Analysis of Portrayal of The Protagonist in Frank Chin's 'Donald Duk'.
ABSTRACT
Dalam penulisan tugas akhir ini saya menganalisa penggambaran tokoh
utama dalam Donald Duk karya Frank Chin.
Tokoh utama dalam Donald Duk adalah Donald Duk, seorang anak
Amerika keturunan Cina. Dia lahir dan dibesarkan di Amerika. Oleh karena itu,
dia lebih merasa dirinya orang Amerika bukan Cina. Saat dia merasa dirinya
orang Amerika dia digambarkan sangat sombong. Dia membanding-bandingkan
dirinya dengan orang Cina dan meremehkan mereka. Ternyata kesombongannya
itu disebabkan oleh ketidaktahuannya terhadap sejarah dan budaya Cina. Ini juga
menyebabkan dia berpikiran sempit terhadap orang Cina. Pada masa Tahun Baru
Cina, dia selalu bermimpi tentang orang Cina. Dia menjadi ingin tahu dan mencari
informasi tentang mimpinya. Akhirnya dia mendapatkan bahwa mimpinya adalah
tentang sejarah orang Cina pertama yang datang ke Amerika. Di dalam mimpinya
juga digambarkan perilaku orang Cina. Pikirannya menjadi terbuka terhadap
sejarah dan orang-orang Cina. Dia menganggap dirinya bagian dari orang Cina.
Dari novel ini, Chin ingin memberitahukan kepada para pembaca untuk
lebih mengenal tentang sejarah nenek moyang mereka. Karena dengan begitu,
mereka akan lebih mengerti tentang identitas mereka yang sebenarnya.
iii
Maranatha Christian University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study............................................................................. 1
Statement of the Problem ............................................................................ 2
Purpose of the Study ................................................................................... 2
Method of Research .................................................................................... 3
Organization of the Thesis .......................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO: ANALYSIS OF PORTRAYAL
OF THE PROTAGONIST IN FRANK CHIN’S DONALD DUK……..4
CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION ............................................................... 17
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 20
APPENDICES
Synopsis of Donald Duk ............................................................................ 22
Biography of Frank Chin ........................................................................... 23
ii
Maranatha Christian University
APPENDICES
Synopsis Of Donald Duk
Donald Duk is a Chinese American boy who was born in America. He hates
his own name, Donald Duk, which sounds like a cartoon movie character Donald
Duck, which makes kids around him mock him. In school his history teacher
explains that Chinese is passive, not competitive and chicken when they first
come to America. This condition makes him hate everything about Chinese and
does not want to be like Chinese. He prefers being an American than Chinese.
In his house, there are so many models of airplanes that are built by his
father and sisters. His father says that he will fly and burn it all. Donald gets
shocked when he hears it. Then one night before Chinese New Year, he silently
takes one of his father’s airplanes then burns it. His uncle knows his action, and
then his uncle tells him about the model airplane that he burns and his great-greatgrandfather who worked at the railroad.
Since then, Donald dreams about railroads. He dreams that he meets Kwan
Kung, foreman of railroad, and Crocker, the owner of the railroad. He joins them
in doing the railroad. At first when he dreams, he does not understand about it
because it is all about Chinese people and culture. Every night when he sleeps,
that dream always comes to him. It makes him feel curious about the railroad.
Then he tries to search about it at the library. He finally finds out that his dreams
22
are the truth about first Chinese people in America. Later, he realizes how great it
is to be Chinese and considers himself part of Chinese people. He starts to open
himself to Chinese culture.
Biography Of Frank Chin
Frank Chin is an Asian-American playwright and novelist who was born in
Berkeley, California, on February 25, 1940. He was raised by a pensionary couple
in Placerville, California At the age of six, his mother brought him back to San
Francisco and lived in Oakland Chinatown. Chin was educated in University of
California in Berkeley, the State University of Iowa, and the University of
California in Santa Barbara.
Chin’s works deal with the stereotypes of Asian American and traditional
Chinese folklore. The Chickencoop Chinaman (1971) was his first play that is
performed on the American Place Theatre in New York. Another works by Chin
such as The Year of the Dragon (1974), Donald Duk (1991), Gunga Din Highway
(1994) and Born in the USA (2002).
Apart from being a novelist and playwright, Chin was also active in the
Civil Rights movement, African American arts movement and took part in the
treatment of Japanese during World War II. In 1989, Chin received an American
Book Award because of a collection of short stories and in 2000 he got Lifetime
Achievement Award. At present, he lives in Los Angeles, California.
Source: “Frank Chin”, Joannah
23
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
History “tells us about the people, places and events of the past, arranged in
chronological order. It tells us about our ancestors - their lifestyles, occupations,
customs and traditions, religious beliefs, social and political systems and cultural
patterns. It also tells us about their problems, aspirations as well as their
achievements” (“What is the meaning of history?”). Thus, it is important for one
to learn things about one’s ancestor in order to know about one’s identity. Identity
is “people’s concepts of who they are, of what sort of people they are, and how
they relate to others” (Fearon).
Donald Duk, a novel written by Frank Chin, deals with a twelve-year old
protagonist who does not know about his Chinese ancestors so that he considers
himself American. The author Frank Chin is a popular 20th century ChineseAmerican novelist who “deal[s] with the stereotypes of Asian American and
traditional Chinese folklore” (“Frank Chin”). He “has played an important role in
the development of Asian American literature” (“Chin, Frank-Introduction”). He
1
Maranatha Christian University
had received “a number of awards and fellowships throughout his career” (“Chin,
Frank-Introduction”).
In Donald Duk, Chin creates “a deeply thoughtful and complex protagonist
of Donald Duk” (Shirley). The protagonist, Donald Duk firstly prefers being an
American than Chinese. Later, when he finds the truth about Chinese people, he
considers himself part of Chinese. Thus, in my thesis, I have chosen to discuss the
portrayal of the leading character in the novel. Character is defined as “an
imagined person who inhabits a story” (Kennedy 45). “In almost any literary
work, several characters receive the main focus. Accordingly, they are considered
the leading characters or protagonists” (Irmscher 24). So in this thesis, I will
analyze the characteristics of the protagonist in Donald Duk and the purpose of
the author in creating such a character.
Statement of the Problem
The problems I am going to analyze are:
1. How is the protagonist in the novel portrayed?
2. What is the purpose of the author in creating such a character?
Purpose of the Study
This study is done:
1. To show how the protagonist is portrayed in the novel.
2. To know the purpose of the author in creating such a character in the novel.
2
Maranatha Christian University
Method of Research
In order to help me analyze the novel, I use library research by first
reading Chin’s Donald Duk as the primary text. I also read and compile some
texts that are taken from books and the Internet. The information and the
knowledge that have been gathered are then used to support my analysis. Finally,
I draw a conclusion from the research I have conducted.
Organization of the Thesis
I will divide my thesis into three chapters, preceded by the
Acknowledgements, the Table of Contents and the Abstract. Chapter one is the
Introduction, which consists of the Background of the Study, the Statement of the
Problem, the Purpose of the Study, the Method of Research and the Organization
of the Thesis. Chapter Two is the Analysis of Portrayal of the Protagonist in Frank
Chin’s Donald Duk. The last chapter is the Conclusion. The thesis ends with the
Bibliography and the Appendices, which contain the Synopsis of the Novel and
the Biography of the Author.
3
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER THREE
CONCLUSION
Having analyzed Frank Chin’s novel entitled Donald Duk, I would like to
draw some conclusions. The protagonist in the novel namely Donald Duk is a
Chinese-American boy. He was born and lives in America, which makes him feel
as an American not a Chinese although he is of Chinese descent. He does not like
everything about Chinese. He does not speak Chinese, either. It is all because
Chinese people is stereotyped as inferior in America. However, later changes
occur; he considers himself as part of Chinese, because during Chinese New Year,
he has continuous dreams about the first Chinese people in America. The dreams
seem so real to him because they come to him every night in Chinese New Year.
This causes curiosity in him and then he searches the library for what he has
dreamt of and asks some people about Chinese heroes whom he meets in his
dreams. Apparently, his dreams are telling the truth about Chinese people in
America. This makes him realize and change his perception about Chinese people.
Finally, he considers himself part of Chinese.
17
Maranatha Christian University
In this novel, Donald is portrayed as an arrogant boy who is proud of
himself as an American. He feels himself smarter than Chinese people and
underestimates them. His arrogance makes him ignore everything about Chinese
and he becomes an ignorant boy who knows nothing about Chinese history,
culture and people. His ignorance of everything about Chinese leads him to
become a narrow-minded boy who has limited view of Chinese culture and
people. All of his characteristics change when he is having continuous dreams
about the first Chinese people in America. These dreams make him become
curious. He searches and searches about the things in his dreams. Then, he finds
that his dreams are telling the truth about Chinese history and people. This
searching makes him become broad-minded as he then knows that the stereotype
of Chinese as inferior is not true. Finally, he considers himself part of Chinese
people.
From all the above characteristics, I can see that Donald is portrayed as a
round and dynamic character. He is portrayed as an arrogant, ignorant and
narrow-minded boy, who later becomes a curious and broad-minded one. Frank
Chin, the author of this novel, of course has his purpose in portraying Donald in
such a way. Donald, who firstly feels himself as American and does not want to
consider himself Chinese, finally considers himself part of Chinese after he
dreams of some facts in Chinese history which tell him the truth about the first
Chinese people in America. It is seen clearly that the changing characteristics of
Donald are triggered by his dreams of Chinese history. Frank Chin makes use of
Chinese history in Donald’s dreams in order to make him realize the truth about
Chinese people. So, it is obvious that Chin wants to make people, in this case
18
Maranatha Christian University
Chinese-Americans, become aware of their own history in order to understand
their true identity.
After analyzing the novel, I can see how skillful Chin is in writing his novel.
This Donald Duk is a Chinese-American novel and it has a lot of Chinese terms.
However, Chin writes it all in details: he explains all the Chinese terms in order
not to make the readers confused. He wants his readers to understand clearly what
is in the novel. The way he makes his protagonist change is unique. He uses
dreams. The dreams about Chinese history make his protagonist change his
perception of Chinese and of course his characteristic.
I can also learn something from Chin’s novel Donald Duk. Firstly, I learn
more about Chinese terms, culture and history, which Chin describes in details.
The detailed information can enrich my knowledge about Chinese people and
culture. Secondly, Chin has made me realize that I have to be aware of the fact
that stories about my ancestors are important for me to know as it can make me
understand my own identity. Thus, I am of the opinion that the novel is worth
reading.
19
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Text
Chin, Frank. Donald Duk. Minneapolis: Coffee House Press, 1991. Print.
References
“Arrogant.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 7th ed. 2005. Print.
“Broad-minded.” Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC, 2012. Web. 15 Mar.
2012.
“Chin, Frank - Introduction.” Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W.
Hunter. Vol. 134. Gale Cengage, 2001. eNotes.com. Web. 4 Apr. 2011.
“Curious.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 7th ed. 2005. Print.
Fearon, James D. “WHAT IS IDENTITY (AS WE NOW USE THE WORD).” 3
Nov 1999. Web. 15 Mar. 2012
“Frank Chin.” Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia The Free
Encyclopedia, 2011. Web. 18 Mar. 2011.
“Ignorant.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 7th ed. 2005. Print..
Irmscher, William F. The Nature of Literature. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, Inc, 1975. Print.
20
Maranatha Christian University
Joannah. “Frank Chin Biography.” Asian American Theatre. THE UNIVERSITY
of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL, 31 Jan 2011. Web. 18
Mar. 2011.
Kennedy, X.J. LITERATURE: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama.
Canada: Little, Brown and Company, 1983. Print.
“Narrow-minded.” Babylon Online Dictionary. Babylon Ltd, 2012. Web. 15 Mar.
2012.
Richardson, Susan B. “The Lesson of Donald Duk.” JSTOR. MELUS, 1999. Web.
11 Sep. 2012.
Shirley, David Goldstein. “The Dragon Is a Lantern: Frank Chin's CounterHegemonic Donald Duk.” 49th Parallel. 1997. Web. 4 Apr. 2011.
“Sigmund Freud.” dream theorists. Dream Moods, Inc, 20 Jan 2012. Web. 2 Oct.
2012.
“What is the meaning of history?” Answers. 2012. Web. 11 Sep. 2012.
21
Maranatha Christian University
Dalam penulisan tugas akhir ini saya menganalisa penggambaran tokoh
utama dalam Donald Duk karya Frank Chin.
Tokoh utama dalam Donald Duk adalah Donald Duk, seorang anak
Amerika keturunan Cina. Dia lahir dan dibesarkan di Amerika. Oleh karena itu,
dia lebih merasa dirinya orang Amerika bukan Cina. Saat dia merasa dirinya
orang Amerika dia digambarkan sangat sombong. Dia membanding-bandingkan
dirinya dengan orang Cina dan meremehkan mereka. Ternyata kesombongannya
itu disebabkan oleh ketidaktahuannya terhadap sejarah dan budaya Cina. Ini juga
menyebabkan dia berpikiran sempit terhadap orang Cina. Pada masa Tahun Baru
Cina, dia selalu bermimpi tentang orang Cina. Dia menjadi ingin tahu dan mencari
informasi tentang mimpinya. Akhirnya dia mendapatkan bahwa mimpinya adalah
tentang sejarah orang Cina pertama yang datang ke Amerika. Di dalam mimpinya
juga digambarkan perilaku orang Cina. Pikirannya menjadi terbuka terhadap
sejarah dan orang-orang Cina. Dia menganggap dirinya bagian dari orang Cina.
Dari novel ini, Chin ingin memberitahukan kepada para pembaca untuk
lebih mengenal tentang sejarah nenek moyang mereka. Karena dengan begitu,
mereka akan lebih mengerti tentang identitas mereka yang sebenarnya.
iii
Maranatha Christian University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study............................................................................. 1
Statement of the Problem ............................................................................ 2
Purpose of the Study ................................................................................... 2
Method of Research .................................................................................... 3
Organization of the Thesis .......................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO: ANALYSIS OF PORTRAYAL
OF THE PROTAGONIST IN FRANK CHIN’S DONALD DUK……..4
CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION ............................................................... 17
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 20
APPENDICES
Synopsis of Donald Duk ............................................................................ 22
Biography of Frank Chin ........................................................................... 23
ii
Maranatha Christian University
APPENDICES
Synopsis Of Donald Duk
Donald Duk is a Chinese American boy who was born in America. He hates
his own name, Donald Duk, which sounds like a cartoon movie character Donald
Duck, which makes kids around him mock him. In school his history teacher
explains that Chinese is passive, not competitive and chicken when they first
come to America. This condition makes him hate everything about Chinese and
does not want to be like Chinese. He prefers being an American than Chinese.
In his house, there are so many models of airplanes that are built by his
father and sisters. His father says that he will fly and burn it all. Donald gets
shocked when he hears it. Then one night before Chinese New Year, he silently
takes one of his father’s airplanes then burns it. His uncle knows his action, and
then his uncle tells him about the model airplane that he burns and his great-greatgrandfather who worked at the railroad.
Since then, Donald dreams about railroads. He dreams that he meets Kwan
Kung, foreman of railroad, and Crocker, the owner of the railroad. He joins them
in doing the railroad. At first when he dreams, he does not understand about it
because it is all about Chinese people and culture. Every night when he sleeps,
that dream always comes to him. It makes him feel curious about the railroad.
Then he tries to search about it at the library. He finally finds out that his dreams
22
are the truth about first Chinese people in America. Later, he realizes how great it
is to be Chinese and considers himself part of Chinese people. He starts to open
himself to Chinese culture.
Biography Of Frank Chin
Frank Chin is an Asian-American playwright and novelist who was born in
Berkeley, California, on February 25, 1940. He was raised by a pensionary couple
in Placerville, California At the age of six, his mother brought him back to San
Francisco and lived in Oakland Chinatown. Chin was educated in University of
California in Berkeley, the State University of Iowa, and the University of
California in Santa Barbara.
Chin’s works deal with the stereotypes of Asian American and traditional
Chinese folklore. The Chickencoop Chinaman (1971) was his first play that is
performed on the American Place Theatre in New York. Another works by Chin
such as The Year of the Dragon (1974), Donald Duk (1991), Gunga Din Highway
(1994) and Born in the USA (2002).
Apart from being a novelist and playwright, Chin was also active in the
Civil Rights movement, African American arts movement and took part in the
treatment of Japanese during World War II. In 1989, Chin received an American
Book Award because of a collection of short stories and in 2000 he got Lifetime
Achievement Award. At present, he lives in Los Angeles, California.
Source: “Frank Chin”, Joannah
23
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
History “tells us about the people, places and events of the past, arranged in
chronological order. It tells us about our ancestors - their lifestyles, occupations,
customs and traditions, religious beliefs, social and political systems and cultural
patterns. It also tells us about their problems, aspirations as well as their
achievements” (“What is the meaning of history?”). Thus, it is important for one
to learn things about one’s ancestor in order to know about one’s identity. Identity
is “people’s concepts of who they are, of what sort of people they are, and how
they relate to others” (Fearon).
Donald Duk, a novel written by Frank Chin, deals with a twelve-year old
protagonist who does not know about his Chinese ancestors so that he considers
himself American. The author Frank Chin is a popular 20th century ChineseAmerican novelist who “deal[s] with the stereotypes of Asian American and
traditional Chinese folklore” (“Frank Chin”). He “has played an important role in
the development of Asian American literature” (“Chin, Frank-Introduction”). He
1
Maranatha Christian University
had received “a number of awards and fellowships throughout his career” (“Chin,
Frank-Introduction”).
In Donald Duk, Chin creates “a deeply thoughtful and complex protagonist
of Donald Duk” (Shirley). The protagonist, Donald Duk firstly prefers being an
American than Chinese. Later, when he finds the truth about Chinese people, he
considers himself part of Chinese. Thus, in my thesis, I have chosen to discuss the
portrayal of the leading character in the novel. Character is defined as “an
imagined person who inhabits a story” (Kennedy 45). “In almost any literary
work, several characters receive the main focus. Accordingly, they are considered
the leading characters or protagonists” (Irmscher 24). So in this thesis, I will
analyze the characteristics of the protagonist in Donald Duk and the purpose of
the author in creating such a character.
Statement of the Problem
The problems I am going to analyze are:
1. How is the protagonist in the novel portrayed?
2. What is the purpose of the author in creating such a character?
Purpose of the Study
This study is done:
1. To show how the protagonist is portrayed in the novel.
2. To know the purpose of the author in creating such a character in the novel.
2
Maranatha Christian University
Method of Research
In order to help me analyze the novel, I use library research by first
reading Chin’s Donald Duk as the primary text. I also read and compile some
texts that are taken from books and the Internet. The information and the
knowledge that have been gathered are then used to support my analysis. Finally,
I draw a conclusion from the research I have conducted.
Organization of the Thesis
I will divide my thesis into three chapters, preceded by the
Acknowledgements, the Table of Contents and the Abstract. Chapter one is the
Introduction, which consists of the Background of the Study, the Statement of the
Problem, the Purpose of the Study, the Method of Research and the Organization
of the Thesis. Chapter Two is the Analysis of Portrayal of the Protagonist in Frank
Chin’s Donald Duk. The last chapter is the Conclusion. The thesis ends with the
Bibliography and the Appendices, which contain the Synopsis of the Novel and
the Biography of the Author.
3
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER THREE
CONCLUSION
Having analyzed Frank Chin’s novel entitled Donald Duk, I would like to
draw some conclusions. The protagonist in the novel namely Donald Duk is a
Chinese-American boy. He was born and lives in America, which makes him feel
as an American not a Chinese although he is of Chinese descent. He does not like
everything about Chinese. He does not speak Chinese, either. It is all because
Chinese people is stereotyped as inferior in America. However, later changes
occur; he considers himself as part of Chinese, because during Chinese New Year,
he has continuous dreams about the first Chinese people in America. The dreams
seem so real to him because they come to him every night in Chinese New Year.
This causes curiosity in him and then he searches the library for what he has
dreamt of and asks some people about Chinese heroes whom he meets in his
dreams. Apparently, his dreams are telling the truth about Chinese people in
America. This makes him realize and change his perception about Chinese people.
Finally, he considers himself part of Chinese.
17
Maranatha Christian University
In this novel, Donald is portrayed as an arrogant boy who is proud of
himself as an American. He feels himself smarter than Chinese people and
underestimates them. His arrogance makes him ignore everything about Chinese
and he becomes an ignorant boy who knows nothing about Chinese history,
culture and people. His ignorance of everything about Chinese leads him to
become a narrow-minded boy who has limited view of Chinese culture and
people. All of his characteristics change when he is having continuous dreams
about the first Chinese people in America. These dreams make him become
curious. He searches and searches about the things in his dreams. Then, he finds
that his dreams are telling the truth about Chinese history and people. This
searching makes him become broad-minded as he then knows that the stereotype
of Chinese as inferior is not true. Finally, he considers himself part of Chinese
people.
From all the above characteristics, I can see that Donald is portrayed as a
round and dynamic character. He is portrayed as an arrogant, ignorant and
narrow-minded boy, who later becomes a curious and broad-minded one. Frank
Chin, the author of this novel, of course has his purpose in portraying Donald in
such a way. Donald, who firstly feels himself as American and does not want to
consider himself Chinese, finally considers himself part of Chinese after he
dreams of some facts in Chinese history which tell him the truth about the first
Chinese people in America. It is seen clearly that the changing characteristics of
Donald are triggered by his dreams of Chinese history. Frank Chin makes use of
Chinese history in Donald’s dreams in order to make him realize the truth about
Chinese people. So, it is obvious that Chin wants to make people, in this case
18
Maranatha Christian University
Chinese-Americans, become aware of their own history in order to understand
their true identity.
After analyzing the novel, I can see how skillful Chin is in writing his novel.
This Donald Duk is a Chinese-American novel and it has a lot of Chinese terms.
However, Chin writes it all in details: he explains all the Chinese terms in order
not to make the readers confused. He wants his readers to understand clearly what
is in the novel. The way he makes his protagonist change is unique. He uses
dreams. The dreams about Chinese history make his protagonist change his
perception of Chinese and of course his characteristic.
I can also learn something from Chin’s novel Donald Duk. Firstly, I learn
more about Chinese terms, culture and history, which Chin describes in details.
The detailed information can enrich my knowledge about Chinese people and
culture. Secondly, Chin has made me realize that I have to be aware of the fact
that stories about my ancestors are important for me to know as it can make me
understand my own identity. Thus, I am of the opinion that the novel is worth
reading.
19
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Text
Chin, Frank. Donald Duk. Minneapolis: Coffee House Press, 1991. Print.
References
“Arrogant.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 7th ed. 2005. Print.
“Broad-minded.” Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC, 2012. Web. 15 Mar.
2012.
“Chin, Frank - Introduction.” Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W.
Hunter. Vol. 134. Gale Cengage, 2001. eNotes.com. Web. 4 Apr. 2011.
“Curious.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 7th ed. 2005. Print.
Fearon, James D. “WHAT IS IDENTITY (AS WE NOW USE THE WORD).” 3
Nov 1999. Web. 15 Mar. 2012
“Frank Chin.” Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia The Free
Encyclopedia, 2011. Web. 18 Mar. 2011.
“Ignorant.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 7th ed. 2005. Print..
Irmscher, William F. The Nature of Literature. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, Inc, 1975. Print.
20
Maranatha Christian University
Joannah. “Frank Chin Biography.” Asian American Theatre. THE UNIVERSITY
of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL, 31 Jan 2011. Web. 18
Mar. 2011.
Kennedy, X.J. LITERATURE: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama.
Canada: Little, Brown and Company, 1983. Print.
“Narrow-minded.” Babylon Online Dictionary. Babylon Ltd, 2012. Web. 15 Mar.
2012.
Richardson, Susan B. “The Lesson of Donald Duk.” JSTOR. MELUS, 1999. Web.
11 Sep. 2012.
Shirley, David Goldstein. “The Dragon Is a Lantern: Frank Chin's CounterHegemonic Donald Duk.” 49th Parallel. 1997. Web. 4 Apr. 2011.
“Sigmund Freud.” dream theorists. Dream Moods, Inc, 20 Jan 2012. Web. 2 Oct.
2012.
“What is the meaning of history?” Answers. 2012. Web. 11 Sep. 2012.
21
Maranatha Christian University