Slips of the Tongue Produced by Prabowo’s Witnesses in the Constitutional Court A THESIS
Slips of the Tongue Produced by Prabowo’s Witnesses in the Constitutional
Court
A THESIS
By:
Moh. Luki Asrofi 121112129
English Department
Faculty of Humanities
Universitas Airlangga
2016
SKRIPSI Slips of the Tongue Produced... MOH. LUKI ASROFI
SLIPS OF THE TONGUE IN PRODUCED BY PRABOWO’S WITNESSES IN THE
CONSTITUTIONAL COURT
A THESIS
By:
Moh. Luki Asrofi
St. N: 121112129
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
SURABAYA
2016
SKRIPSI Slips of the Tongue Produced... MOH. LUKI ASROFI
This thesis is dedicated to my parents and those who have been nice enough to teach me things about life.
Approved to be examined Surabaya, January 4
th
2015 Thesis Advisor
Masitha A. S., M.Hum.
NIP. 197012222005012001
Head of English Department
Deny Arnos Kwary, Ph. D.
NIP. 197501011999031001
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
SURABAYA
2016
SKRIPSI Slips of the Tongue Produced... MOH. LUKI ASROFI
This thesis has been approved and accepted by the Board of Examiners, English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Airlangga on
January, 12 nd 2016
The Board Examiners are:
1. Sdfghjkzcvxcvxvbxbvcbvcbncbn Erlita Rusnaningtias, M, A.
NIP.197709242005012001
2. Sdfghjkzcvxcvxvbxbvcbvcbncbn Masitha Achmad Syukri, M. Hum.
NIP. 197012222005012001 3.
Sdfghjkzcvxcvxvbxbvcbvcbncbn Viqi Ardaniah , M. A. Linguistics NIK. 139090891
SKRIPSI Slips of the Tongue Produced... MOH. LUKI ASROFI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, praise be to Allah SWT. My first deep gratitude is always addressed to Allah SWT for His endless blessings, mercies, and to the beloved Prophet Muhammad SAW, peace be upon him, as the most virtuous act for all Muslims. They both always lit me up wherever and whenever I felt down until I could accomplish this thesis.
I realize that this thesis would not be finished without the guidance, advices, and courage from my thesis advisor. Therefore, I would like to thank Ms.
Masitha A. S. M. Hum. for her patience in guiding me to finish this thesis and all English Department lecturers in Universitas Airlangga for the shared knowledge and experiences. My special and heartily thanks to my parents Mahfud and Qomariyah who never stopped encouraging me to finish this thesis, thank you very much for everything.
I am also deeply thankful to my
best friends (Reza, Oky, Galang, Izul, Daniyal, Della, Debby, Shabrina, Alfiyah, Widya, Danna, Dhahayu, and Hanggono) and the special one, Putri Wijayanti. Thank you for all the push and I hope we will continue our friendship even after we all are graduated. Last but not least, I address my gratefulness to all my 2K11 friends from Linguistics, Literature, and Cultural Studies class who cannot be mentioned one by one. Thank you for the colorful days we went through these past four years. I wish you all the best of luck!
Moh. Luki Asrofi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page .................................................................................................. i Inside Title Page .................................................................................................... ii Declaration Page .................................................................................................. iii Dedication Page ................................................................................................... iv Advisor’s Approval Page ...................................................................................... v Examiner’s Approval Page .................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. vii Epigraph ............................................................................................................. viii Table of Contents ................................................................................................. ix Abstract ................................................................................................................ xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1
1.1 Background of the Study ................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................ 4
1.3 Objective of the Study .................................................................................... 4
1.4 Significance of the Study ............................................................................... 5
1.5 Definition of Key Terms ................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................... 7
2.1 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Speech Production ................................................................................ 7
2.1.2 Slips of the Tongue ............................................................................. 10
2.1.2.1 Types of Slips of the Tongue ................................................ 11
2.1.2.2 Factors that Cause Slips of the Tongue ................................. 18
2.1.3 Indonesian Phoneme, Affixes, Word, and Phrase .............................. 19
2.1.3.1 Phoneme ................................................................................ 19
2.1.3.2 Affixes ................................................................................... 19
2.1.3.3 Words .................................................................................... 20
2.1.3.4 Phrase .................................................................................... 21
2.1.3 Review of Related Studies .................................................................. 22
CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE STUDY .................................................. 24
3.1 Research Approach ...................................................................................... 24
3.2 Data Sources................................................................................................. 24
3.3 Participants of the Study .............................................................................. 25
3.4 Techniques of Data Collection .................................................................... 25
3.5 Techniques of Data Analysis ....................................................................... 26
CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION .......................................................................... 28
4.1. Finding 1: the Types and Frequency of Slips of the Tongue that Occurred Based on Types of Slips of the Tongue Proposed by Fromkin (1973) and Harley (1995) .................................................................................................................. 28
4.2.1 Word Exchange ................................................................................. 31
4.2.2 Word Substitution ............................................................................. 32
4.2.3 Misderivation .................................................................................... 33
4.2.4 Phoneme Deletion ............................................................................. 34
4.2 Finding 2: Types of Slips of the Tongue Other than Types of Slips of the Tongue Proposed by Fromkin (1973) and Harley (2001) ........................ 37
4.3 Interpretation of the Finding ......................................................................... 48
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ......................................................................... 51 REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 53 APPENDICES Appendix 1. ........................................................................................................ 55 Appendix 2. ........................................................................................................ 60
Asrofi, Luki. Slips of the Tongue Produce by Prabowo’s Witnesses in the Constitutional Court. A Thesis Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya.
ABSTRACT
A speech error (or slip) is an unintentional movement, addition, deletion, blending or substitution of material within an utterance or between utterances. It means that speakers say something they do not mean to say. A slip of tongue can be defined as a type of speech error or speech disfluency in which sounds, syllables, or whole words change their locations between two or more words in an utterance. In a slip of tongue, a speaker wants to say something but unintentionally says something else. The writer conducted the study in order to analyse further about slips of the tongue, especially those that occur in the utterances produced by Prabowo’s witnesses in the constitutional court, and he anylsed by using the combined types of slips of tongue proposed by Fromkin (1997) and Harley (2001). The analysis of the data yielded a total of 13 slips of the tongue. There are 9 witnesses that had been analyzed and the analysis of the data showed the four types of slips of the tongue (word exchange, word substitution, misderivation, phoneme deletion) were found in the utterances that were produced by Prabowo’s Witnesses in the Constitutional court. Moreover, word substitution is the most common slip with a total 6 slips of the tongue or 50 % of the data. Slips of the tongue can happen to anyone in any places including in formal situation, included in court. According the research has been conducted, the writer concluded that even Prabowo’s witnesses produced many slips of the tongue. Slips of the tongue that were produced by witnesses in constitutional court naturally happened and sometimes the witness did not notice it because they were untentionally produced. When they noticed their mistakes, they immediately corrected it by uttering the right target word after the wrong ones.
Keywords: slips of the tongue, speech production, witness, constitutional court
- – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
2 The occurrence of errors also might happen in court. The lexical error is a result of erroneous retrieval of lexemes in the mental lexicon (Kovač, 2011). In explaining certain subjects, people might produce errors due to several factors in certain condition, for instance, a witness said “Tapi saya pak mulia bupatinya
diusir.” The witness was supposed to say “Tapi saya yang mulia bupatinya diusir “
but instead of producing the target word, she made a slips of tongue and said pak
mulia. The word pak and yang are in the same collocation which is about address term. There is possibility that people still think that pak and yang are the same.
Therefore, some people may unconsciously say pak or yang when actually they are supposed to say yang. This example belongs to word substitution in which one word substituted the intended word. The example above is one of the examples of slips of the tongue produced by witness in the constitutional court.
Slips of the tongue have been intensively studied for years and considered as a rich source of data for models of speech production. Harley (2001) stated that slips of the tongue are errors which involve the sounds of words of the language, and provide a window onto the process of speech production. He studied speech errors as a way of understanding normal brain functions.
Originally slips of the tongue were considered a window to subconscious mind. More recently they have been taken as a rich source of evidence regarding the mental representations and operation involved in speech production planning in specific language. In previous studies, Fromkin (1973) in her study entitled Speech
SKRIPSI SLIPS OF THE... MOH. LUKI ASROFI SKRIPSI Slips of the Tongue Produced... MOH. LUKI ASROFI
- – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
3 Errors as Linguistic Evidence collected more than six hundred slips by herself or by colleagues and friends who reported the slips they have made for over three years.
Slips of the tongue can happen to anyone in any places including in formal situation, for example: prabowo’s witnesses in the constitutional court. A witness is a person who has information which may be useful in a case being heard in a Court. Person, who has seen or heard about an event which is related to a case and able to say how it happened, This is called being a ‘witness of fact'. If someone has been asked to be a witness because of his specialist knowledge, this is called being an 'expert witness'. The Court has published a document for expert witness that is intended to assist experts to understand in general terms what the Court expects of an expert witness giving opinion evidence.
The writer choose to analyze court in the constitutional court because there is a little research about it in Indonesia. Constitutional court is one of the institution in Indonesia that has judicial power to judge for building law and justice. one of the function of constitutional court is giving decision the dissolution of political parties, and resolving disputes over election results.
The writer analyzed slips of the tongue produce by prabowo’s witnesses in the constitutional court. The writer choose this issue because it has been a trending topic when the President election happened on june 2014. The slips of the tongue in this SKRIPSI SLIPS OF THE... MOH. LUKI ASROFI research were analyzed using combined types of slips of the tongue categorization by
SKRIPSI Slips of the Tongue Produced... MOH. LUKI ASROFI
- – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
4 Fromklin (1973) and Harley (2001). Furthermore, this reseach is also a research project conducted by Masitha Achmad Syukri in English Department of Universitas Airlangga Surabaya in 2014 - 2015 entittled slips of the tongue produced by Indonesian Adults in formal situation.
1.2 Statements of the Problem
Slips of the tongue can happen to anyone. Based on the phenomena above, this study uses the types of slips of the tongue proposed by Fromklin (1973) and Harley (2001) to examine two problems of the study to be analyzed are as the follows:
1. What types of slips of the tongue produced by Prabowo’s witnesses in the constitutional court?
2. Which types of slip of tongue is most dominant produced by Prabowo’s witnesses in the constitutional court?
1.3 The Objective of the study
Based on the statement of the problem above, the main purpose of this study to identify and classify the types of slips of the tongue found in the utterances of Prabowo’s witnesses in the constitutional court and know what most dominant of slips of the tongue is produced by Prabowo’s witnesses in the constitutional court.
This study also aims to find out the dominant type of slips of the tongue which Prabowo’s witnesses produce.
SKRIPSI SLIPS OF THE... MOH. LUKI ASROFI SKRIPSI Slips of the Tongue Produced... MOH. LUKI ASROFI
- – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
5
1.4 Significance of the study
The study concerns with psycholinguistic especially slips of the tongue in which it becomes one of important evidences of speech production process. The finding of this study, it hopes that this study will be one of the references for students or lecturers who are interested in psycholinguistics field. Psycholinguistic is a marriage between a psychology and linguistic. According to British dictionary, psycholinguistic is the psychology of language, including language acquisition by children, the mental processes underlying adult comprehension and production of speech, language disorder, etc. Besides, according to Field (2003), psycholinguistic explores the relationship between the human mind and language. The writer focus on slip of the tongue happens in the constitutional court. This study hopefully can give useful to other researcher to conduct the same research in speech errors specifically in slip of the tongue. This study is also expected to provide more information about slips of the tongues in formal situation, including in the constitutional court.
1.5 Definition of Key Terms
To avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation and misinterpretation of the key terms used, the writer divined several terms.
. Based on Fromkin (1973), slip of the tongue is an error in speech production when the speaker makes unintentional movement, addition, deletion, blending or substitution of material within utterances. Whereas, SKRIPSI SLIPS OF THE... MOH. LUKI ASROFI based on Harley (2001) stated that slips of the tongue are errors which involve
SKRIPSI Slips of the Tongue Produced... MOH. LUKI ASROFI
- – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
6 the sounds of words of the language, and provide a window onto the process of speech production. He studied speech errors as a way of understanding normal brain functions.
2. Speech Production
Speech production concerns in how person is actually produce the word into the form of sound without concern about the grammatical utterances (Traxler, et al, 2006, p.21). The process of speech production is divided into three major stages; conceptualization, formulation, and articulation (Levelt, 1989, cited in Harley, 2001).
3. Witness
Person or people who know by their self are about a moment. Witness in this case is person or people who asked to give information about what they know president election in their district.
SKRIPSI SLIPS OF THE... MOH. LUKI ASROFI SKRIPSI Slips of the Tongue Produced... MOH. LUKI ASROFI