State-of-the-Art Report on Partially-Prestressed Concrete Earthquake-Resistant Building Structures for Highly-Seismic Region
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 00 (2014) 000
- –000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
2nd International Conference on Sustainable Civil Engineering Structures and Construction
Materials 2014 (SCESCM 2014)
State-of-the-Art Report on Partially-Prestressed Concrete
Earthquake-Resistant Building Structures for Highly-Seismic
Region
a a a a
I Gusti Putu Raka ,* Tavio , Made Dharma Astawa
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS), Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
Abstract
Prestressed concrete has long been accepted in statically loaded structures. Thus, for many years now we have seen the construction of prestresed concrete bridges, dams, pipelines, reservoirs and various structures including more recently atomic reactor pressure vessels. These stand as irref utable proof of engineers’ confidence as to the integrity of this new material. In recent years prestressed concrete has been used in seismic resistant structures. Just like any other new material, it will attract criticism and comment, sometimes by people who may not have had the opportunity of full investigation of the material in question. Furthermore, today engineers are more critical of any new material or technique and will seldom accept them unless conclusive evidence of their performance can be produced. This is as it should be. The purpose of this paper is to observe the application of prestressed concrete to seismic resistant multi-storey structures. However, this paper should be read bearing in mind the fact that the widest application of prestressed concrete (to bridge and kindred structures) has been in the countries subject to earthquake and with operative seismic codes. In the paper, the latest seismic design procedure for prestressed concrete buildings in Indonesia is introduced. The current design method is based on the latest Indonesian Building Code for Structural Concrete and Seismic Code, namely SNI 2847:2013 and SNI 1726:2012, respectively. The design method itself is not a novelty to those who are familiar with the capacity design developed for years. This paper is also intended to bring the attention of structural designers and other engineers to the option of using partially-prestressed concrete in buildings. The results of an investigation into the seismic resistance of partially-prestressed concrete frames are described. The experimental part of the project involved the testing of six near full scale beam-interior column assemblies under static cyclic loading to obtain information for seismic design. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Civil Engineering Structures and Construction Materials 2014.
- Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] 1877-7058 © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Civil Engineering Structures and Construction Materials 2014.
2 I Gusti Putu Raka et.al / Procedia Engineering 00 (2014) 000
Keywords: cyclic loading; earthquake-resistant building structures; highly-seismic region; Indonesian Building Codes; Indonesian National Standards; partially-prestressed concrete.
1. Introduction
Reinforced concrete structures have been used for many years in high-rise buildings all around the world due to their constructability and maintenance easiness [1-20]. Prestressed concrete system is ideally implemented in a building to allow engineers to design longer spans of beams or girders. However, it is mainly restricted to one loading direction, e.g. gravity load. The idea of applying the prestressing force is that the pre-compressed load is used to decompress the potential tensile stress area in the section of a beam or girder.
In many buildings, the need of more spacious area without any columns is becoming increasingly popular. This will certainly require longer spans of beams or girders. The use of reinforced concrete is not efficient in the case since the size of the beams becomes too large particularly in terms of aesthetics and architectural requirements. Furthermore, the self-weight will be dominant in the case and thus, the seismic load will also increase. One of the solutions that can be adopted is that to use the prestressed concrete system. However, the weakness of the system is that it has an issue with the resistance to the reversed cyclic loading (earthquake or wind load). In this case, partial prestressing system is one of the solutions.
The ductility aspects of this system have long been discussed by many researchers. Some of those are Naaman et al. [21] and Park and Thompson [22]. Naaman et al. [21] discussed on the analysis of ductility in partially prestressed concrete flexural members, whereas Park and Thompson [22] illustrated in details on the ductility of prestressed and partially prestressed concrete beam section. The requirements of the Indonesian National Standard on Structural Concrete (SNI 2847-2013) [3] which limits the contribution of prestressing tendon in the design of seismic resistance buildings (primarily adopted from ACI318M-08 [24], Section 21.5.2.4(c)
: “Prestressing steel shall not contribute to more than one-quarter of the positive or negative flexural strength at the critical section in a plastic hinge region and shall be anchored at or beyond the exterior face of the joint
”). This issue is closely related to the ductility factor required for ductile seismic-resistant structures which requires to be examined further. The ductile behaviors of the partial prestressing beam-column joints subjected to cyclic loading which is part of the extensive research conducted by the authors is discussed herein.
Nomenclature :
As = Sectional area of reinforcement A = Sectional area of strand tendon
ps
A = Area of transverse reinforcement
sh
f
c ’ = Compressive strength of concrete
f = Yield stress of steel
y
f = Tensile stress strand tendons
ps
A = Section of beam area
c
h = High beams or columns d = Effective height of the beam or column a = High compressive stress block of concrete = Global Reinforcement Index = Comparison of tensile strength of the tendon to the concrete compressive strength
p
PPR = Partial Prestressing Ratio V = Shear strength of joint
col
Vjh = Horizontal shear strength of joint 2.
Experimental Test 2.1.
Test specimens
Two sets of beam-column joint specimens were tested in the experimental program. The first set of specimens was the interior joints and the second set was the exterior ones. These two sets of specimens were designed and made to have the exactly the same sizes. Each set of specimens consisted of three beam-column joint specimens in
- –000
which the columns were subjected to various axial loadings, i.e. 10, 17.5, and 25 percent of the axial column capacity, namely P = 640 kN, P = 1120 kN, and P = 1600 kN. The schematic of the specimens are shown in
1
2
3 Figures 1 and 2.
The dimensions of the beams are 400 mm 250 mm, while the dimensions of the columns are 400 mm 400 mm. The concrete cover is 35 mm. The concrete compressive strength (f ) obtained from the test specimens is about
c
41 MPa in average. The yield strength (f ) of the deformed mild steel with diameter of 16 mm (D-16) from the test is
y
541 MPa. For D-13, the value of f is about 594 MPa. The plain mild bars used as stirrups in the specimens have the
y
diameter of 10 mm ( -10) and 8 mm (-8), and the values of f obtained from the tests are approximately 314 MPa
y
dan 310 MPa, respectively. The ultimate strength (f ) of the prestressing tendon with the diameter of 12.7 mm from
pu the test is about 1790 MPa.
( (
(b) Fig. 1. Interior beam-column joint: (a) elevation and
(b) Fig. 2. Exterior beam-column joint: (a) elevation and detailing; detailing ; (b) prestressing tendon elevation.
The beam design (250 400 mm)
Concrete strength (f ) = 41 MPa
c
Mild steel:
2 Top rebar 5 D-13 where A = 663.7 mm s
2 Bottom rebar 3 D-13 where A = 398.2 mm s
Prestressing tendon: One tendon consists of two strands with the nominal diameter of 12.7 mm
2
2
The area of the tendon (A ) = 2 98.71 mm = 197.42 mm , f = 1030 MPa ps psRequirement checks: - Under-reinforced: - Comparisons of tendon area (A ) to the area of concrete (A ) ps c
According to ACI and UBC: ,
- - Effective depth of concrete block stress
,
- - Spacing of stirrups
For partial prestressing beams according to Thompson and Park [22], the value should be between 1 ” to 7”
4 I Gusti Putu Raka et.al / Procedia Engineering 00 (2014) 000 (25.4 mm to 178 mm), thus, it is used stirrups of 8-75 mm (OK)
- - Partial Prestressing Ratio (PPR)
( ) ( ) ( )
- - Global Reinforcement Index ( )
where ( )
- - Column design
The reinforced concrete column (400 mm 400 mm) with longitudinal reinforcement of 6 D-16 + 4 D-13 (A =
s
2
1837.3 mm , 0.01 < < 0.06), stirrups of -10
g
- – 50 mm, satisfies the Indonesian Standard (SNI) ( ).
- - Strong column-weak beam requirement
M = 304 kN-m ; M = 192 kN-m e g
6/5M
M , thus, e g ⁄
- - Stirrups at joints
According to SNI: ( ) *( ) + or ( ) ( ) ( ) , the larger governs.
( ) 2. Use 6 stirrups with A = 471 mm
sh
- - Shear strength of joint
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) In overall, the summary of the specimens are listed in Table 1.
Table 1
- – Summary of beam-column joint specimens
Structural Longitudinal Transverse Type Tendon Number Component Reinforcement Reinforcement
Interior and
1 Tensile Steel 5 D-13 Beam Exterior
(2 strands) 8 - 75 250/400 Compressive steel 3 D-13
Beam- Ø12.7 mm Column
Column
6 D-16 + 4 D-13 10 - 50
- Joints 400/400 2.2.
Loading
Each set of specimens was subjected first to an axial static load of 10, 17.5, and 25 percent of column capacity (640 kN, 1120 kN, and 1600 kN). Lateral load was simulated with reversed cyclic loading as a representative to the artificial earthquake loading (pseudo-dynamic test). The intensity of the lateral load could not be determined directly since the lateral displacement of the specimen is the one to be controlled and set during the testing. Figure 3 illustrates the typical reversed cyclic loading pattern used in the test. The drift ratio has been determined to meet the requirement of the codes (SNI [23], ACI [24], and NEHRP [26]), that is between 0 and 3.5 percent. The test was
- –000
continued to a drift ratio greater than 3.5 percent to see the ultimate performance to the specimens. Some of them even reached up to 5 percent.
Fig. 3. Typical reversed cyclic loading patterns.
Test setup
The specimens were tested using the actuator with the maximum capacity of 2000 kN for lateral force and a maximum capacity of 1000 kN in vertical direction. The test setup of the specimen is shown in Figures 4 and 5 Fig. 4. Schematic of test setup of interior & exterior beam-column joint 3.
Studied Parameters 3.1.
Load capacity
According to SNI 03-1726-2002 [27], the capacity of a structure should satisfy f = P /P ≥ 1.2, where P is the load
i y i y
at yielding condition defined at the story drift of 3.5 percent, and P is the ideal load at elastic condition defined at a
i story drift of 1 percent.
6 I Gusti Putu Raka et.al / Procedia Engineering 00 (2014) 000 3.2.
Structural stability
There are three criteria defined in the Proposed Revision to 1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulation for Precast Concrete Structure [26], namely:
(1) Until end of testing in two loading directions, the load resisted by the structure should be greater than 75 percent of the maximum load; (2) The ratio of area formed by the hysteretic loop to the area of the parallelogram which is formed by the intersection of the tips of the hysteretic loop and the gradient of the reversed loading patterns should be greater than
0.125; (3) The ratio of the gradient of the hysteretic loop which is bounded by –x and +x should be at least 0.5 times the initial gradient of the structure at first loading cycle.
If the specimen satisfies the overall above requirements meaning that the structure satisfies the requirements of Special Moment Resisting Frame as per SNI 03-1726-2002 [27] and ACI 318M-08 [24].
3.3. Structural ductility
The structural ductility analysis is obtained from the maximum lateral displacement divided by the initial displacement of the structure. The displacement ductility ( ) is one the parameter considered to evaluate the
μ Δ performance of the structure.
3.4. Contribution of tendon capacity
The analysis of the tendon contribution on the flexural capacity of the beam according to the provisions of SNI 2847-2013 [23] in which limits the contribution of the prestressing tendon (adopted from ACI 318M-08 [24], Section 21.5.2.4(c) : “Prestressing steel shall not contribute to more than one-quarter of the positive or negative flexural strength at the critical section in a plastic hinge region and shall be anchored at or beyond the exterior face of the joint ”).
4. Test Results
The followings are the results of the experimental test carried out by the authors and given in the forms of graphical representations.
Fig. 6. Hysteretic curves of lateral deflection of the top of the column vs. lateral load
- –000 5.
Experimental Result Discussion
From the tests, four parameters discussed above (load capacity, stability, and structural ductility as well as the contribution of tendon capacity is analyzed. The summary of the analytical results can be seen in Tables 2 to 10.
5.1. Interior beam-column joint specimens
The structural ductility analysis is obtained from the maximum lateral displacement divided by the initial displacement of the structure. The displacement ductility (
μ Δ
) is one the parameter considered to evaluate the performance of the structure.
5.1.1. Load capacity
Load Lateral Cyclic Yield Load
No. Specimen Maximum load
1 Interior Specimen 1 10 640 142.30 137.60 108.50 106.20 1.31>1.2 1.28 >1.2 OK
2 Interior Specimen 2
17,50 1120 142.30 137.60 108.50 106.2 1.31>1.2 1.29 >1.2 OK
3 Interior Specimen 3 25 1600 114.10
89.00 107.90 104.90 1.06<1.2 0.85<1.2 NOK 5.1.2.
Structural stability
Table 4 – Ultimate capacities of specimens to resist lateral load at 3.50 percent story drift.
(kN) Load at 3
Compres sion Tension
rd
cycle (kN) Result (%) Note Compress ion
Tension Compres sion
Tension Compression Tension Compression-
Tension
1 Interior Specimen 1
138,30 137,60 130,70 131,00 94,50 >75,0 95,20 > 75,0 OK Fig. 8. Crack patterns of the beam-column joint specimens at maximum drift.
Table 2 – Comparisons of yield load vs. initial load capacities at 3.50 percent story drift.
Compressio- Tension
Compre ssion Tension
P y (kN)
2 Interior Specimen 2
Ideal Load
P i (kN)
Result Note % kN
Compres sion Tension
Compre ssion Tension
Compres sion Tension
Compression- Tension
1 Interior Specimen 1 10 640 138.30 137.60 108.50 106.20 1.27>12 1.29 >1.2 OK
17,50 1120 138.30 137.60 108.50 106.2 1.27>1.2 1.29 >1.2 OK
Compre ssion Tension
3 Interior Specimen 3 25 1600 134.70 126.90 107.90 104.90 1.25>1.2 1.21 > 1.2 OK
Table 3 – Comparisons of yield load vs. initial load capacities at 4.50 percent story drift.
No. Specimen Column Axial
Load Lateral Cyclic Yield Load
P y (kN)
No. Specimen Column Axial
P i (kN)
Result Note % kN
Ideal Load
8 I Gusti Putu Raka et.al / Procedia Engineering 00 (2014) 000 Interior 2 142,30 137,60 130,7 131,00 91,85>75,0 95,20 > 75,0
OK Specimen 2
Interior 3 134,70 126,90 134,70 126,90 100,0> 75,0 100,0>75,0 OK Specimen 3
Table 5 – Ultimate capacities of specimens to resist lateral load at 4.50 percent story drift.
rd
Maximum load Load at 3 cycle (kN) Result (%) Note
(kN) No. Specimen
Compress Compres Compression- Tension Tension Compression Tension ion sion Tension
Interior Compression OK, 1 142,30 135,70 114,80 99,30 80,60>75,0 72,17< 75,0
Specimen 1 Tension NOK
Interior Compression OK, 2 142,30 135,70 114,80 99,30 80,60>75,0 72,17 < 75,0
Specimen 2 Tension NOK
Interior Compression OK, 3 134,70 126,90 114,10 89,00 85,0> 75,0 70,0<75,0
Specimen 3 Tension NOK
Table 6
- – Relative energy dissipating ratio () of interior specimens from ratio of energy dissipating curve area to parallelogram area
rd at 3.50 and 4.50 percent story drifts at 3 cycle with gradient of 0.20 percent.
Story Drift Ratio 3.5% Story Drift Ratio 4.5% No. Specimen
Interior
1 Specimen 1
Energy Dissipation =0,73> 0,125 (OK) Energy Dissipation = 0,85> 0,125 (OK) Interior
2 Specimen 2
Energy Dissipation = 0,75 > 0,125 (OK) Energy Dissipation = 0,94 > 0,125 (OK) Interior
3 Specimen 3
Energy Dissipation = 0,88 > 0,125 (OK) Energy Dissipation = 0,98 > 0,125 (OK) Table 7- Comparisons of hysteretic loop gradient of specimens bounded by abscissa –X at X axis.
No. Specimen Story Drift Ratio 3.5% Story Drift Ratio 4.5% Interior
1 Specimen 1 Compression =0,126>0,05 (OK), Tension Compression =0,105>0,05 (OK), Tension
=0,121>0,05 (OK) =0,00021<0,05 (not OK) Interior
2 Specimen 2 Compression =0,0974>0,05 (OK), Tension Compression =0,0965>0,05 (OK), Tension
=0,124>0,05 (OK) =0,0283>0,05 (not OK) Interior
3 Specimen 3
- –000
7.45 10.16 >4.0 (OK)
Exterior beam-column joint specimen 5.3. The structural ductility analysis is obtained from the maximum lateral displacement divided by the initial displacement of the structure. The displacement ductility (
6.68 7.01 >4.0 (OK) 5.2.
4.67
4.66
3 Interior Specimen 3
10.91 11.98 >4.0 (OK)
5.37
8.19
2 Interior Specimen 2
4.98
) is one the parameter considered to evaluate the performance of the structure.
5.74
1 Interior Specimen 1
Compression Tension Compression Tension
Ductility at Story Drift 3.50 % Ductility at Story Drift 4.50 % Note
Table 8 – Summary of ductility of interior specimens. No. Specimen
Structural ductility
Gradient Value 5.1.3.
Compression=0,0849>0,05 (OK), Tension=0,0525>0,05 (OK)
Compression=0,0735>0,05 (OK), Tension=0,068>0,05 (OK)
μ Δ
5.3.1. Load capacity
Table 9 – Comparisons of yield load vs. initial load capacities at 3.50 percent story drift.
- Tension
Load at 3
1 Exterior Specimen 1
Compres sion Tension Compression Tension
Compres sion Tension
cycle (kN) Result (%) Note
rd
Maximum load (kN)
86.00
Table 11 – Ultimate capacities of specimens to resist lateral load at 3.50 percent story drift. No. Specimen
Structural stability
4.00 58.50 0.13<1.2 0.17<1.2 Not OK 5.3.2.
10.20
5.90
3 Exterior Specimen 3 25 1600
49.30 62.50 0.61<1.2 0.60<1.2 Not OK
51.60
38.30 74.80 74.22<75.0 87.00> 75.0 Compression NOK,
30.10
38.20 45.80 83.77> 75.0 100,0>75.0 Compression-
Compres sion Tension Compression Tension
Compress ion Tension
cycle (kN) Result (%) Note
rd
(kN) Load at 3
No. Specimen Maximum load
Tension OK Table 12 – Ultimate capacities of specimens to resist lateral load at 4.50 percent story drift.
60.20
Tension OK
45.60
3 Exterior Specimen 3
Tension OK
30.10 52.20 61.05<75.0 78.85> 75.0 Compression NOK,
66.20
49.30
2 Exterior Specimen 2
38.00
2 Exterior Specimen 2
17,5 1120
Compress ion Tension
92.00
17.50 1120
2 Exterior Specimen 2
101.00 101.00 1.27>1.2 1.23>1.2 OK
1 Exterior Specimen 1 10 640 123.98 123.98
Compressio- Tension
Compre ssion Tension
64.00 64.00 1.27>1.2 1.52>1.2 OK
Compre ssion Tension
Result Note % kN
P i (kN)
Ideal Load
P y (kN)
Load
Load Lateral Cyclic Yield
92.00
3 Exterior Specimen 3 25 1600 101.00 101.00
No. Specimen Column Axial
Tension Compres sion
Not OK
70.50 0.83<1.2 1.1<1.2
50.30
77.40
41.70
1 Exterior Specimen 1 10 640
Tension Compression
Tension Compres sion
72.00 70.20 1.25>1.2 1.44>1.2 OK
% kN Compres sion
Result Note
Ideal Load
P y (kN)
Lateral Cyclic Yield Load
Column Axial Load
Table 10 – Comparisons of yield load vs. initial load capacities at 4.50 percent story drift. No. Specimen
P i (kN)
- – Relative energy dissipating ratio () of exterior specimens from ratio of energy dissipating curve area to parallelogram area at 3.50 and 4.50 percent story drifts at 3rd cycle with gradient of 0.20 percent.
Compression =0.0035<0.05 (NOK), Tension=0.0.00<0.05 (NOK).
Energy Dissipation = 0,99> 0,125 (OK) Energy Dissipation = 1.00> 0,125 (OK) Table 14 – Comparisons of hysteretic loop gradient of exterior specimens bounded by abscissa –X and +X at X axis.
No. Specimen Story Drift Ratio 3.5% Story Drift Ratio 4.5%
1 Exterior Specimen 1
Compression =0,04<0,05 (NOK), Tension=0,054>0,05 (OK)
Compression =0.01<0.05 (NOK), Tension=0.06>0.05 (OK).
2 Exterior Specimen 2
Compression =-0.06<0.05 (NOK), Tension=-0.15<0.05 (NOK).
Energy Dissipation = 0,97> 0,125 (OK) Energy Dissipation = 0,99> 0,125 (OK)
3 Exterior Specimen 3
Compression=-0.03<0.05 (NOK), Tension=-0.09<0.05 (NOK).
Compression=-0.0839<0.05 (NOK), Tension=-0.22<0.05 (NOK). Gradient Value 5.3.3.
Structural ductility
Table 15 – Summary of ductility of exterior specimens.
No. Specimen Ductility at Story Drift 3.50 % Ductility at Story Drift 4.50 %
3 Exterior Specimen 3
2 Exterior Specimen 2
10 I Gusti Putu Raka et.al / Procedia Engineering 00 (2014) 000
49.30
1 Exterior Specimen 1
51.60
86.00
24.80 42.60 48.06<75.0 72.17< 75.0 Compression-
Tension NOK
2 Exterior Specimen 2
66.20
Energy Dissipation =0,91> 0,125 (OK) Energy Dissipation = 0,95> 0,125 (OK)
19.80 7.60 40.16<75.0 72.17 < 75.0 Compression-
Tension NOK
3 Exterior Specimen 3
45.60 60.20 -38.00 11.50 -83.33<75. 70.00<75.0 Compression-
Tension NOK Table 13
No. Specimen Story Drift Ratio 3.5% Story Drift Ratio 4.5%
1 Exterior Specimen 1
Note
- –000
Compression Tension Compression Tension
1 Exterior Specimen 1
4.65
4.66
6.63 6.71 >4.0 (OK)
2 Exterior Specimen 2
4.66
4.65
7.02 6.98 >4.0 (OK)
3 Exterior Specimen 3
4.64
4.68
7.03 7.04 >4.0 (OK) 6.
Conclusions
In overall, the exterior beam-column joint meet all the requirements. To satisfy the structural stability requirements due to the lateral cyclic loading, it is recommended to increase the compression reinforcement area (A ) at the support of the beam or near the beam-column joint.
s Acknowledgements
The first phase of the multiyear research project, that involved an experimental work, has been conducted in the Structural Laboratory at Center of Research and Settlement Development, Ministry of Public Works, Bandung. The authors express their sincere gratitude for all the support received.
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