Andy Dufresne`s reaction toward his being unfairly treated as seen in stephen king`s Rita Hayworth and shawshank redemption - USD Repository

  

ANDY DUFRESNE’S REACTIONS TOWARD HIS BEING UNFAIRLY

TREATED AS SEEN IN STEPHEN KING’S RITA HAYWORTH

AND SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION

A THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

  By: Daru Kurniawan

  021214077

  

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

2007

  

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  First of all, I would like thank Jesus Christ for His blessings, love, and affections. I also thank Him for giving me the strength to finish my thesis. With His companion, I could finish my thesis. To my Father and Mother I just want to say “thank you for praying days and nights for my success and I am so proud to be their son.” I would like to express my gratitude to all who have helped me do this thesis with their love, support, and prayers. My deepest gratitude goes to Drs.

  

Antonius Herujiyanto, M.A., Ph.D, as my major sponsor, who generously

devoted his time to guide me, read and improve my thesis.

  Moreover, I would like also to thank my friends in PBI ‘02, especially the B class, Adest, Linda, Ajeng, Pao-pao, Arin, Rina, Ayu, Woro, Cipluk, Santi,

  

Wulan, Genjik, Dani, Chies, Rumi, Lisa, for filling my days in class with their

  smiles, laughs, and cares. I would like to thank my friends in other classes,

  

Micko, Galih, Haryana, Niken, Ruri ‘Mambo’, Ila, Ari, Wawan, for the

support and happiness.

  Next, I would like to thank my sister’s family, M’bak DePe, Mas Tantyo,

  

Dik Jepun’ for their prayers and support to finish my thesis. I would also like to

  express my gratitude to Pungki Setyaningsih for her jokes, laughs, cares, love, and ‘craziness’. She is my spirit in finishing this thesis.

  Last but not least, I thank the lecturers and secretary staffs of PBI and the library staffs who have helped me during my study in Sanata Dharma University.

  Daru Kurniawan

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

  Page TITLE PAGE....................................................................................................... i PAGE OF APPROVAL....................................................................................... ii PAGE OF BOARD OF EXAMINERS............................................................... iii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY.................................................... iv PAGE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT......................................................................................................... x

  

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. xi

  CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study.......................................................................

  1 B. Objectives of the Study..........................................................................

  3 C. Problem Formulation.............................................................................

  4 D. Benefits of the Study..............................................................................

  4 E. Definition of Terms................................................................................

  5 CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK A. Review of Related to Literature.............................................................

  7 1. Theory of Character...........................................................................

  7 2. Theory of Characterization................................................................

  9 3. Theory of Approaches.......................................................................

  12 B. Theory of Psycology……......................................................................

  14 1. Theory of Motivation and Behaviour................................................

  14 2. Theory of Psychoanalysis..................................................................

  19

  b. The Ego…………………………………………………………..

  27 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Subject Matter........................................................................................

  53 B. Suggestions............................................................................................

  45 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusion.............................................................................................

  42 2. In the Prison.......................................................................................

  42 1. In the Court........................................................................................

  34 B. The Analysis on Andy’s Reaction towards His Being Unfairly Treated...................................................................................................

  33 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A. Andy Dufresne’s Characterization........................................................

  32 C. Procedures..............................................................................................

  31 B. Approach................................................................................................

  23 D. Context of the Novella...........................................................................

  20 c. The Superego…………………………………………………….

  23 C. Criticism.................................................................................................

  22 e. Aspects of ones biological nature relevant to social behaviour.....

  d. The social – cultural context in which the social behaviour occurs.............................................................................................

  22

  22 c. Ecological variables.......................................................................

  22 b. Social cognition.............................................................................

  21 a. The behaviour and characteristics of other persons.......................

  21 3. Theory of Social Influence on One’s Behaviour...............................

  55

  Redemption.........................................................................................

  55

  2. Suggestion for Teaching – Learning Activity Using Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption...............................................................

  55 BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................

  59 APPENDICES: APPENDIX 1: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF STEPHEN KING...................................

  63 APPENDIX 2: Written Works………………………………………………….

  68 APPENDIX 3: PICTURES OF STEPHEN KING……………………………..

  74 APPENDIX 4: Summary of Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption…….

  75 APPENDIX 5: LESSON PLAN FOR TEACHING READING……………….

  77 APPENDIX 6: LESSON PLAN FOR TEACHING SPEAKING……………...

  80 APPENDIX 7: MATERIAL FOR TEACHING SPEAKING………………….

  84 APPENDIX 8: Sample of Instructional Material for Reading Class…………...

  87 APPENDIX 9: MATERIAL FOR TEACHING READING…………………...

  89

  

ABSTRACT

  Daru Kurniawan (2007). Andy Dufresne’s Reactions toward His Being

  

Unfairly Treated as Seen in Stephen King’s RITA HAYWORTH and

SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION. English Language Education Study Program.

  Faculty of Teachers Training and Education. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

  This thesis discusses Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption, a novella written by Stephen King. This novella describes the life of Andy Dufresne, a thirty – year old man who is the main character in this novella. He is put in jail because he is accused of killing his wife and her lover. In jail he is faced with the unfair situation conducted and created by both the prisoners and the wardens there.

  The objective of this study is to show one’s life struggle for being unfairly treated as seen in that of Andy Dufresne, the main character of Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. In order to achieve it, there are two problems discussed in this study: “How is Andy Dufresne described in the novella?” and “How does Andy Dufresne reaction to his experience of being unfairly treated in the novella?”

  I applied library study to get the data and other related sources. I also used additional information, which I gained from the internet. There are two sources I used in this study. The primary source is taken from the novella itself. The secondary sources are taken from several books on literature and psychology and sources on the author from the internet. The approach used in this study is Psychological Approach.

  There are two findings of this study. Firstly, Andy Dufresne, the main character in the novella, is characterized as good looking, persuasive, calm, honest, optimistic, persistent, introvert, tough, independent, crafty, and manipulative. Secondly, Andy’s struggle begins when he attends the session in the court. He takes his own defence.

  Andy is put in jail because he is accused of killing his wife and her lover. Here, he also experiences being unfairly treated. First, he gets trouble with “the sister”, a gang of homosexual prisoners. They see Andy as their perfect prey. The second is from the guards. In one occasion Andy was almost killed by the wardens because he tried to help one of the wardens using his financial ability.

  The third is his attempt to escape from Shawshank. Andy’s plan to get free from the jail is not detected by the warden. Finally, he gets free from Shawshank and makes his dream come true.

  From this study, I recommend that further researchers discuss Red’s role in Andy’s life. In this study, I also suggest that the novella is used as the material for teaching Reading and Speaking in the English Language Education Study Program.

  

ABSTRAK

  Daru Kurniawan (2007). Andy Dufresne’s Reactions toward His Being

  

Unfairly Treated as Seen in Stephen King’s RITA HAYWORTH and

SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION. Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Fakultas Keguruan

  dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Skripsi ini mengulas tentang Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption, sebuah novela yang ditulis oleh Stephen King. Novela ini menceritakan tentang kehidupan Andy Dufresne, seorang pria berusia tiga puluh tahun sebagai tokoh utama dalam novel ini. Dia di penjara karena dituduh membunuh istri dan selingkuhannya. Dalam penjara ia menghadapi situasi tidak adil yang dilakukan dan diperbuat baik oleh para narapidana maupun sipir penjara.

  Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk memperlihatkan perjuangan hidup seseorang yang diperlakukan tidak adil yang nampak pada diri Andy Dufresne, karakter utama pada novel Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption karya Stephen King. Oleh karena itu ada dua masalah yang dibahas dalam skripsi in: “

  Bagaimanakah Andy Dufresne digambarkan dalam novela tersebut?” dan “

  Bagaimana reaksi Andy Dufresne terhadap perlakuan tidak adil terhadapnya dalam novela tersebut?” Saya menggunakan penelitian perpustakaan untuk mendapatkan data-data dan sumber-sumber yang bersangkutan. Saya juga menggunakan informasi tambahan yang saya peroleh melalui internet. Ada dua sumber yang saya gunakan dalam penulisan ini. Sumber utama diambil dari novela itu sendiri. Sumber kedua diambil dari beberapa buku tentang kesusastraan dan psikologi dan sumber- sumber tentang penulis novel tersebut dari internet. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah Pendekatan Psikologi.

  Ada dua temuan dari penulisan ini. Yang pertama adalah Andy Dufresne sebagai tokoh utama dalam novela digambarkan sebagai seseorang yang tampan, berkeyakinan, tenang, jujur, optimis, gigih, tertutup, kuat, mandiri, terampil, dan mampu memanipulasi. Kedua, mengenai reaksi Andy terhadap perlakuan tidak adil terhadapnya. Perjuangannya dimulai ketika dia menjalani peradilan. Dia berjuang sendirian tanpa didampingi pengacara.

  Pada akhirnya ia dipenjara karena dituduh membunuh istri dan selingkuhannya. Di dalam pejara ia juga mendapat perlakuan yang tidak baik dari narapidana lainnya. Pertama, dia mendapat masalah dari ’The Sister’ sebuah geng yang beranggotakan narapidana homoseksual. Mereka menganggap Andy sebagai korban yang sempurna untuk dicabuli. Yang kedua dari sipir penjara. Dalam sebuah kesempatan ia hampir dibunuh oleh sipir-sipir penjara karena dia mencoba menolong salah seorang sipir dengan ilmu keuangan yang ia miliki. Yang ketiga adalah percobaannya untuk melarikan diri dari Shawshank. Rencana Andy untuk lolos dari penjara tidak terditeksi oleh sipir-sipir penjara. Pada akhirnya ia berhasil melarikan diri dari Shawshank dan membuat impiannya menjadi nyata

  Dari penulisan ini saya menganjurkan terhadap peneliti selanjutnya untuk menganalisa peran Red didalam hidup Andy. Dalam penulisan ini, saya juga menggunakan novela tersebut sebagai bahan pengajaran Membaca dan Berbicara di Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris.

  

INTRODUCTION

  This chapter consists of five sections. The first section is the Background of the Study, which covers reasons of choosing the novel and the topic. The second section talks about the Objectives of the Study to answer the problem formulation. The third one concerns with Problem Formulation, which gives general description of the problem that will be analysed in this study. The fourth one describes the benefits of the study. And the last part, Definition of Term, talks about the terms used in this study.

A. Background of the Study

  Fiction is a work that is created by a person called an author. Usually an author or writer writes a fiction based on his or somebody else’s experience. In the process of making the novel, the author is influenced by the intellectual and emotional sides of his life, or his outer world. Koesnosoebroto states that life experiences which influences the writer is anything outside and inside himself which are; people, nature, man-made objects, other people ideas, knowledge and also his feelings and intellectual activities (10).

  Literary works give more than pleasure and enjoyment for readers. Reading literary work can enrich our knowledge or understanding of ourselves and our lives (Little 1). Literature is a reflection and imitation of human life.

  Inside the literary works lies something that the readers or people have to realize. It is used by the author to send some messages to the readers, it can be a criticism or protest against something. The message can also teach the readers or people about morality. Most of the literary works bring a story about human life, including its problems. There are some problems typically found in literary works, such as social problems and personal problems.

  Readers of a novel may get values after reading the novel since it is a reflection of life. The reader can get such a deeper understanding on the background of the novel, which is the character’s attitude toward any idea that is believed and practised the story. The characters in a novel may not actual human beings; they are created to be close to actual human beings or in other words, they are drawn from life so that these characters are understandable for the readers.

  Through this study the researcher is going to discuss a character’s struggle for being unfairly treated by other characters in a novel. A novel is a kind of fiction. A fiction is a story about characters and work of imagination. According to Koesnosoebroto, prose fiction is an imaginative literature that is not meant to be judged by the usual standards of truth and falsity (9).

  I chose one of the novellas from Different Seasons novel written by Stephen King, entitled Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. This novella is very interesting in three ways. First is about the author, Stephen Edwin King.

  He was born in Portland, Maine in 1947, the second son of Donald and Nellie Ruth Pillsbury King. Stephen made his first professional short story tale (“The Glass Floor”) to Starling Mystery Stories in 1967. Stephen King is known as a horror writer. But here, he wrote a story about friendship and people struggle. The second is about the story of Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. The story begins in 1948 when Andy Dufresne arrives at Shawshank prison. In contrast, he is not a hardened criminal but a soft-spoken banker who is convicted killing his wife and her lover. Like everyone in Shawshank, he claims to be innocent. Red, the narrator of the story, is known as the guy who can get stuff. He also gets unfairly treated by both the guards and the other prisoners. In the Shawshank, Andy gets some troubles that threaten his life. Therefore, he struggles to keep alive and avoid getting more troubles and the more important is to get free from Shawshank. The third is about the main character’s struggle. Here, the readers can see the main character, Andy Dufresne, struggling to live as a result for being unfairly treated by the other characters in the story. First, he has to defend his own in the court session. After that, he also finds other problems that must be solved in his live in prison until he escapes from the prison.

  As a result, from those three ways, I am interested to analyze the novella mainly about the main character’s struggle to live, the second way. In order to understand more about the novella I also watch its movie as the secondary sources to analyze the novella.

B. Objectives of the Study

  The objectives of the study are to describe the main character, Andy Dufresne, in the novella and to show one’s life struggle for being unfairly treated as seen in Andy Dufresne, the main character of Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption.

  C. Problem Formulation

  From the background and objective of the study stated above, some problems appear. The problems of the study are formulated as follows:

  1. How is Andy Dufresne described in the novella?

  2. How does Andy Dufresne react to his experiences of being unfairly treated in the novella?

  D. Benefits of the Study

  The study of the Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption hopefully helps readers’ especially English Language Education Study Program students understand one of the Stephen King’s works, Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. Expectantly, this study gives more ideas about the main character’s, Andy Dufresne, life struggle because of the other characters’ behaviour.

  This study is expected to give contribution to this field of study, that is to understand more about literary work especially Stephen King’s work, Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. Through this study, the readers can get some lessons on how to survive for being unfairly treated in their own surrounding life. Therefore, the main character’s (Andy Dufresne) experience can be learned by the readers who deal with their own struggle. At the end, the suggestions for the implementation of the novella to English learning activity are presented. Expectantly, it will enrich teachers’ materials in teaching English to develop teaching learning activities. Moreover, after reading this study, the teachers can conduct a lesson using this study.

  This study also enrich my knowledge about the author’s work, especially Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption, and his style on writing a story.

  Moreover, I also get the moral lessons from the story which teaches us about friendship and struggle.

E. Definition of Terms

  This section deals with the words and terms used in this study. Therefore, there will not be any misunderstanding when reading this study. The terms of the study are described as follows:

1. Character

  According to Barnett (71), character has two meanings. The first one is a figure in a literary work, and the second is the personality, the mental and moral qualities of a figure. In writing about character the author will write about character’s character (personality, traits).

  Meanwhile, Abrams (20) says that characters are the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral and disposition qualities that are expressed in what they say (dialogue) and by what they do (the action). In this study character means the person presented in a literary work that has personality, moral qualities, and disposition qualities that are expressed

  2. Characterization Characterization is the way to create imaginary person so that they

  exist for the readers as life like (Holman and Harmon 81). The use of this characterization is to describe the characters traits.

  3. Novella Novella is a fictional tale in prose, intermediate in length and

  complexity between a short story and a novel, and usually concentrating on a single event or chain of events, with surprising turning point ( www.answers.com/topic/novella , accessed on 19 November 2007, 01:25 pm). In this study Novella means a narrative work of prose fiction longer than a short story but shorter than a novel.

  4. Personality

  According to Allport in Hjelle and Ziegler (284), “personality” is the dynamic of organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristics behaviour and thought.

CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK This chapter discusses the theories that are used to analyze the topic of this

  study. This chapter is divided into four sections, namely Review of Related to Literature, Theory of Psychology, Criticism, and Context of the Novel.

A. Review of Related to Literature 1. Theory of Character

  According to Abrams, in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms, states that character are “the person presented in a narrative or dramatic work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expected in what they say – the dialogue – and by what they do – the action” (23). Thus, characters are the people who appear in the story and who have moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities as seen from what they do and what they say.

  Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. state that “characters have an important role in a story since … in the experience on the story by sharing imaginatively the feelings or the activities of the characters in the story” (19). In other words, a character has the significant function in the story since it helps the readers to join in the experience on the story by sharing the characters feelings and activities in the story.

  Forster states that there are two kinds of character, flat and round character. A flat character is simple and there is not much individualizing detail in this character (74). Forster calls this kind of character flat because the readers see only one side of him. Round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity. Therefore, it is difficult to describe this kind of character. This character is more or less the same with a person in real life and has the capability of surprising us.

  From those Forster’s statement in differentiating characters, the main point is that the character can be recognized from their complexity. A flat character usually is not complex in the sense that there is not much traits or individualizing details in him. Therefore, the readers can easily recognize this character. It is different with the round character. A round character is more complex. Sometimes, this character changed into someone that we do not expected before.

  Kennedy and Gioia state that “flat characters tend to stay the same throughout the story but round character often change – learn or become enlightened, grow or deteriorate”. Or in other words, flat characters do not change their traits throughout the story. While round characters can develop themselves and change into someone else during the story (61).

  Character can also be defined into other terms. There are major or central character and minor character. According to Stanton (17), central character is “ the character who is relevant to every event in the story, usually the events cause some changes either in him or in our attitudes to him.” Major characters are taking important role in a novel and become the central of the story in a novel. This statements supported by Henkle as he defines major character as the character who appears from the beginning till the end of the story and the readers give all their attention because the character has the key of structural function, toward the character the readers build expectations and desires. In other words, major or central character often makes the readers give their attention to them from the beginning to the end of the story since they become the important figure in every event in the novel or story (87 – 89).

  Minor character performs more limited function in the story. They maybe less focused by the reader. Their responses to the experience are less complex and important (Henkle 87 – 89). Minor characters usually do not appear frequently. Therefore, these characters get less attention from the readers.

2. Theory of Characterization

a. Definition of Characterization

  The process by which an author creates a character is called characterization. Characterization is an important element in a novel.

  Murphy (161) states that characterization is “the way in which an author attempts to make his characters understandable to, and come alive for, his readers.” This statement, supported by Holman and Harmon in their book A Handbook to Literature, points out that “the term characterization itself is understood as the creation of the imaginary persons so that they exist for author shows and tries to make his characters alive and understandable for the readers as a lifelike.

b. Ways of Characterizing

  According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (20), there are two principal ways that can be used by an author to characterize his characters; they are direct means (the author use description of physical appearances, intellectual, and moral attributes, or the degree of character sensitivity) and dramatic means (the author places his character in certain situations to show who they really are by how they behave or speak).

  Murphy (161 – 173) provides nine ways of describing characters in a story. Those are described as follows:

  1) Personal description

  A character described through the details of his physical appearance such as face, skin, body, clothes, and hair cut.

  2) Character as seen by another

  The author illustrates the person’s character from the point of view of another character or person.

  3) Speech

  The readers may interpret or describe a character from what his says.

  4) Past life

  The author gives a clue to events, which happened in the character’s past life, that shape a person’s character through direct comment, the readers thought, or conversation through the medium of another person.

  5) Conversation of others

  The reader would know the person’s character through the conversation of the people and the things they say about the person.

  6) Reaction

  Reaction is given by the author to show how the character reacts toward various situation and events as a way to describe the character.

  7) Direct comment The author gives the character’s character directly. 8) Thought

  The author gives a clue about a character’s character through what the character thinking about.

  9) Mannerism

  Mannerism is the way the author tells about a character through the description of the character’s mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies.

3. Theory of Approaches

  According to Marry Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods, Jr. (6 -15) there are five approaches that are used in analyzing a literary work. They are the formalist approach, the sociocultural – historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach. The description of each approach will be stated as follows;

  a. The Formalist Approach This approach tries to examine the literary work about the reference to the fact of the author’s life without reference to the genre of the work or its place in the development of the genre or in literary history, or without reference to its social milieu. The formalist approach concerns demonstrating the harmonious involvement of all the parts to the whole and with the pointing out how meaning derived from structure and how matters of technique determine structure (6 – 7).

  b. The Biographical Approach This approach takes us to the necessity for an appreciation of the ideas and the personality of the author to an understanding of the literary object. The proponents of the biographical approach insist that a work of art is a reflection of a personality that is the aesthetic experience the reader shares the author’s consciousness. And that at least part of the reader’s response is to the author personality. The readers try to learn as much as they can about their life and development of the author and to apply this knowledge in their attempt to understand his writing (8).

  c. The Sociocultural – Historical Approach The sociocultural – historical approach leads the readers to analyze a novel in reference to the civilization that produces the novel. Civilization is defined as the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people. Meanwhile, it is necessary to investigate the social milieu, the cultural and the historical background in which a novel is created (9) d. The Mythopoeic Approach

  Using the mythopoeic approach, the readers analyze the novel by trying to discover certain universally recurrent patterns or a human thought. The universally recurrent patterns are those that found first expression in ancient myth or folk rites and are also basic to human thought that they have meaning for all man (11).

  e. The Psychological Approach This approach brings us to analyze a novel from point of view of human beings. Freud’s exploration of unconscious area of the human mind led him to the conclusion that it was the area of the wellspring of man’s rich imagination, his capacity for creation, and the complexity of his thought and behaviour, and that the contents of this region of mind found expression in symbolic words, thoughts, and actions. Through the analysis of the structure and content of the dreams, he was led to believe that there exists a set of symbols which are common to all men and which can be interpreted in light of the individual’s experience (13).

B. Theory of Psychology

  This part discusses the psychological sides of the main character, particularly which are related to the theory of motivation and behaviour. This is the significant thing that I need to make the analysis of the novel.

1. Theory of Motivation and Behaviour

  People do something that they consider as a good way in order to survive in this life. However, they conduct the behaviour, whether is good or not, for them. They will keep on struggling. In doing a certain thing, there must be motivations under laying their actions.

  There are many definitions of motivation given by different psychologists. According to Bootzin, et. al, (367) motive is “the dynamic property of behaviour that gives it organization ever time and that defines its end states”. The “corresponding” process of the motive is called “ motivation” (367). Bootzin, et. al also add that a person behaviour is “ organized”. Therefore, we can say that the behaviour is conducted by some “purpose and it leads to some end states, which may be goal or satisfaction of needs” (367).

  Motivation can be stimulated either from external condition which is called “incentives” or from internal condition which is called “drives” (368). It is also stated that motivation which is caused by external rewards is called “extrinsic” motivation. While the one which is caused by the individual’s established preference is called “intrinsic” motivation (383).

  According to John Jung, in his book Understanding Human Motivation, the basic serial nature of the human condition is well captured in the immortal lines of John Donne: “No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the piece of the continent”. It means that every human being are highly dependent on the protection and nurturance of other human in order to survive physically. Throughout life, one finds oneself in one association or another with other people (190).

  Based on those statements above, the tendency to associate is inherent in the nature of human needs. Human being can not survive without any assistance from others. Human being’s early experience teaches them that affiliation with other human is a positive situation.

  Therefore, the negative early social interactions may lead to a basic mistrust of others in later years.

  Most people enjoy and seek acquaintances from other. Human affiliate not only because they need other people but because human hope that others will reciprocate by accepting, liking, and seeking our presence. On the other words, if no one is attracted to us or calls upon us for help or companionship, our self – concepts may suffer depression. People enjoy being popular and being liked by others.

  Human’s behaviour is heavily influenced by the approval or disapproval of others. Indeed, many actions are deliberately selected to enhance the receipt of social approval. Although the search for social is not identical with the needs of affiliation, a close relationship may exist. In fact, one consequence of the need for social approval may be affiliation, and it is possible that the continuation of an affiliation depends on whether or not social approval comes (190 – 193).

  Handoko in his book Motivasi Daya Penggerak Tingkah Laku states another definition of motivation. He says “motivasi adalah suatu

  

tenaga atau faktor yang terdapat di dalam diri manusia, yang

menimbulkan, mengarahkan, dan mengorganisasikan tingkah lakunya” .

  (A motivation is a power or factor inside the human’s trait, which is able to arouse, to lead, and to organize human behaviour itself. Handoko also states the word “motive” suggest to “drive”). He says “suatu

  

alasan/dorongan yang menyebabkan seseorang berbuat

sesuatu/melakukan tindakan/bersikap tertentu” (9) (motive is a reason or

  drive which causes human to conduct or do something or act out certain behaviour).

  In motivation, it can be found motive and needs. Motive and needs stimulate a person to do something which what we called motivation. The needs are interrelated. It means that “if a person who thinks he is hungry may actually feel lack of love or security of some other need”. On the other hand, a person satisfies, or tries to satisfy hunger needs by other activities such as smoking or drinking water. According to Maslow, human being is “wanting animal”. People always require and desire something. People seldom gain “a state of complete satisfaction except for a short time. As one desire is satisfied, another will pop up to take its place” (39). There are seven needs arranged in the form of a pyramid, with the most basic or primary needs at the bottom.

  The explanation of each is as follows: a.

   The Psychological Needs

  These needs are the most basic level of all the needs and this also the most important needs for physical survival. Those are biological needs such as food, water, oxygen, sex, sleep (38). These needs must be fulfilled before fulfilling the next higher needs.

b. The Safety Needs These needs represent a need for safety or security in environment.

  A person needs the safety to grow, to feel secure and to be out of danger (Handoko 20). This level is more likely to be found in children as they have a greater need to feel secured.

  c. The Belongings and Love Needs

  When the psychological needs and the safety needs are satisfied, the needs for love, affection, and belongings also emerge. In fact, people require both receiving love from another and giving love to another. According to Maslow, “love involves a healthy, loving relationship between two people, which includes mutual trust” (41).

  d. The Esteem Needs

  According to Maslow there are two kinds of esteem needs. They are self respect and esteem from other people. A person who has self – esteem is more productive. “When self esteem is absence, the individual has feelings of inferiority and helplessness, which may result in discouragement and possible neurotic behaviour” (42). This statement supported by Petri, in his book, Motivation: Theory and Research, states that the first needs motivates a person “ to strive for achievement, strength, confidence, independence, and freedom. While the needs of esteem from others “involves a desire for reputation, status, recognition, appreciation by others of one’s abilities, and feeling importance” (304).

  e. Self – Actualization Needs

  These needs are to find self – fulfilment and realize one’s potential of a person. “What a man can be, he must be“. Maslow states this needs as “the desires to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. This need emerges after reasonable satisfaction of the love and the esteem needs” (42).

  f. The Desire to Know and to Understand

  “ A character of mental health is curiosity”. Maslow also says that,

  “ this process has been phrased by some as the search for meaning. We shall postulate a desire to understand, to systematize, to organize, to analyze, to looks for relations and meanings, to construct a system values” (43).

  g. The Aesthetic Needs

  The aesthetic needs are related to one’s self image. Maslow says, “

  People have an instinctual, or instinctoid, need for beauty’s beauty helps one to be healthier” (44).

2. Theory of Psychoanalysis

  Rohrberger and Woods say that, “the modern psychological movement received its greatest impetus from Freud” (13 – 14). They state Freud’s theory about psychoanalysis. Freud explores that, “the unconscious area of human mind is the area of man’s rich imagination, his capacity for creation, the complexity of his thought and behaviour” (13).

  Hall and Lindzey in Theories of Personality, quotes Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, namely, “a person’s personality is made up of three major systems, the id, the ego, and the superego” (22 – 26). The explanation of each system is as follows:

  a. The Id

  The Id is the original system of personality. It is the matrix which differentiates the ego and the superego. The Id consists of everything psychological that is present of birth. If the Id experiences the increases of energy or uncomfortable states of tension, it will discharge the tension immediately and return the organism’s low energy level. The Id is considered as the unconscious part of the person’s personality.

  b. The Ego

  The ego is formed as the results of the organism needs for appropriate transactions with the objective world of reality and known as the conscious part of a person’s personality. It distinguishes between things in the mind and things in the external world. The ego itself the organized portion of the Id and it exists to forward the aims of the Id.

  In Psychology of the Child written by Watson and Lindgren, the Id’s aim is the gratification of its impulses with no sense of morality, logic or unity of purpose. The major function of the Id is to provide free uninhibited discharge of energy. The ego never becomes completely independent of the Id (46).

c. The Superego

  The superego is the moral part of personality, which represents the ideal which strives for perfection rather than the real.

  It is interpreted to the child by his parents which is enforced by means of a system of rewards and punishment which final purpose is to meet the ideals of society.

  The three main functions of the superego are to inhibit the impulses of the Id, to persuade the ego to substitute moralistic goals for realistic ones and to strive for perfection.

  The personality normally functions as a whole rather than as three separate segments. The readers may consider the Id as the biological component of personality, the ego as the psychological component and the superego as the social component.