Etika Profesi dan Bisnis Pertemuan 13

  1 ISU-ISU ETIKA BISNIS

  2 TUJUAN PEMBAHASAN TUJUAN PEMBAHASAN Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan pengertian,pendekatan,

  Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan pengertian,pendekatan, prinsip, peran dan manfaat etika bisnis dan penyebab prinsip, peran dan manfaat etika bisnis dan penyebab pebisnis tidak beretika dalam berbisnis pebisnis tidak beretika dalam berbisnis

  1. Isu General Etika Bisnis Isu General Etika Bisnis 2.

  2. Isu Teoritis Etika Bisnis Isu Teoritis Etika Bisnis

  3. Isu-isu etika dan Pendekatannya

  ISU-ISU ETIKA BISNIS

  ISU-ISU ETIKA BISNIS

  3 Bagian etika bisnis ini tumpangtindih dengan falsafah

  Bagian etika bisnis ini tumpangtindih dengan falsafah bisnis bisnis

  (Philosophy of business) (Philosophy of business)

  dimana salahsatu dimana salahsatu tujuannya adalah menentukan maksud-maksud dasar tujuannya adalah menentukan maksud-maksud dasar dari suatu perusahaan. dari suatu perusahaan.

  Jika maksud utama suatu perusahaan adalah Jika maksud utama suatu perusahaan adalah memaksimisasi keuntungan bagi pemegang memaksimisasi keuntungan bagi pemegang saham/shareholders, maka kemudian dapat dilihat saham/shareholders, maka kemudian dapat dilihat sebagai tidak-etis (unethical) untuk suatu sebagai tidak-etis (unethical) untuk suatu perusahaan di dalam konteks mempertimbangkan perusahaan di dalam konteks mempertimbangkan kepentingan dan hak-hak pihak lainnya kepentingan dan hak-hak pihak lainnya

  Isu-isu General dalam Etika Bisnis

  4 Isu-1: Corporate Social Responsibility atau CSR

  CSR merupakan suatu istilah dimana letak hak dan kewajiban yang bersifat etika antara perusahaan dan masyarakat diperdebatkan,

  Isu-isu General dalam Etika Bisnis Isu-2: Professional ethics Isu-2: Professional ethics Etika p Etika p rofesional mencakup keragaman/banyak masalah dan rofesional mencakup keragaman/banyak masalah dan fenomena pr fenomena pr a a ktik etika bisnis yang timbul dari area fungsi-fungsi ktik etika bisnis yang timbul dari area fungsi-fungsi yang spesifik atau dalam relasi dengan profesi bisnis yang dikenal yang spesifik atau dalam relasi dengan profesi bisnis yang dikenal

  (accounting scandals) (accounting scandals) .

  .

  5 Etika dari Etika dari

  people

  workplace surveillance, drug testing .

  >> >> workplace surveillance, drug testing

   Isu-isu yang mempengaruhi privacy karyawan/pekerja Isu-isu yang mempengaruhi privacy karyawan/pekerja

  union busting, strike breaking. breaking.

   Isi-isu yang terkait dengan representasi dari pekerja Isi-isu yang terkait dengan representasi dari pekerja dan demokrasi di tempat kerja: dan demokrasi di tempat kerja: union busting, strike

  /penyandang cacat, berat badan dan /penyandang cacat, berat badan dan penampilan, sexual harrassment. penampilan, sexual harrassment.

  people

  disability

  

Human Resource Management

Human Resource Management

  ), gender, ras, agama, ), gender, ras, agama, disability

  ageism

  termasuk diskiminasi berdasar termasuk diskiminasi berdasar usia ( usia ( ageism

  discrimination

   isu-isu isu-isu discrimination

  CONTOH: CONTOH:

  Isu-3: Ethics of human resource management Isu-3: Ethics of human resource management

  (HRM) (HRM) mencakup isu-isu yang muncul disekitar relasi antara mencakup isu-isu yang muncul disekitar relasi antara the employer-employee (majikan-pegawai), seperti hak- the employer-employee (majikan-pegawai), seperti hak- hak dan kewajiban yang dimiliki oleh masing-masing. hak dan kewajiban yang dimiliki oleh masing-masing.

  .

• • Pemasaran yang jauh melampaui informasi utama

  6 Isu-4: Ethics of (sales and) marketing

Isu-4: Ethics of (sales and) marketing

  Etika pemasaran tumpangtindih secara ketat dengan

  media ethics , karena pemasaran menggunakan media

  besar-besaran. Namun, media ethics adalah suatu topik besar dan di luar cakupan etika bisnis (Pricing: price fixing, price discrimination, price skimming

  (Pricing: price fixing, price discrimination, price skimming )

  ) .

  .

  

tentang produk dan akses ke suatu produk akan

mencari celah memanipulasi nilai-nilai dan perilaku

orang/konsumen

Pada taraf tertentu masyarakat dapat menerimanya,

tapi dimana garis etika ditetapkan?

  7 Isu-5: Ethics of production Isu-5: Ethics of production

  Daerah etika bisnis terkait dengan kewajiban suatu Daerah etika bisnis terkait dengan kewajiban suatu perusahaan untuk menjamin bahwa produk dan proses perusahaan untuk menjamin bahwa produk dan proses produksi tidak menyebabkan kerusakan. produksi tidak menyebabkan kerusakan.

  

Beberapa dilema yang parah dalam area ini muncul dari

Beberapa dilema yang parah dalam area ini muncul dari

fakta bahwa selamanya ada suatu derajad bahaya dalam

fakta bahwa selamanya ada suatu derajad bahaya dalam

suatu produk atau proses produksi dan sangat sulit untuk

suatu produk atau proses produksi dan sangat sulit untuk

mendefinisikan suatu derajat yang dapat dibenarkan,

mendefinisikan suatu derajat yang dapat dibenarkan,

atau derajad pembenaranyya akan tergantung pada

atau derajad pembenaranyya akan tergantung pada

perubahan kondisi dari teknologi atau perubahan

perubahan kondisi dari teknologi atau perubahan

persepsi sosial atau penerimaaan tingkat resiko.

persepsi sosial atau penerimaaan tingkat resiko.

  8 Isu-6: Ethics of intellectual property, knowledge & skills Isu-6: Ethics of intellectual property, knowledge & skills

  Pengetahuan dan keterampilan merupakan sesuatu Pengetahuan dan keterampilan merupakan sesuatu yang sangat berharga tetapi tidak mudah menjadi yang sangat berharga tetapi tidak mudah menjadi obyek yang dimiliki/kepemilikan. obyek yang dimiliki/kepemilikan.

  Tidak selalu jelas siapa yang memiliki hak lebih Tidak selalu jelas siapa yang memiliki hak lebih besar terhadap suatu ide/gagasan: perusahaan yang besar terhadap suatu ide/gagasan: perusahaan yang melatih karyawan atau karyawan itu sendiri. melatih karyawan atau karyawan itu sendiri.

  Negara dimana tanaman tumbuh atau perusahaan Negara dimana tanaman tumbuh atau perusahaan yang menemukan dan mengembangkan potensi yang menemukan dan mengembangkan potensi medis dari tanaman tersebut yang memiliki hak medis dari tanaman tersebut yang memiliki hak inelektual? inelektual?

   Sebagai akibat, upaya untuk memperoleh hak

  Sebagai akibat, upaya untuk memperoleh hak kepemilikan dan etika bisnis menimbulkan kepemilikan dan etika bisnis menimbulkan perselisihan tentang kepemilikan tersebut (HAKI) perselisihan tentang kepemilikan tersebut (HAKI) Batik, Tempe, Tahu, patung bali.

  Batik, Tempe, Tahu, patung bali.

  9 Isu-isu Teoritis dalam Etika Bisnis 1.

  1. Konflik Kepentingan

  

Konflik Kepentingan

  Etika Bisnis dapat diamati/diuji dari beragam perspektif, Etika Bisnis dapat diamati/diuji dari beragam perspektif, termasuk perspektif karyawan, perusahaan komersial, termasuk perspektif karyawan, perusahaan komersial, dan masyarakat sebagai suatu keseluruhan. dan masyarakat sebagai suatu keseluruhan.

  Tidak jarang, muncul situasi dimana ada konflik antara Tidak jarang, muncul situasi dimana ada konflik antara satu atau lebih pihak, dimana pelayanan terhadap satu atau lebih pihak, dimana pelayanan terhadap kepentingan satu pihak adalah merugikan/merusak kepentingan satu pihak adalah merugikan/merusak kepentingan pihak lain. kepentingan pihak lain. s s ebagai contoh, suatu luaran hasil tertentu mungkin ebagai contoh, suatu luaran hasil tertentu mungkin sangat menguntungkan karyawan, tetapi berdampak sangat menguntungkan karyawan, tetapi berdampak buruk bagi perusahaan atau bagi masyarakat, atau buruk bagi perusahaan atau bagi masyarakat, atau kebalikannya kebalikannya

   Menurut beberapa ahli etika/ethicists “PERAN

  Menurut beberapa ahli etika/ethicists “PERAN UTAMA DARI SUATU ETIKA ADALAH SEBAGAI UTAMA DARI SUATU ETIKA ADALAH SEBAGAI PENYEIMBANG dan REKONSILIASI KONFLIK

  PENYEIMBANG dan REKONSILIASI KONFLIK KEPENTINGAN ( Henry Sidgwick)

  KEPENTINGAN ( Henry Sidgwick)

  10 Philosophers and others disagree about the purpose of a Philosophers and others disagree about the purpose of a business in society. business in society.

  For example, some suggest that the principal For example, some suggest that the principal purpose of a business is to maximize returns to

purpose of a business is to maximize returns to

its owners, or in the case of a publicly-traded its owners, or in the case of a publicly-traded concern, its shareholders. concern, its shareholders.

  Thus, under this view, only those activities that increase Thus, under this view, only those activities that increase profitability and shareholder value should be encouraged. profitability and shareholder value should be encouraged.

  Some believe that the only companies that are likely to Some believe that the only companies that are likely to survive in a competitive marketplace are those that place survive in a competitive marketplace are those that place profit maximization above everything else. profit maximization above everything else.

  

However, some point out that self interest would still require

However, some point out that self interest would still require

a business to obey the law and adhere to basic moral rules,

a business to obey the law and adhere to basic moral rules, because the consequences of failing to do so could be very because the consequences of failing to do so could be very costly in fines, loss of licensure, or company reputation. costly in fines, loss of licensure, or company reputation.

  The economist The economist

  Milton Friedman Milton Friedman was a leading proponent of was a leading proponent of this view.

  Ethical issues and approaches (1) Ethical issues and approaches (1)

  11 Other theorists contend that a business has moral duties that extend

Other theorists contend that a business has moral duties that extend

well beyond serving the interests of its owners or stockholders, and

well beyond serving the interests of its owners or stockholders, and that these duties consist of more than simply obeying the law. that these duties consist of more than simply obeying the law.

  They believe a business has moral responsibilities to so-called They believe a business has moral responsibilities to so-called stakeholders, stakeholders, people who have an interest in the conduct of the people who have an interest in the conduct of the business, which might include employees, customers, vendors, the business, which might include employees, customers, vendors, the local community, or even society as a whole. local community, or even society as a whole.

  

They would say that stakeholders have certain rights with regard to

They would say that stakeholders have certain rights with regard to how the business operates, and some would even suggest that this how the business operates, and some would even suggest that this even includes rights of governance. even includes rights of governance.

  Ethical issues and approaches (2) Ethical issues and approaches (2)

  12 Some theorists have adapted

  Some theorists have adapted social contract

  social contract

  theory to theory to business, whereby companies become quasi-democratic business, whereby companies become quasi-democratic associations, and employees and other stakeholders are associations, and employees and other stakeholders are given voice over a company's operations. given voice over a company's operations.

  This approach has become especially popular subsequent This approach has become especially popular subsequent to the revival of contract theory in to the revival of contract theory in political philosophy

  political philosophy

  , , which is largely due to John Rawis' which is largely due to John Rawis'

  A Theory of Justice A Theory of Justice

  , , and the advent of the consensus-oriented approach to and the advent of the consensus-oriented approach to solving business problems, an aspect of the “ solving business problems, an aspect of the “ quality

  quality

  movement

  movement " that emerged in the 1980s.

  " that emerged in the 1980s.

  Ethical issues and approaches (3) Ethical issues and approaches (3)

  13 Contract Theory Contract Theory

  Professors Professors

  Thomas Donaldson

  Thomas Donaldson

  and and

  Thomas Dunfee

  Thomas Dunfee

  proposed a version of contract theory for business, which proposed a version of contract theory for business, which they call they call

  Integrative Social Contracts Theory

  Integrative Social Contracts Theory .

  .

  They posit that conflicting interests are best resolved by They posit that conflicting interests are best resolved by formulating a "fair agreement" between the parties, formulating a "fair agreement" between the parties, using a combination of: using a combination of: macro-principles that all rational people would agree macro-principles that all rational people would agree upon as universal principles, and, upon as universal principles, and, micro-principles formulated by actual agreements micro-principles formulated by actual agreements among the interested parties. Critics say the among the interested parties. Critics say the proponents of contract theories miss a central point, proponents of contract theories miss a central point, namely, that a business is someone's property and not namely, that a business is someone's property and not a mini-state or a means of distributing social justice. a mini-state or a means of distributing social justice.

  14 Ethical issues can arise when companies must comply

  Ethical issues can arise when companies must comply with multiple and sometimes conflicting legal or cultural with multiple and sometimes conflicting legal or cultural standards, as in the case of multinational companies standards, as in the case of multinational companies that operate in countries with varying practices. that operate in countries with varying practices.

  The question arises, for example, ought a company to The question arises, for example, ought a company to obey the laws of its home country, or should it follow obey the laws of its home country, or should it follow the less stringent laws of the developing country in the less stringent laws of the developing country in which it does business? which it does business?

  To illustrate, United States law forbids companies from To illustrate, United States law forbids companies from paying bribes either domestically or overseas; however, paying bribes either domestically or overseas; however, in other parts of the world, bribery is a customary, in other parts of the world, bribery is a customary, accepted way of doing business. Similar problems can accepted way of doing business. Similar problems can occur with regard to child labor, employee safety, work occur with regard to child labor, employee safety, work hours, wages, discrimination, and environmental hours, wages, discrimination, and environmental protection laws. protection laws.

  15 Business ethics in the field Business ethics in the field Corporate ethics policies Corporate ethics policies

  As part of more comprehensive As part of more comprehensive compliance and ethics compliance and ethics programs programs

  , many companies have formulated internal policies , many companies have formulated internal policies pertaining to the ethical conduct of employees. pertaining to the ethical conduct of employees.

  These policies can be simple exhortations in broad, highly- These policies can be simple exhortations in broad, highly- generalized language (typically called a corporate ethics generalized language (typically called a corporate ethics

statement), or they can be more detailed policies, containing

statement), or they can be more detailed policies, containing

specific behavioral requirements (typically called corporate specific behavioral requirements (typically called corporate ethics codes). ethics codes).

  They are generally meant to identify the company's They are generally meant to identify the company's expectations of workers and to offer guidance on handling expectations of workers and to offer guidance on handling

some of the more common ethical problems that might arise

some of the more common ethical problems that might arise

in the course of doing business. in the course of doing business.

  It is hoped that having such a policy will lead to greater It is hoped that having such a policy will lead to greater ethical awareness, consistency in application, and the ethical awareness, consistency in application, and the avoidance of ethical disasters.

  16 To be successful, most ethicists would suggest that an ethics To be successful, most ethicists would suggest that an ethics policy should be: policy should be:

  Given the unequivocal support of top management, Given the unequivocal support of top management, by both word and example. by both word and example.

  Explained in writing and orally, with periodic Explained in writing and orally, with periodic reinforcement. reinforcement.

  Doable....something employees can both understand Doable....something employees can both understand and perform (able to be done or achieved). and perform (able to be done or achieved).

  Monitored by top management, with routine Monitored by top management, with routine inspections for compliance (aggreeing to do inspections for compliance (aggreeing to do something) and improvement. something) and improvement.

  Backed up by clearly stated consequences in the Backed up by clearly stated consequences in the case of disobedience. case of disobedience.

  Remain neutral and nonsexist.

  Remain neutral and nonsexist.

  17 Ethics officers Ethics officers

  Ethics officers (sometimes called "compliance" or "business Ethics officers (sometimes called "compliance" or "business conduct officers") have been appointed formally by conduct officers") have been appointed formally by

organizations since the mid-1980s. One of the catalysts for the

organizations since the mid-1980s. One of the catalysts for the

creation of this new role was a series of fraud, corruption and creation of this new role was a series of fraud, corruption and

abuse scandals that afflicted the U.S. defense industry at that

abuse scandals that afflicted the U.S. defense industry at that time. time.

  

This led to the creation of the Defense Industry Initiative (DII),

This led to the creation of the Defense Industry Initiative (DII), a pan-industry initiative to promote and ensure ethical a pan-industry initiative to promote and ensure ethical business practices. The DII set an early benchmark for ethics business practices. The DII set an early benchmark for ethics management in corporations. In 1991, management in corporations. In 1991, the Ethics & the Ethics &

  Compliance Officer Association Compliance Officer Association

  (ECOA) -- originally the Ethics (ECOA) -- originally the Ethics

  Officer Association (EOA)-- was founded at the Officer Association (EOA)-- was founded at the

  Center for Center for

  Business Ethics Business Ethics

  (at Bentley College, Waltham, MA) as a (at Bentley College, Waltham, MA) as a professional association for those responsible for managing professional association for those responsible for managing organizations' efforts to achieve ethical best practices. The organizations' efforts to achieve ethical best practices. The membership grew rapidly (the ECOA now has over 1,100 membership grew rapidly (the ECOA now has over 1,100 members) and was soon established as an independent members) and was soon established as an independent organization. organization.

  

TUGAS KELOMPOK

Issues regarding the moral rights and duties

between a company and its shareholders

1.

  Stakeholders concept vs Sharegolder concept.

  2. Hostile take-overs vs Industrial espionage (Ethical issues

  concerning relations between different companies) 3. Corporate governance vs Political Contributions made by corporations (Leadership issues)

  4. Corporate Manslaughter ( Law reform, such as the ethical

  debate over introducing a crime of) 5. The misuse of corporate ethics policies as marketing instruments

  The misuse of corporate ethics policies as marketing instruments ₁₈

  BAHAN BACAAN 1. Amartya Sen. 1991 . On Ethics & Economics. Basil Blackwell Ltd. UK 2. A.Sonny Keraf. 1998 . Etika Bisnis. Pustaka Filsafat. Penerbit Kanisius. Jakarta 3. Ketut Rinjin. 2004 . Etika Bisnis dan Implementasinya. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta 4. Laura Hartman, Burr Ridge, 2004. Perspectives in Business Ethics,, IL: McGraw-Hill.

  5. Robby I.Chandra. 1995 . Etika Dunia Bisnis. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta.

  6. Sterling Harwood, Belmont, CA, 1996. Business as Ethical and Business as Usual, : Wadsworth Publishing.

  7. Sudiro Suprapto. 2005. Etika : Rahasia Sukses Manajer Masa Depan. Progres. Jakarta. ₁₉