Linguistic features in football magazine : a stylistic analysis on the club focus column in "World Soccer" Magazine - USD Repository

  

LINGUISTIC FEATURES IN FOOTBALL MAGAZINE:

A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS ON THE CLUB FOCUS COLUMN

  

IN “WORLD SOCCER” MAGAZINE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

  

In English Letters

  By

YOSHUA SETYO NUGROHO WIBOWO

  Student Number: 094214026

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2013

  

LINGUISTIC FEATURES IN FOOTBALL MAGAZINE:

A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS ON THE CLUB FOCUS COLUMN

  

IN “WORLD SOCCER” MAGAZINE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

  

In English Letters

  By

YOSHUA SETYO NUGROHO WIBOWO

  Student Number: 094214026

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2013

  

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

  I honestly declared that the thesis which I wrote does not contain the works of other people, except those cited in the quotations and bibliography as a scientific paper should.

  Yogyakarta, 30 September 2013 The Writer

  Yoshua Setyo Nugroho Wibowo

  

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

  Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Yoshua Setyo Nugroho Wibowo Nomor Mahasiswa : 094214026

  Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dhatma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

  LINGUISTIC FEATURES IN FOOTBALL MAGAZINE:

A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS ON THE CLUB FOCUS COLUMN IN

“WORLD SOCCER”

  MAGAZINE

  beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

  Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal : 30 September 2013 Yang menyatakan Yoshua Setyo Nugroho Wibowo

  

The Pen is Mightier than the Sword

Anna Mazer (2009)

  For my Father: Mentor, Example, Guardian

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  First, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to Jesus Christ, ho always with me and supporting me, accompanying me finishing not only this thesis, but also my study. He is always by my side, giving me strength, bless and gift in my life.

  I have to thank my advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd., M.A. for his time in guiding me and his advice in not only finishing this thesis, but also motivating me as well. This thesis will not be researchable if not because of him. I also have to thank my co-advisor, Harris H. Setiajid, SS., M. Hum, for his help in checking and revising this thesis.

  Thank you for my beloved family. Thanks to my father, M.Y. Hari

  

Harjanto Wibowo for being a guardian and always being an example for me. I

have to thank my mother, M.I. Citra Kumalasari, for her love and her care.

  Also, to my naughty but beloved brother, Yohanes Dwi Pangestu for not always, but mostly, making me feels at home.

  I also would like to thank my girlfriend and partner, Theodora Ervina boru

  

Rajagukguk for her supports, prayers, motivation, and help so I can finish this

thesis in time.

  Special thanks and good luck for Daniel “Suk Jin” Niko Chandra. Thank you for being my best friend in Yogyakarta, especially during my hard time. Thank you, Reinaldo Pradipta, Jane Ellise, Putri Ayu Rezkiyana, Yani

  

Purwaningsih, Silvia Mega, and Yenni for the togetherness in starting this thesis

together in Writing VI class.

  I also have to thank my friends in Yogyakarta, Lenny Yuliasari, Jane,

  

Hermawan, Karunia Adi Permana, Siprianus Septanto, Mayang Christi,

Marcella Indah Kristanti, Richard Kevin, and others that I cannot mention one

  by one. I will never forget the time we have spent together.

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………… i

APPROVAL PAGE ……………………………………………………….. ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ……………………………………………………. iii

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ……………………………………….. iv

HAL PENGESAHAN PUBLIKASI ……………………………………… v

MOTTO PAGE ……………………………………………………………. vi

DEDICATION PAGE ……………………………………………………... vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………….. viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………….. ix

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………….. xi

ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………. xii

  

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION …………..……………………………. 1

A. Background of the Study ………………………………………………… 1 B. Problem Formulation ……………………………………………………. 3 C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………. 3 D. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………… 4

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ……………………………... 5

A. Review of Related Studies ……………………………………………….. 5

  1. Study of Stylistic ………………………………………………………‘5

  2. Study of Sport News ………………………………………………….. 6

  3. Study of Magazine …………………………………………………… 7

  B. Review of Related Theories ……………………………………………... 9

  1. Theories of Stylistics …………………………………………………. 9

  2. Theories of Magazine ………………………………………………… 16

  C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………….. 18

  

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………… 20

A. Object of the Study ………………………………………………………. 20 B. Approach of the Study …………………………………………………… 22 C. Method of the Study ……………………………………………………... 23

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULT …………..……………………….. 25

A. The Linguistic Features in the Magazine …………………………………. 25

  1. Graphological Features ……………………………………………….. 25

  a. Capitalization ……………………………………………………… 26

  b. Punctuation ………………………………………………………... 28

  2. Lexical Features ………………………………………………………. 30

  a. Football terms ……………………………………………………… 31

  b. Metaphors …………………………………………………………. 35

  B. Possible Effects of the Linguistic Features ………………………………. 40

  1. Effects of Graphological Features …………………………………….. 40

  2. Effects of Lexis ………….……………………………………………. 42

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ……….……………………………………45 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………..…………………………………… 47 APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………. 49

  1. Article Lifting the Turin cloud …………………………………………. 49

  2. Article Blue Moon rising ……………………………………………….. 55

  3. Article Making dreams come true ……………………………………… 61

  

ABSTRACT

  WIBOWO, YOSHUA SETYO NUGROHO. Linguistic Features in Football

  

Magazine: a Stylistic Analysis on the Club Focus Column in “World Soccer”

magazine. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata

  Dharma University, 2013 People depend a lot on mass media to know what happen around them. Therefore, it is fair to say that mass media has become a very important aspect in society. Some magazines, as a form of mass media, deliver news for people with its own linguistic features. These magazines are called special interest magazines. They have different language which reflects their specialist nature (McLoughlin, 2000:2)

  Based on the background above, there are two problems that were formulated. The first problem is to find the linguistic features in the Club Focus column from “World Soccer” magazines, and the second is to find out the possible effects of these linguistic features.

  In the analysis, the approach that was used was a stylistic approach which is the most appropriate approach as it studies the linguistic features. The writer did several steps in analyzing the data. First, the data were collected from Club Focus column of “World Soccer” magazine November 2011, December 2011, and March 2012 issue. Second, the writer found the linguistic features that the articles have based on their graphological features and lexical features. After finding the features above, the writer then found out the possible effects of those linguistic features when they are applied in the article.

  From the analysis, the writer concluded that the articles in the Club Focus column in “World Soccer” magazines are written in standard punctuation and capitalization to make the reader easily understand the content of the article. Football terms are used to make the reader know that the content of the article is seen from football point of view and differentiate it with other magazines. Metaphors are used to make the article understandable by using simple language.

  

ABSTRAK

  WIBOWO, YOSHUA SETYO NUGROHO. Linguistic Features in Football

  

Magazine: a Stylistic Analysis on the Club Focus Column in “World Soccer”

magazine. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas

  Sanata Dharma, 2013.

  Masyarakat sangat bergantung dengan media massa untuk mengetahui apa yang terjadi di sekitar mereka. Oleh karena itu, bisa dikatakan bahwa media masa telah menjadi aspek yang sangat penting di masyarakat. Beberapa majalah, sebagai salah satu bentuk dari media massa, membawakan berita kepada masyarakat dengan fitur linguistik masing-masing. Majalah ini disebut special

  

interest magazine. Majalah kategori ini mempunyai bahasa yang berbeda yang

  mencerminkan spesialisasi mereka (McLoughlin, 2000:2) (diterjemahkan oleh penulis).

  Berdasarkan pada latar belakang tersebut, ada dua permasalahan yang dirumuskan. Masalah pertama adalah menemukan fitur linguistik di kolom Club

  

Focus dari majalah “World Soccer” dan yang kedua adalah menemukan efek

yang mungkin terjadi dari fitur linguistik tersebut.

  Dalam analisa ini, metode yang digunakan adalah metode stilistik yang merupakan metode paling tepat dikarenakan Stilistika mempelajari fitur linguistik. Penulis melakukan beberapa langkah dalam menganalisa data. Pertama, data diambil dari majalah “World Soccer” yang diterbitkan bulan November 2011, Desember 2011, dan Maret 2012. Data yang diambil adalah artikel dari kolom

  

Club Focus . Kedua, penulis menemukan fitur linguistik yang terdapat di artikel

  berdasarkan fitur grafologi, dan leksis. Setelah menemukan fitur-fitur tersebut, penulis kemudian menemukan efek yang mungkin dimiliki dari fitur tersebut saat diaplikasikan di artikel.

  Dari hasil analisa, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa artikel yang terdapat pada kolom Club Focus di majalah “World Soccer”ditulis dengan menggunakan kapitalisasi dan tanda baca yang benar untuk memudahkan pembaca dengan mudah mengerti isi dari artikel. Istilah sepak bola digunakan untuk membuat pembaca melihat isi artikel ini dari sudut pandang sepak bola. Metafor digunakan untuk membuat artikel mudah dimengerti dengan menggunakan bahasa sederhana

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Nowadays people depend on mass media to know what happens around

  them. Therefore, it is fair to say that mass media has become a very important aspect to society. There are a lot of mass media published in the world in various forms. They are fulfilling the hunger of society of news and what happens around them. However, people are selective of things that they want to know. Some people are only interested in politics; others maybe only interested in sports. This causes the heterogeneity in the mass media. As the result, there are many forms of mass media according to the topic or the kind of news they make. Those different mass media have their own linguistic features which differentiate one mass media from another. Magazine is one form of mass media that delivers news with its own linguistic features.

  Magazine is a very popular type of mass media and is commonly found in the society. According to McLoughlin, magazine is a relatively long shelf-life (2000: xi). It means that magazine can last longer than newspaper that only lasts a day. Since it can last longer than a newspaper, it is also issued at more seldom interval. The interval depends on the publisher of magazines. It may be weekly, bi-weekly, or even monthly. Magazine focuses on bringing news or article to entertain its reader since it has to be able last more than one day.

  A magazine, however, also has a lot of types depend on its target readers. There are magazines which aim a much wider audience. This type is referred as

  ‘center of interest’ magazines (McLoughlin, 2000:2). This type of magazine brings a more general topic to attract a lot of reader. However, mostly magazines nowadays tend to focus themselves on a certain topic. These magazines are called special interest magazines. Special interest magazines deal with certain topic like computing, household crafts, music, sport, and automotive. These different magazines have different language which will reflect their specialist nature (McLoughlin, 2000: 2). Therefore, it can be said that different nature or specialization will result different linguistic feature of a magazine.

  One of the examples of a special interest magazine is a football magazine. Football magazine, like its name, give article about football to its reader. They give the reader various information about football like the history of a certain football club, preview of a competition, and a biography of a player. It also has certain linguistic features that differentiate it from other special interest magazine.

  This thesis focuses on the linguistic feature on a special interest magazine. For the analysis, this thesis will study a type of a special interest magazine, which is a football magazine to find out its linguistic features. This study will analyze linguistic features in an article of football magazine, taken from English football magazine “World Soccer”. “World Soccer” is an English football magazine that is published in all around the world and has become one of the most favorite football magazines in the world, especially in Indonesia.

B. Problem Formulation

  Based on the above background, the problems of this study are formulated as follows:

  1. What are the linguistic features in the Club Focus column from “World

  Soccer” magazines?

  2. What are the possible effects of the linguistic features?

  C. Objectives of the Study From the problem formulated above, this study has the following objectives.

  First, this thesis is written to find and identify linguistic features in an English football magazine, World Soccer. Second, the linguistic features found then are analyzed further to check how the linguistic features of English football magazine contribute to the possible effect of the magazine.

  D. Definition of Terms

  In order to focus the research, the following terms will be defined as follows:

1. Stylistics

  Peter Barry in his book An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory says that stylistic is “a critical approach which uses the methods and findings of the science of linguistic in the analysis of the literary texts” (Barry, 2002:203)

  The purpose of using stylistic for analyzing linguistic features is to show the technical linguistic features in the article such as its graphology, lexical features, or text organization is different from other magazines.

  2. Language Feature / Linguistic Feature

  Linguistic feature is the distinctive expression in the language and the explanation of its purpose and effect (Verdonk, 2002: 4) This means linguistic features gives the characteristic of a certain text and differentiate one text with another text. The examples of the linguistic features are: graphological features, phonological features, grammatical features, and lexical features.

  3. Magazine

  Magazine, according to Collins Concise Dictionary and Thesaurus is a periodic paperback publication which is published at regular interval and has a lot of written pieces and illustrations (2003:570). Therefore, magazine is a periodic book which is published regularly with various contents. The content of Magazine varies from one edition to another in the term of design and layout.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter consists of three sections: review on related studies, review on

  related theories, and theoretical framework. The first part contains study which has already been conducted by other people. The second part contains some theories which will be used in analyzing the data. The last part contains the theoretical framework, discussing the contribution of the related studies and the theories in answering the problem of the study and how they are applied in order to answer the problem.

A. Review on Related Studies

  In order to support the analysis, some related studies which more or less have the same topic or theme with this study are used. Those related studies are taken from other undergraduate theses and will be helpful for additional understanding of the researcher.

1. Study of Stylistics

  In her thesis entitled A Stylistic Analysis on Linguistic Features of News

  

Title in The Jakarta Post on August 19, 2007 Issues , Nani Tato Kamba discussed

  about using stylistic analysis on linguistic features of news title in The Jakarta

  

Post which was published on August 19, 2007 and the effects of those news title

to the reader.

  In her research, Nani Tato Kamba focused on the news title of an issue of a newspaper. She gathered the news title then analyzed them by finding out the linguistic features. The data then were classified based on the linguistic features they had to see the most common features. After seeing the most common linguistic features, she analyzed the effect of those features to show the effect of linguistic features to the text.

  In her conclusion she said that, The linguistic features affect the news titles. The graphological features affect the ease of reading, the phonological features give a certain rhythm to the news titles that makes them memorable, the grammatical features make the news titles can be understood clearly, and the lexical features help in economizing space-use and beautify the news titles. (2007:73) The study which was conducted this time is different than the study above.

  The study by Nani Tato Kamba used news title of a newspaper as the object of its study. This study used the article of a football magazine of a certain issue as the object of the study.

2. Study of Sport News Another study that is going to be reviewed is a study by Johanes Trihartanto.

  In his thesis Linguistic Features Used in the News Titles of Sport News in the

  

Jakarta Post Newspaper of 2-6 March 2009 Editions, Johanes Trihartanto

  discussed linguistic features of news title in sport column of The Jakarta Post of 2-6 March 2009 editions.

  In his study, Johanes Trihartanto focused on identifying the linguistic features of the news title. The linguistic features that were going to be analyzed were stated in his problem formulation. The linguistic features were: graphological features, phonological features, grammatical features, and lexical features. In order to analyze the news title and answer his questions, he collected theories of linguistic features and used those theories to identify and analyze the linguistic features of the news title.

  In the end, he concluded his research part by part. In the first part, graphological feature, there were various font size and font family used in the news title. Second part, phonological features, he said that it is common to find combination of phonological features in one news title. Third part, grammatical features, there were certain tenses to be used to change a word and some word categories were omitted. The last part, lexical feature, he stated that various lexical features were stated in news title. (2010:67)

  The similarity of the study above and the study conducted this time is that it discusses about sport news in a mass media. However, even though they discuss about sport, the object of the study between these two studies are different. The study above discusses news title in a newspaper while the study conducted this time discusses columns in sport magazine.

3. Study of Magazine

  The last study that is going to be reviewed in this study is a research by Felix Suparno. His research that is going to be discussed is entitled A Study

  

Language and Sign in Time Magazine’s Front Covers Issued in January to

December 2006: Stylistics – Semiotics Approach. Felix Suparno discussed about

  the language style in Time’s cover and headline using stylistic – semiotics approach. This research was done “to help the readers to understand stylistically and semiotically the headlines and visual objects found in Time magazine’s front covers.” (2007:ix) In conducting his study, Felix Suparno tried to analyze the cover of Time Magazine by collecting Time magazine issued from January until December 2006.

  He stated in his problem formulation that he tried to determine the language styles used in the magazine’s headline. After that, he tried to find the semiotic interpretations of the written texts and visual objects found in the magazine’s covers. He found a lot of theories on stylistic and semiotic, and then used those theories in answering his problem formulation.

  In the conclusion, Felix Suparno said that, From the analysis, the researcher can conclude that there are certain stylistics devices applied in Time magazine’s headlines. In terms of grammar, Time uses three largest tank scales of grammatical units it involves sentence, clause, and phrase. These forms take two syntactic classes; statement and question. This investigation has confirmed that statement is used to give a sense of information and question is used to arouse the readers curiousity about the issue presented in the magazine. (2007: 70) The similarity of both studies is they discuss about the magazines and using stylistics as the theory in conducting the study. The difference of those studies is:

  Felix Suparno’s study uses headline cover of a magazine as the object of research and also use semiotics theory to conduct his study. The study conducted this time, however, uses articles as the object of the research.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theories of Stylistics

  Language in magazines is very unique compared to other mass media. The language must not only bring or deliver the content of the magazine, but it also has to be able to entertain the reader by reading the article. This language style is not owned by other mass media. Therefore, it can be said that the language of magazines has their own distinctive features. Stylistic analysis is needed in order to analyze these features.

  Stylistics is the study or the analysis of distinctive, or unique, expression in language and the explanations of its purpose and effect (Verdonk, 2002: 4). Based on this theory, stylistics can be used to analyze or study expression in language. Stylistics can also be applied to determine the purpose and effect of certain expression in language.

  Paul Simpson, in his book Stylistics: a Resource Book for Students, says that the purpose of stylistics is “to explore language, and, more specifically, to explore creativity in language use” (2004:3). This emphasizes that stylistics is applied to analyze certain language and the creativity in that language. Moreover, he also adds that doing stylistic enriches people thinking about language and adds our understanding of literary texts (2004:3).

  There are four linguistic features that exists within a written text. They are phonological features; graphological features; grammatical features; and lexical features. This study will only focus on the graphological feature and lexical feature in analyzing the magazine. Therefore, only graphological features and lexical features will be discussed.

a. Graphological Features

  Graphology, according to Katie Wales in her book A Dictionary of Stylistic,

  

Second Edition, is the writing system of a language as it is seen in the typography

  and related features. It concerns in graphological features such as size of print, capitalization, punctuation (Wales, 2001:183). This makes the system of writing of a magazine affect the reader in a way.

i. Capitalization

  Capitalization means to write the letter in capital letter. Capitalization is used in various ways by the writer.

  a. Sentences

  According to Eugene Ehrlich in his book Punctuation, Capitalization and

  

Spelling , the first word of any sentences must be capitalized. He says “the rule

  governs the capitalization of the first word of any grammatical unit punctuated as a sentence.” (1977:112). This means all sentences, including incomplete sentences or fragments, must be capitalized. For example, the first word of the sentences such as “Are you okay?” or “Now!”must be capitalized.

  b. Quotation

  Like the sentences, the first word if a quotation is also capitalized if it is a complete sentence. Ehrlich says that quotation sometimes does not consist of complete sentences. When they do not, the opening word of the quotation is not capitalized…” Further on, he said that “When the quotation is a complete sentence , the first word is capitalized.” (1977:113) Sometime the quotation of a complete sentence is broken into 2 parts as if in:

  “You will,” he went on, “do exactly as I say.” In that case, the second part is not capitalized if it is treated as a sentence.

c. Proper Nouns

  Proper Noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing (Cambridge

  

Advance Learner Dictionary , Third Edition, Software version). In mentioning the

  name of a particular person, place or thing, the first letter of the word must be capitalized. Ehrlich says “in dealing with proper noun and adjectives, the first letter is capitalized.” (1977:115)

ii. Punctuation

  Punctuation, according to Hornby, is “the mark used in writing that divide sentences and phrases” (2004:1027) It means that punctuation has the role to cut the sentences. G.V. Carey said that “punctuation should serve the eye before the tongue and ear.” (1957:vi) Punctuation then, should prioritize the dividing if sentences before the need of reading the sentence aloud.

  There are a lot of punctuations used nowadays such as period (.), question mark (?), comma (,), and quotation mark (“ ”). The usage of those punctuations will be explained below based on the book Puctuation, Capitalization, and

  Spelling by Eugene Ehrlich (1977)

  a. Period (.)

  A period is used to end a declarative sentence, an imperative sentence and a certain sentence as in: i. Juventus are one of those clubs who generates bitter division among football fans. ii. Over the past decade, Shakhtar Donetsk have emerged as the most powerful club in Ukraine and are living proof that the dreams of an owner can alter a team’s destiny forever.

  b. Question mark (?).

  A question mark is used after a direct question such as in i. Could this be the season when “La Vecchia Signora” (the old lady) emerges from the post-Calciopoli wilderness to reclaim her rightful place at the top of the tree? ii. Why should somebody be penalized for wanting to be successful?

  c. Comma (,)

  Commas are used to separate items in a series. The items in a series may be words, phrases, or clauses as in: i. From goalkeeper Gigi Buffon, through defenders Barzagli and Chiellini, to

  Pirlo and Marchisio in midfield, and rounded off by Vucinic in attack, Juventus look to have the spine of a good team in place and are beginning to look like genuine title contenders. ii. They have big football people like Leonardo and Carlo Ancelotti, a great stadium, but could be in a really difficult place because of the rules people are trying to impose.

  d. Quotation mark (“ ”)

  Quotation marks are used to indicate directly quoted speech as in i. “Yes, I think we should be given more time to adjust to the demands of Financial Fairplay,” says Marwood. ii. “The trust of the president was the most vital factor in our European triumph,” says Lucescu.

  e. Dash ( — )

  Dashes are used to set off nonrestrictive appositives worthy of greater emphasis than is achieved with commas and to set off appositives that contain commas. i. Juventus is not only Italy’s most successful club with 27 leagues title to their name – although they argue that the real figure is 29 – but they are also the sides that, for better or worse, have set the winning agenda in terms of style both on and off pitch for much of the last 90 years. ii. Of all the challenges from new money to the old order of European football

• – by Paris Saint-Germain, Shakhtar Donetsk, Malaga, and even Chelsea – the most powerful is being lodged by Manchester City.

  f. Hyphen ( - )

  Hyphens are used in compound modifiers that appear directly before the nouns they modify. Many modifiers are made of two or more words acting as single word. These modifiers are hyphenated when they appear before a noun they modify. i. 37-year-old club legend Alessandro Del Piero ii. The side’s joint-leading scorer after nine games.

b. Lexical Features

  Bloomfield, cited in Linguistics written by Jean Aitchison, defines lexis as “a minimum free form, that is, the smallest form that can occur by itself” (1978:65) It means lexis is the minimum or the smallest form of a language which can stand by itself. By analysing the word we can find the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

  Lexis according to Wales in his book A Dictionary of Stylistics stated that lexis is the most important means that people have in order to express the idea and experience (2001:234). According to Wales’ theory, lexis is the most important

  part in the linguistic feature that is used to express an idea or argument. Therefore, it can be said that the lexical feature is the most important in writing in order to show the reader the idea or the argument of the news or article.

  Wales also added that “words having similar collocational ranges and recurring in similar contexts are said to belong to the same lexical set.” (2001:234). This means in words that shows up in a similar context is said to belong to the same major theme. The examples of words in the similar context are the name of days. Monday, Tuesday, and Sunday belong to the same major days. From this, it can be said that the words in a text can reflex the majortheme of the text.

  Lexical features that are commonly found in sports magazines, especially football magazines are metaphor and football terms.

i. Metaphor

  A metaphor is a figurative comparison that dropped out the words “like” and “as” and the primary and secondary terms are joined together. (Damon, Espey, and Mulhauser, 1967: 78). They also said that a metaphor is the implied resemblance of things which are different at all. A metaphor is said to imply since it does not use comparison words such as like or as. In other words, metaphor does not state a comparison, but suggest a comparison.

  According to Carlshamre, there are 3 criteria to recognize metaphors in a text. They are: when taken literally (1) meaningless, (2) obviously false, or (3) trivial. (1988: 8) From the criteria by Carlshamre, it can be concluded that to recognize a metaphor, the word’s meaning cannot be taken literally. If it is taken literally, it will either have no meaning, completely false or trivial and has no importance.

  Therefore, it can be concluded that metaphor is a figurative comparison that compares to things together without comparison word like “as” or “like”. Also, a metaphor cannot be taken literally or it will be meaningless and completely false.

  Metaphor, according to Anatol Stefanowitsch in her paper The Function of

  

Metaphor Developing a corpu-based perspective , has function to make people

  understand abstract concepts (concepts that are not directly accessible to the body experience) into the more concrete concepts and are directly accessible with the body (Stefanowitsch, 2005:163). By making the concept accessible with the body, people can then understand the meaning as they experience it themselves. From that theory then it can be said that metaphors can be used to make the meaning of certain phrases is clearer and more understandable.

ii. Football terms

  The word ‘term’ according to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary

  

English (2009:1819) is a word ‘used to show that you are describing or

  considering a subject in a particular way or from a particular point of view.’ Football terms means words that have association with football and are only understood by readers who understand about football and its rule.

2. Theory of Magazines A magazine is a popular type of news and is very familiar to a lot of people.

  According to McLoughlin in her book The Language of Magazine (2000:1-2), a Magazine is a book that s issued at regular intervals either weekly, monthly, quarterly; has varies quality of paper which can define the connotations of the magazine. It means the quality of paper in a magazine define its target reader’s class. A magazine with thick and smooth paper targets high class readers; while magazine with a common paper targets lower class reader. Still according to McLoughlin, a magazine also has heterogeneous contents such as articles, fictions, and photographs and it has become magazines’ most obvious feature. (2000:2)

  Magazines can be divided to many different types. There are magazines which aim a much wider audience referred as ‘center of interest’ magazines (McLoughlin, 2000:2). This kind of magazine tends to have a general topic to catch general readers. However, magazines nowadays tend to focus themselves on a certain topic and catch a group of reader. These magazines are called special interest magazines.

  Special interest magazines deal with certain topic like computing, household crafts, music. The content of special interest magazine is mostly around the topic that it has. Special interest magazine is seen as the expert of certain topic as the reader read a magazine not only to get entertainment but also to get new knowledge or information about the topic they like.

  These different special interest magazines have different language forms which will reflect their specialist nature (McLoughlin, 2000: 2). The different language forms mean the difference of the linguistic feature that the article in the magazine has. Therefore, it can be said that different nature or specialization will result a different linguistic feature of a magazine.

  The language of magazines is usually informal language, as the main reason of a magazine is not only to bring news to its reader, but it also has another objective, that is to entertain its reader. Therefore, it has different linguistic features from other types of mass media. Moreover, in a magazine, there is a tendency in addressing audiences en masse, which is synthetic personalization. This has the effect that the writer knows the reader personally (McLoughlin,

  2000: 68). All of the items above show how magazines have unique and distinctive features compared to another media.