Consisting of 11 Vacuum Tubes

  Information Technology: Hardware

by

Kudang B. Seminar, PhD

  5/3/2013

_{Copyright 1996-98 © Dale Carnegie & Associates, Inc.}

  1 Abacus

• An abacus is a calculator used first by the Chinese since about 500 BC, for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as fractions and square root.
• The inventor is unknown. However, the abacus as we know it today did not appear in China until about 1200 A.D.
• Contests have been held between users of the Japanese abacus and an electric calculator.For addition and subtraction the abacus user was much faster than the calculator user, but for multiplication and division the advantage of the abacus was less decisively demonstrated.

  ABC (Atanasoff & Berry Computer) 1939, Iowa Univ.

  Consisting of 11 Vacuum Tubes

• •Vacuum Tubes

• Berfungsi sebagai penguat, pengubah, dan pencipta sinyal elektrik
• Banyak dipakai di peralatan

  

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And

Computer) 1946, Pennsylvania Univ. Consisting of 17,468 vacuum tubes

  EDSAC (Elecronic Delay Storage Automatic

Calculator/Computer) 1949, Cambridge University

Uses: Vacuum Tubes

  

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

1951 – Consisting of 5200 Vacuum Tubes

  MARK I Computer 1949

• – Consisting of 1300 Vacuum Tubes

  I/O Devices: Saklar, pita dan pencetak

• •Manchester Mark I •Havard Mark I

  

IAS Computer Developed By John

Von Newmann at Princeton Univ. 1952

• 1 ^st

  General Purpose Computer

• Consists of

  23,000 vacuum tubes

• Used for

  solving complex applications: metereology, astonomy, hydrodynamic s, atomic weapons

• Consist of 3

  sub-systems: main processor, Memory, I/O Devices

IBM 701 developed at 1952 by IBM President: Thomas J. Watson, Jr

• Known as the Defense Calculator while in development
• Publically announced in 1953.
• Known as IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machines
• Consist of 3 sub- systems: main processor, Memory, I/O Devices
• Key to IBM's transition from punched-card machines to electronic computers.
• The first of the pioneering line of IBM 700 series computers, including the
• Jack Kilby adalah penemu sirkuit terpadu (integrated circuit) yang sekarang digunakan untuk pembuatan mikroprosesor komputer, ketika Kilby bekerja di Texas Instruments pada tahun 1958.
• Pada tahun 2000, Kilby mendapatkan penghargaan Nobel dalam bidang Fisika berkat penemuan sirkuit terpadu (integrated circuit) tersebut.
• Rangkaian terpadu yang terdiri dari ratusan/ribuan/jutaan komponen elektronik semi konduktor ( transistor ) yang dikemas dalam bentuk yang kompak dan ringan dalam bentuk chip,

  Generasi Komputer Dengan Rangkaian Terpadu (Integrated Circuit/IC)

  disebut juga micro-circuit, microprocessor, atau slicon-chip.

• Melahirkan penemuan Mikroprosesor 4004 di tahun 1971.

  IBM’s 7000 Series – Generation of

Transitorized or Chip-Based Computers

   - introduced in

• IBM 7010 - high end version of
• - Stretch supercomputer -

  introduced in

• ; used

  by the U.S. in 1962

• IBM 7090's at NASA's Project Mercury, 1962.

PDP (Programmed data Processor)-1 Computer

• Designed by DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation)
• Built using chip technology.
• The entire computer occupies only 17 square feet of floor space.

  MITS Altair 8800 Computer

• It was a microcomputer designed in 1975.
• Produced by

  Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS)

• based on the Intel 8080

  CPU

  st PC (Personal Computer) generation.

• It is considered as 1

Jenis Komputer

• Mainframes (Super Computers)
• Minicomputers • Microcomputers

  

Mainframes (Super Computer)

• Large in Physical Size • Fast Computing Speed • Large Memory Capacity • Consist of Multiple Processors (CPUs)
• Provides many connections to I/O devices
• Mainly used for Large Scale Computer Server • First Generation: Mark I, ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701,

  IBM 360

• Current generation: Cray-2, IBM ES/9000, IBM S/390,
• The Columbia Supercomputer at NASA's Advanced Supercomputing Facility at Ames Research Center.

  Minicomputers

• Mini physical size
• Fairly fast computing speed
• Fairly large memory capacity
• May consists of multiple CPU/processors
• Used for Library Otomation in since 1970
• First Generation: PDP-1, IBM AS/400
• Used as Computer Servers •

  Current Generation:

   parlance), parlance), HoneyWell 316, GEC 4000 Series, PDP-11

  Microcomputers

• Micro physical size
• Slower computing speed
• Smaller memory capacity
• Mostly consists of single or can be 2

CPU/processors

• Banyak digunakan untuk layanan transaksi front-

  end: OPAC, sirkulasi, Cash Register, Layanan Pengguna

• First Generation: PC (Personal Computer) seperti

XT, AT (286,386,486)

• Current Generation: Notebook, Laptop, Palmtop,

  PDA (personal Digital Assistant)

  Sistem Komputer

• • Kombinasi elemen-elemen fungsional

  secara terpadu yang mencakup piranti keras (hardware), piranti lunak (software), piranti data (dataware) dan aturan/standar (ruleware) untuk

  melaksanakan program/komputasi

  berbasis komputer.
• Notes: tidak termasuk manusia (brainware) -> Berbeda dengan definisi Pusnas.

  Komponen Sistem Komputer

• Hardware : Main Processor (CPU), Memory, Input-Output (I/O).

• • Software: Sistem Operasi (Operating System/OS), Sofware Utilisasi,

  Pengembangan (Development Sofware), Software Aplikasi (Application Sofware).
• Sofware mengendalikan mekanisme kerja operasional hardware.

  Hardware Resources

• I/O (Input/Output)

  devices

• Processor • Memory

  5/3/2013

  21 I/O Devices

• I/O Devices : to exchange data between

  computer systems and external sources

• Input Devices : to enter data into a

  computer system

• Output Devices : to send data out of a

  computer system

  Input Devices pada Pemetaan Digital 5/3/2013

  23 Pengolahan Citra & Digitisasi Peta

Output Devices Pada Pusat Informasi Geografis

  5/3/2013

  25 Kriteria Pemilihan I/O Devices

• Kecepatan (Speed)
• Kemudahan (Ease of Use)
• Keandalan (Reliability)
• Obyektivitas & Akurasi • Kesesuaian dengan jenis data
• Durasi (endurance)
• Kompatibilitas

Identification of Crop Canopy Area Using Camera

  5/3/2013

  27 GREENHOUSE PROTOTYPE

  03/05/2013 Dies Natalis IPB 2001

  40

  Voltage (v)

  5 Humidity Set point Voltage

  3.75

  2.5

  1.25

  H u m id it y ( %)

  80 100

100 200 300 400

  60

  20

  29 SENSORS WITH IN GREENHOUSE

  Voltage

  5 Temperature Set point Voltage

  3.75

  2.5

  1.25

  T e m p e ra tu re

  30 300 600 900 1200 Time (seconds)

  20

  10

  Temperature & Humidity Control

Light Intensity Control

  7.5

  5

  4

  y

  6.5

  it Fin opening Angle s

  3

  n

  5.5

  te n

  2 I Light Intensity

  t

  4.5

  h

  1 Set point

  ig

  Opening Angle

  L

  3.5

  

300 600 900 1200

Time (seconds)

  03/05/2013 Dies Natalis IPB 2001

  31

• •Yield Monitoring Using Satellite

Weed detection for site-specific weed management

  03/05/2013 Dies Natalis IPB 2001

  33

• INTEGRATING
• HALOGEN>CHOPPER •MONOCHROMATOR
• SPHERE>LAMP
• MOTOR •CONT.
• AMP.
• DO>COMPUTER •A/D

• •NIR APPARATUS SYSTEM FOR THE EXPERIMENT

BioControl Systems (BCS)

• BCS development efforts utilize five different types of

  bioelectric signals: Electrooculogram (EOG),

  Electromyogram (EMG), Electroencephalogram (EEG),

  Electrocardiogram (EKG), and Galvanic skin response

  (GSR)

• The essence of the biocontroller interface involves

  three processes: (1) bioelectric signal acquisition, (2)

  signal processing for pattern recognition or extraction

  of desired elements of the biosignal, and (3) mapping

  the results of the signal processing algorithm to some

  desired output code - which controls external electronic devices.

  03/05/2013 Dies Natalis IPB 2001

  35 BioSensors

• Teknologi
• Sortasi
• Sortasi dengan mesin skala besar
• Digunakan pada industri besar
• Komputerisasi, mata elektronik untuk mengimbangi jumlah objek yang sangat besar

  5/3/2013 Processors the device unit that performs data processing Features:

• High speed : micro, mini, super computer

• Multiprocessors : support processor,

  

coupled processor, parallel processor

• Execution time : microsecond,

  nanosecond, picosecond

• Speed measures : clock speed (Hz), MIPS

  (Million Instructions Per Second), FLOPS

  Perkembangan awal Prosesor Intel 1971 1976

  5/3/2013

  39 Data acquisition & processing

  5/3/2013

  41 Produksi Peta dengan Teknologi SIG

  Profil suhu Profil sumber air permukaan bumi Profil mineral bumi Profil kota 5/3/2013

  43 Memory

• Memory Internal (primary storage):

  Register, Buffer, Cache, RAM, ROM

• Memory External (secondary storage):

  

Hardisk, Floppy Disk, Diskettes, Drum DIsk, CD-ROM, Laser Disk, Optical Disk, Tape, MO disk, ZIP disk, USB Memory Features

• Internal: higher speed, lower storage

  

capacity, volatile, expensive, required for

program execution, fully electronic

• External: lower speed, higher storage

  

capacity, non-volatile, cheaper, long-term

storage, mechatronic

• Measures: access speed & storage capacity

  (MByte, GByte, TByte) 5/3/2013

  45 Magnetic Disk Capacity 80%/year 100,000

  3.5” 10,000 2.5” 8-

  14” 1,000 1.8” es

  100 yt B M

  10 5.25”

  1

• 2

  

Cache

Memory

Secondary Storage

32-64 bits

• 4

  40 bytes

CPU, Reg

  2

  30 bytes

  2

  27 bytes

  2

  13 bytes

  2

  per byte $10

  per byte Size

  per byte $10

  Cost $600 a chip $10

  Storage Devices Storage Hierarchy

  .2- .4”  2.1”  3.4” Storage: 170MB-1GB

  .7”  2.7”  3.9” Storage:

4-27GB

Form factor:

  Storage: 18-73GB

Form factor:

.4-

  47 Form factor: .5- 1” 4” 5.7”

  5/3/2013

  4-128 words 512-16k words

• 8