 125 pp.
Sin, S.F., 1989. Relating calculated leaf area index, evapotranspiration and irrigation methods of sugarcane.
Agron. J. 81, 111±115.
Sandhu, B.S., Khera, K.L., Singh, Baldev, 1982. A note on the use of irrigation water and yield of transplanted
rice in relation to time of last irrigation. Ind. J. Agric. Sci. 52, 870±872.
54
N.K. Tyagi et al. / Agricultural Water Management 45 (2000) 41±54
Singh, P., 1988. Water stress and plant parameters for wheat. Ind. Soc. Agric. Eng. 85, 34±40.
Smith, M., Allen, R., Monteith J.L, Perrier, A., Santos, Pereira, L. Sageren, A., 1992. Expert consultation on
revision of FAO methodologies for crop water requirements. Food and Agricultural Organization of the
United Nations , Land and Water Development Division, Rome, Italy, 60 pp.
Villalorios, G., Fereres, F.J., 1990. Evapotranspiration measurement beneath corn cotton and sun¯ower canopies.
Agron. J. 82, 1153±1159.