PENGGUNAAN VENTILATOR BUNDLE PADA PASIEN DENGAN VENTILATOR MEKANIK DI ICU RSUP DR.KARIADI PERIODE JULI â DESEMBER 2013 - Diponegoro University | Institutional Repository (UNDIP-IR)
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Darmadi. Infeksi Nosokomial: Problematika Dan Pengendaliannya. Jakarta:
Penerbit Salemba Medika; 2008; 2-4 p.
2. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (DEPKES RI). Pedoman
manajerial pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi di Rumah sakit dan
pelayanan kesehatan lainnya(katalog).DEPKES RI 2007.
3. Peraturan
menteri
kesehatan
republik
Indonesia
nomor
1691/MENKES/PER/VIII/2011 tentang keselamatan pasien rumah sakit.
4. Group TCCCT.A Randomized Trial of Diagnostic Techniques for Ventilatorassociated Pneumonia. The new England Journal of Medicine. 2006 Dec, 21
2006;355(2006):11.
5. Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards C, Jr, et al. Estimating health careassociated infections and deaths in U.S. Hospitals, 2002. Public Health
Reports. 2007;122:160–6.
6. Shorr AF, Kollef MH. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Insight From Recent
Clinical Trials. CHEST Journal. 2005;128(5 Suppl 2):583S-91S.
7. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Ventilator Bundle(Internet).c2010
(update 2013 Maret 15; cited 2013 November 11) Available from:
http://www.ihi.org/Engage/Memberships/MentorHospitalRegistry/Pages/Vent
ilatorBundle.aspx
52
53
8. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Implement the IHI Ventilator
Bundle(internet).c2011(updated 2011 Februari 8; cited 2013 November 11).
Available
from:http://www.ihi.org/IHIofferings/MembershipsandNetworks/MentorHosp
italRegistry/VentilatorBundle.aspx.
9. World Health Organization.Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A
practical guide 2nd edition(Internet).2002(cited 2013 Desember 27).Available
from:
http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/WHO_CDS_CSR_E
PH_2002_12/en/
10. Stubblefield,
Heaven.Hospital-Acquired
(Nosocomial)
Infections(Internet).c2014(Reviewed 2014 Januari 2014; cited 2014 Januari
27). Available from: http://www.healthline.com/health/hospital-acquirednosocomial-infections.
11. Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA,
et al. Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in US hospitals,
2002. Public health reports. 2007;122(2):160.
12. Depuydt P, Myny D, Blot S. Nosocomial Pneumonia: aetiology, diagnosis and
treatment. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine. 2006;12(3):192-197
13. Behrendt CE. Acute respiratory failure in the United States: incidence and 31day survival. Chest 2000;118:1100-5.
54
14. Jones J, Rowan K. Is there a relationship between the volume of work carried
out in intensive care and its outcome?.Int J Technol Assess Health Care
1995;11:762-9.
15. American Thoracic Society. Withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining
therapy. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:478-85.
16. Amitai, Allon. Ventilator Management (Internet).2013[update 2013 jun
7;cited
2013
Nov
23].Available
Ventilator
Associated
from:
http://www.medscape.
com/article/810126.
17. Hunter
JD.
pneumoni.Postgraduate
Medical
Journal.2006;82(965);172-8.
18. Ibrahim EH, Tracy L, Hill C, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. The occuranceof
ventilator
associated
pneumonia
in
a
community
hospital.
Chest
2001;120:555-61.
19. Garrouste OM, Chevret S, Arlet G, et al. Oropharyngeal or gastric
colonization and nosocomial pneumonia in adult intensive care unit patients.
A prospective study based on genomic DNA analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care
Med 1997;156:1647–55.
20. O'Neal PV, Grap MJ, Munro C, Minick P, Sessler C. Factors associated with
subglottic secretion accumulation and removal among mechanically ventilated
adults. Am J Crit Care 2002;11:290.
21. Cook DJ, Reeve BK, Guyatt GH, et al. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill
patients. Resolving discordant meta-analyses. JAMA 1996;275:308–14.
55
22. Berton DC, Kalil AC, Cavalcanti M,Teixeira PJ. Quantitative versus
qualitative cultures of respiratory secretions for clinical outcomes in patients
with
ventilatorassociated
pneumonia.
Cochrane
Database
Syst
Rev
2008;4:CD006482.
23. Anton Y. Peleg, M.B., B.S., M.P.H., and David C. Hooper, M.D.HospitalAcquired Infections Dueto Gram-Negative Bacteria. N Engl J Med
2010;362:1804-13.
24. The Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. A randomized trial of diagnostic
techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia.N Engl J Med 2006;355:261930.
25. Guidelines
for
the
management
of
adults
with
hospital-acquired,
ventilatorassociated, and healthcare-associate pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit
Care Med 2005;171:388-416.
26. Institute for Healthcare Improvement Web site. Implement the IHI ventilator
bundle. http://www.ihi.org/ Home/Knowledge Center/Changes/Implement the
IHI Ventilator Bundle.aspx.Accessed November 11, 2013.
27. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Getting started kit: prevent ventilatorassociated
pneumonia.
How-toguide.
2008.Available
at
:
http://www.premierinc.com/safety/topics/bundling/downloads/03-vap-how-toguide.pdf. Accessed November,23 2013
56
28. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospitalacquired, ventilatorassociated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2005;171(4):388–416.
29. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Ventilator bundle compliance.
2011(updated 2011 April 26; cited 2013 November 25). Available from:
http://www.ihi.org/knowledge/Pages/Changes/ImplementtheVentilatorBundle
.aspx..
30. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. How-to Guide: Prevent VentilatorAssociated
Pneumonia.
Cambridge:
Institute
for
Healthcare
Improvement.2012
31. O’Keefe GE, Caldwell E, Cuschieri J, Wurfel MM, Evans HL. Ventilator
associated pneumonia: bacteremia and death after traumatic injury. JTrauma
Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(3):713-719.
32. Venkatram S, Nayak J, Kanna B.Safety of daily sedation interruptions in
mechanically ventilated inner city patients – an alternative approach. Journal
of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2010;Vol. 1(6). 242-247.
33. Metheny NA, Clouse RE, Chang YH, Stewart BJ, Oliver DA, Kollef
MH.Tracheobronchial aspiration of gastric contents in critically ill tube-fed
patients: frequency, outcomes, and risk factors. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(4):19.
34. Metheny NA, Frantz RA. Head-of-Bed Elevation in Critically Ill Patients: A
Review. Critical Care Nurse. 2013;33(3):53-67.
57
35. John F. McConville, M.D., and John P. Kress, M.D. Weaning Patients from
the Ventilator. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2233-9.
36. Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D, Wittbrodt ET.
Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in
the critically ill adult. Critical care Medicine. 2002; 30(1).
37. Soliman H, Melot C, Vincent J. Sedative and analgesic practice in the
intensive care unit: the result of European survey. British Journal of
Anaesthesia. 2001; 87(2).
38. Acang,Nuzirwan. Deep Vein Trombosis.Majalah Kedokteran Andalas.2001;
2(25):46 – 55.
39. Michael J. Armahizer, PharmD; Neal J. Benedict, PharmD. FAST HUG : ICU
Prophylaxis. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 301-657-3000.
40. Samama MM. A comparison of enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of
venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. Prophylaxis medical
patients with enoxaparin study group. N.Eng.J.Med. 1999; 341:793-800.
41. Wicaksono, Satrio A., Listianto, Jati.,Leksana, Ery. Pengaruh Profilaksis
Trombosis Vena Dalam dengan Heparin subkutan dan Intravena terhadap Aptt
dan Jumlah Trombosit pada Pasien Kritis di ICU RSUP Dr.Kariadi Semarang.
Jurnal Anestiologi Indonesia. 2012;IV(3) : 171.
42. Pogorzelska,M., Stone,W., et al 2011 Impact of the ventilator bundle on
ventilator associated pneumonia in intensive care unit, International Journal
for quality in Health Care, 23, 538-544.
58
43. Ozurt, Sungkurtekin, Adyemir, Atalay, et al 2007. Ventilator Associated
Pneumonia. Retrospective Result in Intensive Care unit.The Internet Journal
of gastroenterology,5.
44. Clark, Lam LT, Gibson S, Currow D (2009). The effect of Ranitidine versus
Proton Pump Inhibitors on Gastric Secretions : a meta-analysis of randomized
control trials.Anasthesia. Jun;64(6) Pp: 652-7.
45. Weinstein, R A, Bonten, M J, Kollef, M H, & HALL, J B.2004. Risk factors
for
ventilator-associated
pneumonia
from
epidiemology
management clinicical infectious disease, 38, 1141-1149.
to
patient
59
Lampiran 1.
LEMBAR PENELITIAN
Ruang perawatan Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
No
Kriteria
Data
1.
No. CM RSDK
2.
No. CM penelitian
3.
Nama
5.
Tanggal Lahir
6.
Alamat
7.
Indikasi penggunaan
Gagal Napas
ventilator mekanik
Penurunan kesadaran
L/P
Frekuensi napas > 35x/menit
Hipoksemia
Komplikasi kardiovaskuler
Komplikasi lain
Telah menggunakan NIPPV
lainnya
8.
Tanggal masuk ICU
/ /
Jam
9.
Mulai penggunaan Ventilator
/ /
Jam
/
jam
mekanik
Berakhir penggunaan
/
Ventilator mekanik
10.
Ventilator bundle
Elevasi tempat tidur
Kontraindikasi :
60
(Head Of the Bed) 30 º
frakturspinal,
sampai 45 º, kecuali
frakturpelvis,
kontraindikasi medis
Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP
ulkus parah akibat tekanan pada daerah
sacrum
Penghentian secara berkala
agen sedasi dan penilaian
Obat sedasi :
midazolam
kesiapan ekstubasi
lorazepam
dexmedetomidine atau propofol
Lainnya
profilaksis trombosis vena Obat Profilaksis TVD
dalam (kecuali
Heparin
kontraindikasi medis)
Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
Nandroparin Fraxiparin
Lainnya
Profilaksis ulkus
peptikum
Obat yang digunakan :
PPI
Sukralfat
Antagonis H2
Lainnya
Oral care secara berkala
0,12%
dengan chlorhexidine
0,2%
61
Lainnya
Kontraindikasi lainnya
Pasien on pressors (vasopressor)
Pasien dengan ciri-ciri kematian
Pasien dengan blokade neuromuscular
Pasien dengan resiko perdarahan
62
Lampiran 2
63
Lampiran 4
DOKUMENTASI
Lampiran 3
Biodata Mahasiswa
64
Identitas
Nama
: Dea Aulia Futaci
NIM
: 22010110120106
Tempat tanggal lahir
: Majalengka,16 Maret 1992
Jenis Kelamin
: Perempuan
Alamat
: Ds.sindang no.61 Rt/Rw 01/004 Blok.Salasa
kec.Cikijing Kab.Majalengka.Jawa barat
No. HP
: 083838071100
Email
: dea.aulia16@yahoo.com
Riwayat Pendidikan Formal :
1. SD
: SDN SINDANG 1
Lulus tahun: 2004
2. SMP : SMP N 1 KUNINGAN
Lulus tahun: 2007
3. SMA : SMA N 2 KUNINGAN
Lulus tahun: 2010
4. SI
: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro
Masuk : 2010
1. Darmadi. Infeksi Nosokomial: Problematika Dan Pengendaliannya. Jakarta:
Penerbit Salemba Medika; 2008; 2-4 p.
2. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (DEPKES RI). Pedoman
manajerial pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi di Rumah sakit dan
pelayanan kesehatan lainnya(katalog).DEPKES RI 2007.
3. Peraturan
menteri
kesehatan
republik
Indonesia
nomor
1691/MENKES/PER/VIII/2011 tentang keselamatan pasien rumah sakit.
4. Group TCCCT.A Randomized Trial of Diagnostic Techniques for Ventilatorassociated Pneumonia. The new England Journal of Medicine. 2006 Dec, 21
2006;355(2006):11.
5. Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards C, Jr, et al. Estimating health careassociated infections and deaths in U.S. Hospitals, 2002. Public Health
Reports. 2007;122:160–6.
6. Shorr AF, Kollef MH. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Insight From Recent
Clinical Trials. CHEST Journal. 2005;128(5 Suppl 2):583S-91S.
7. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Ventilator Bundle(Internet).c2010
(update 2013 Maret 15; cited 2013 November 11) Available from:
http://www.ihi.org/Engage/Memberships/MentorHospitalRegistry/Pages/Vent
ilatorBundle.aspx
52
53
8. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Implement the IHI Ventilator
Bundle(internet).c2011(updated 2011 Februari 8; cited 2013 November 11).
Available
from:http://www.ihi.org/IHIofferings/MembershipsandNetworks/MentorHosp
italRegistry/VentilatorBundle.aspx.
9. World Health Organization.Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A
practical guide 2nd edition(Internet).2002(cited 2013 Desember 27).Available
from:
http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/WHO_CDS_CSR_E
PH_2002_12/en/
10. Stubblefield,
Heaven.Hospital-Acquired
(Nosocomial)
Infections(Internet).c2014(Reviewed 2014 Januari 2014; cited 2014 Januari
27). Available from: http://www.healthline.com/health/hospital-acquirednosocomial-infections.
11. Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA,
et al. Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in US hospitals,
2002. Public health reports. 2007;122(2):160.
12. Depuydt P, Myny D, Blot S. Nosocomial Pneumonia: aetiology, diagnosis and
treatment. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine. 2006;12(3):192-197
13. Behrendt CE. Acute respiratory failure in the United States: incidence and 31day survival. Chest 2000;118:1100-5.
54
14. Jones J, Rowan K. Is there a relationship between the volume of work carried
out in intensive care and its outcome?.Int J Technol Assess Health Care
1995;11:762-9.
15. American Thoracic Society. Withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining
therapy. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:478-85.
16. Amitai, Allon. Ventilator Management (Internet).2013[update 2013 jun
7;cited
2013
Nov
23].Available
Ventilator
Associated
from:
http://www.medscape.
com/article/810126.
17. Hunter
JD.
pneumoni.Postgraduate
Medical
Journal.2006;82(965);172-8.
18. Ibrahim EH, Tracy L, Hill C, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. The occuranceof
ventilator
associated
pneumonia
in
a
community
hospital.
Chest
2001;120:555-61.
19. Garrouste OM, Chevret S, Arlet G, et al. Oropharyngeal or gastric
colonization and nosocomial pneumonia in adult intensive care unit patients.
A prospective study based on genomic DNA analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care
Med 1997;156:1647–55.
20. O'Neal PV, Grap MJ, Munro C, Minick P, Sessler C. Factors associated with
subglottic secretion accumulation and removal among mechanically ventilated
adults. Am J Crit Care 2002;11:290.
21. Cook DJ, Reeve BK, Guyatt GH, et al. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill
patients. Resolving discordant meta-analyses. JAMA 1996;275:308–14.
55
22. Berton DC, Kalil AC, Cavalcanti M,Teixeira PJ. Quantitative versus
qualitative cultures of respiratory secretions for clinical outcomes in patients
with
ventilatorassociated
pneumonia.
Cochrane
Database
Syst
Rev
2008;4:CD006482.
23. Anton Y. Peleg, M.B., B.S., M.P.H., and David C. Hooper, M.D.HospitalAcquired Infections Dueto Gram-Negative Bacteria. N Engl J Med
2010;362:1804-13.
24. The Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. A randomized trial of diagnostic
techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia.N Engl J Med 2006;355:261930.
25. Guidelines
for
the
management
of
adults
with
hospital-acquired,
ventilatorassociated, and healthcare-associate pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit
Care Med 2005;171:388-416.
26. Institute for Healthcare Improvement Web site. Implement the IHI ventilator
bundle. http://www.ihi.org/ Home/Knowledge Center/Changes/Implement the
IHI Ventilator Bundle.aspx.Accessed November 11, 2013.
27. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Getting started kit: prevent ventilatorassociated
pneumonia.
How-toguide.
2008.Available
at
:
http://www.premierinc.com/safety/topics/bundling/downloads/03-vap-how-toguide.pdf. Accessed November,23 2013
56
28. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospitalacquired, ventilatorassociated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2005;171(4):388–416.
29. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Ventilator bundle compliance.
2011(updated 2011 April 26; cited 2013 November 25). Available from:
http://www.ihi.org/knowledge/Pages/Changes/ImplementtheVentilatorBundle
.aspx..
30. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. How-to Guide: Prevent VentilatorAssociated
Pneumonia.
Cambridge:
Institute
for
Healthcare
Improvement.2012
31. O’Keefe GE, Caldwell E, Cuschieri J, Wurfel MM, Evans HL. Ventilator
associated pneumonia: bacteremia and death after traumatic injury. JTrauma
Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(3):713-719.
32. Venkatram S, Nayak J, Kanna B.Safety of daily sedation interruptions in
mechanically ventilated inner city patients – an alternative approach. Journal
of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2010;Vol. 1(6). 242-247.
33. Metheny NA, Clouse RE, Chang YH, Stewart BJ, Oliver DA, Kollef
MH.Tracheobronchial aspiration of gastric contents in critically ill tube-fed
patients: frequency, outcomes, and risk factors. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(4):19.
34. Metheny NA, Frantz RA. Head-of-Bed Elevation in Critically Ill Patients: A
Review. Critical Care Nurse. 2013;33(3):53-67.
57
35. John F. McConville, M.D., and John P. Kress, M.D. Weaning Patients from
the Ventilator. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2233-9.
36. Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D, Wittbrodt ET.
Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in
the critically ill adult. Critical care Medicine. 2002; 30(1).
37. Soliman H, Melot C, Vincent J. Sedative and analgesic practice in the
intensive care unit: the result of European survey. British Journal of
Anaesthesia. 2001; 87(2).
38. Acang,Nuzirwan. Deep Vein Trombosis.Majalah Kedokteran Andalas.2001;
2(25):46 – 55.
39. Michael J. Armahizer, PharmD; Neal J. Benedict, PharmD. FAST HUG : ICU
Prophylaxis. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 301-657-3000.
40. Samama MM. A comparison of enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of
venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. Prophylaxis medical
patients with enoxaparin study group. N.Eng.J.Med. 1999; 341:793-800.
41. Wicaksono, Satrio A., Listianto, Jati.,Leksana, Ery. Pengaruh Profilaksis
Trombosis Vena Dalam dengan Heparin subkutan dan Intravena terhadap Aptt
dan Jumlah Trombosit pada Pasien Kritis di ICU RSUP Dr.Kariadi Semarang.
Jurnal Anestiologi Indonesia. 2012;IV(3) : 171.
42. Pogorzelska,M., Stone,W., et al 2011 Impact of the ventilator bundle on
ventilator associated pneumonia in intensive care unit, International Journal
for quality in Health Care, 23, 538-544.
58
43. Ozurt, Sungkurtekin, Adyemir, Atalay, et al 2007. Ventilator Associated
Pneumonia. Retrospective Result in Intensive Care unit.The Internet Journal
of gastroenterology,5.
44. Clark, Lam LT, Gibson S, Currow D (2009). The effect of Ranitidine versus
Proton Pump Inhibitors on Gastric Secretions : a meta-analysis of randomized
control trials.Anasthesia. Jun;64(6) Pp: 652-7.
45. Weinstein, R A, Bonten, M J, Kollef, M H, & HALL, J B.2004. Risk factors
for
ventilator-associated
pneumonia
from
epidiemology
management clinicical infectious disease, 38, 1141-1149.
to
patient
59
Lampiran 1.
LEMBAR PENELITIAN
Ruang perawatan Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
No
Kriteria
Data
1.
No. CM RSDK
2.
No. CM penelitian
3.
Nama
5.
Tanggal Lahir
6.
Alamat
7.
Indikasi penggunaan
Gagal Napas
ventilator mekanik
Penurunan kesadaran
L/P
Frekuensi napas > 35x/menit
Hipoksemia
Komplikasi kardiovaskuler
Komplikasi lain
Telah menggunakan NIPPV
lainnya
8.
Tanggal masuk ICU
/ /
Jam
9.
Mulai penggunaan Ventilator
/ /
Jam
/
jam
mekanik
Berakhir penggunaan
/
Ventilator mekanik
10.
Ventilator bundle
Elevasi tempat tidur
Kontraindikasi :
60
(Head Of the Bed) 30 º
frakturspinal,
sampai 45 º, kecuali
frakturpelvis,
kontraindikasi medis
Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP
ulkus parah akibat tekanan pada daerah
sacrum
Penghentian secara berkala
agen sedasi dan penilaian
Obat sedasi :
midazolam
kesiapan ekstubasi
lorazepam
dexmedetomidine atau propofol
Lainnya
profilaksis trombosis vena Obat Profilaksis TVD
dalam (kecuali
Heparin
kontraindikasi medis)
Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
Nandroparin Fraxiparin
Lainnya
Profilaksis ulkus
peptikum
Obat yang digunakan :
PPI
Sukralfat
Antagonis H2
Lainnya
Oral care secara berkala
0,12%
dengan chlorhexidine
0,2%
61
Lainnya
Kontraindikasi lainnya
Pasien on pressors (vasopressor)
Pasien dengan ciri-ciri kematian
Pasien dengan blokade neuromuscular
Pasien dengan resiko perdarahan
62
Lampiran 2
63
Lampiran 4
DOKUMENTASI
Lampiran 3
Biodata Mahasiswa
64
Identitas
Nama
: Dea Aulia Futaci
NIM
: 22010110120106
Tempat tanggal lahir
: Majalengka,16 Maret 1992
Jenis Kelamin
: Perempuan
Alamat
: Ds.sindang no.61 Rt/Rw 01/004 Blok.Salasa
kec.Cikijing Kab.Majalengka.Jawa barat
No. HP
: 083838071100
: dea.aulia16@yahoo.com
Riwayat Pendidikan Formal :
1. SD
: SDN SINDANG 1
Lulus tahun: 2004
2. SMP : SMP N 1 KUNINGAN
Lulus tahun: 2007
3. SMA : SMA N 2 KUNINGAN
Lulus tahun: 2010
4. SI
: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro
Masuk : 2010