Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges.
SOCIOLOGY AND WELFARE
DEVELOPMENT
Edited by:
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Centre for Socioglobal Studies
Padjadjaran University
Foreword by:
Dr. Afriadi Sjahbana Hasibuan, MPA, M.Com (Ec)
Head of Research & Development
Ministry of Home Afairs, Republic of Indonesia
SOCIOLOGY AND WELFARE DEVELOPMENT
© 2015 Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin et. al.
First Published May, 2015
Published By
Centre for Socioglobal Studies
Padjadjaran University
In Cooperation With
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Sociology and Welfare Development
CONTENTS
Contents ...................................................................................
iii
List of Contributors .................................................................
v
Acknowledgement ....................................................................
ix
Foreword ..................................................................................
xi
Introduction .............................................................................
xiii
Welfare Development: Meanings, Issues and
Challenges
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin .................................
1
Poverty and Social Development
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ali Maksum, Indri
Indarwati ........................................................
19
The Emergence of Jakarta-Bandung MegaUrban Region and Its Future Challenges
Agung Mahesa Himawan Dorodjatoen,
Forina Lestari and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ....
39
Development for Urban Poor Housing
Mohd Haizzan Yahaya, Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin, Hery Wibowo and Mohd Tauik
Mohammad .....................................................
69
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Sociology and Welfare Development
iii
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
iv
Baitul Mal wat Tamwil: a Sociological
and Social Welfare Movement ?
Hery Wibowo & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ........
Environmental Participation among Youth:
Challenges, Issues and Motivating Factors
Lim Jen Zen & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin .........
79
97
Indonesian Workers Health Condition:
A Sociological Analysis
Bintarsih Sekarningrum, Desi Yunita
and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ........................... 125
he Delivery System of Education Programs
Mahathir Yahaya, Ali Maksum,
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and Azlinda Azman ... 135
Child Brides, Not Our Pride:
Looking Into Child Marriage Incidences in
Malaysia
Mitshel Lino, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and
Azlinda Azman ................................................
143
Concluding Remarks
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin .................................. 151
Sociology and Welfare Development
LiSt of ContribUtorS
Agung Mahesa Himawan Dorodjatoen, is a PhD candidate at West
Australia University, Perth – Australia. He is a Planning Staf, Directorate
of Spatial Planning and Land Afairs, Indonesia National Development
Planning Agency (Bappenas). He is a Best Graduate Student in Regional
and Planning Department, Bandung Institute of Technology (2006)
and Utrecht Excellence Scholarships Awardee 2007-2009 on Research
Master Human Geography & Planning, Faculy of Geoscience, Utrecht
University.
Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research
and International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang.
His current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from
defensive realism perspective. He has written articles have been published
in such publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies,
Springer (ISI), Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.
Azlinda Azman, Ph.D is an Associate Professor and Head of Social
Work Programme at the School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains
Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. She is also the Convenor of the
AIDS Action and Research Group (AARG), USM. She was a Fulbright
Scholar and obtained her Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) degree in Clinical
Social Work from New York University. Her ields of expertise include
social work education and practice, theory and methods in social work
and social work research. Her areas of research interest include poverty,
Sociology and Welfare Development
v
HIV/AIDS and drug related issues.
Bintarsih Sekarningrum, a leturer at Social Welfare Departement
in Social and Political Sciences Faculty, University of Padjadjaran. She
obtained Bachelor degree, master degree and Doctoral degree from
University of Padjadjaran. Some scientiic papers had been published
at national or international level. Currently, he is focusing on waste
management problem in society who life near the Cikapundung river at
Bandung City.
Desi Yunita, oicially join the Departemen of Sociology at Social
and Political Science Faculty University of Padjadjaran since 2014. She
got Magister degree in Sociology also from University of Padjadjaran and
focusing the research on development and environmental problem.
Forina Lestari, obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing,
School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia
(USM, 2008). Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She
has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan
Lokal dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and
expertise at Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National
Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of
Spatial Planning, Ministry of Public Works (2013), Directorate General
of Regional Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and
Expert, Deputy of the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing
(2012), Expert Staf, Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian
House of Representatives (DPR, 2011). Junior Expert, Directorate of
Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning
Agency (Bappenas, 2010).
Hery Wibowo, S.Psi, MM, PhD is a leturer at Departement of Social
Welfare Faculty of Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University.
Indri Indarwati, is PhD candidate in Social Work at Universiti Sains
Malaysia (USM). Since 1999 she has been attached as a civil servant in
the Ministry of Social Afairs. Her research areas are study of social work,
gender and community development.
vi
Sociology and Welfare Development
Mitshel Lino is a Master of Social Sciences (Psychology) candidate
under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Intan Hashimah Mohd
Hashim from the Department of Social Work, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Her research interest surrounds the ield of Social Psychology. She was
a Graduate Assistant, serving as a Psychology tutor in the university.
She was invited to the Golden Key International Honour Society for
academic excellence and awarded Second Upper Class Honours from her
undergraduate. Her past researches included the area of Multicultural
Psychology and Child Marriage in Malaysia, collaboration project with
UNICEF.
Mohd. Haizzan Yahaya MSW is Ph.D scholars from University
Sains Malaysia. He is currently researching on Urban Poor Housing
and being supervised by. Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, PhD and associate
professor Azlinda Azman, PhD
Mohd Tauik Mohammad is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work
Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His
current Ph.D studies regarding on Specialization Social Work, Forensic
Social Work/Victims’ Studies/Restorative Justice, being supervised by
associate professor Azlinda Azman, PhD.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of
Malaya. He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011)
and Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement
of Sociology in Faculty of Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran
University (2014- present). Visiting Associate Professor at University
of Malaya (2008) and Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains
Malaysia (2012- present).
Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas
Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty
of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now,
a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996
– present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing. Current Researches
are mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).
Sociology and Welfare Development
vii
Current Public Services are Facilitator, Comprehensive Maternal Village
Program in West Java, West Java Province Health Department (2006 –
2008), Facilitator for Sustainable Capacity Building for Decentralization
(SCBD) Project in Bau-bau City and Buton Regency (2008 – 2012),
District Advisory Team Capacity Building Program Minimum Service
Standard Basic Education at Sorong West Papua (2014-2016), tdevianty@
rocketmail.com.
Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of
International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.
viii
Sociology and Welfare Development
ACknowLedgement
Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing
giving me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and
Welfare Development. he publication of this book would not have
been possible without the guidance and knowledge wich I have acquired
from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah - University of
Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of Malaya. I
would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty Tohri and
our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha Aini and
Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.
he publication of this book would not be possible without the
assistance and cooperation that we have received over the years from
the many individuals and organization in various parts of the world.
In particular, we wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of
Sociology Padjadjaran University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially
thanks especially to Ali Maksum for his excellent assistance during the
editorial process of this book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of
Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University. All of my MastersPhD students and colleagues at Padjadjaran University as well as USM
whom I would like to thanked for providing continuous support towards
my success.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Sociology and Welfare Development
ix
x
Sociology and Welfare Development
foreword
Dr. Afriadi Sjahbana Hasibuan, MPA, M.Com (Ec)
Head of Research & Development
Ministry of Home Afairs, Republic of Indonesia
First of all, I am honored to write this foreword and to give my
warm endorsement to this book edited by my colleague Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin, Ph.D. In my point of view, Indonesian harmony is urgent and
should be achieved soon. he government and all stakeholders are pushed
to react and formulate a strong policy to reach the national goals.
his book provides a comprehensive assessment regarding sociology
and welfare development discourses with a new paradigm and approaches
to build Indonesian future. his compilation chapter divided into ifteen
chapters, conclusion and also given constructive policy recommendations.
Although, all authors in this book are depart from various background
and issues, yet they produce and extent some challenges should become
serious attention especially the government. I can argue that this book is
very multidisciplinary and discussed from various angle.
Personally, as practitioner and based on my professional experiences,
I am strongly recommend this book to be read speciically by civil servant,
professional, academicians and those who engage in the social welfare
tasks. One of the important recomendation given by this book is a good
public policy totally need tough cooperation among individuals, groups,
and institutions. I am also impressed that this book which emphasized on
Sociology and Welfare Development
xi
welfare development discourses is smartly promoting the ideas of “spiritual
development” which in some extent isolated from main discussion. his
is important and also to alerting as well as to underscore that Indonesia
is a religious country.
Finally, I am pleased to congratulate to Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin,
PhD which successfully publish this book and demonstrated that he
is a productive scholar. As academician, lecturer and researcher he has
more than thirty years professional experiences in the ield of social and
political sciences in Indonesia as well as recognized in the broad. I hope,
the collaboration between the agency of research and development in
the Ministry of Home Afairs of the Republic Indonesia with the Centre
for Socioglobal Studies - Padjadjaran University become more efective,
fruitful and sustain in the future.
hank you and Wassalam.
Jakarta, 2014
xii
Sociology and Welfare Development
introdUCtion
in the name of god, the most gracioeus, the most merciful
his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era,
sociology to develop human welfare. he main objective of the Sociology
and Welfare Development is to present an integrated analysis of how
the discipline of sociology can contribute to our wider understanding
of the variety of welfare development issues, practices and institutions
approachs, policies and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries.
his explanatory chapters expected to examine and understand as well as
ofer choices for human beings in the dinamics world to build a human
welfare.
his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied
social science can contribute to the development of human life through
many perspectives. he various theme have been selected are discussed
from philosophy to policy models. Each chapter attempt to understand
with a core idea namely welfare development.
In the irst chapter, the main theme related to welfare development
is regarding the global presence in knowledge body. In this chapter
demonstrate that there have gap and diferences between modern and
spiritual concept of welfare development. Chapter two focus on poverty
phenomena in Indonesia as a serious problem. Some have observed
that poor family are marginalized and obtain small attention, while
many also has seen that the problems are the policy makers. It has to
recognized that some assistants and stimulus packages has given by
government to the poor family. However, it has to recognized also that
there were existed some problems regarding inefective management,
Sociology and Welfare Development
xiii
policy implementation, bureaucracy and corruption. Yet, all indicates
that Indonesian government has taken a serious strategic action in order
to struggle to eradicate poverty as well as eradication policy against
chronic of corruption. Related with poverty phenomena, in the chapter
nine, concern on historical and inherited problems such as the disabled
people, the pursuit of full employment in urban areas and overstaing
in the public sector, were important causes for urban poverty. However,
these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well
planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from
the previous period was also relatively small.
In the third chapter focus on human geography and planning as part
of human life. Sociologically, this study concludes that the relationships
between two adjacent metropolitan centres are two geographical
phenomena occurred in the Jakarta-Bandung Mega-Urban Region
(JBMUR). However, a rapid urbanization process has also been occurring
in the corridor area between both metropolitan centers. here are both
direct and indirect relations between these two geographical phenomena
which inally lead to the emergence of the Jakarta-Bandung mega-urban
region. In the fourth chapter, that in addition, the struggle of urban poor
communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely related
to the development and history of the country. After the British colonial
period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing on
the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted
when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search
of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban
migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories,
because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard
work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and
build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and
hence they are known as urban pioneers.
In the ifth chapter the author analyzes the social-welfare fund
called Baitul Mal wat Tamwil (BMT). he authors believe that BMT in
particular and microinance institutions in general is one of the social
welfare movement, getting stronger if you see the development of BMT
in Indonesia, as have been reported by Reuters. he growth of Islamic
microinance institutions (LKMS) in Indonesia is increasingly signiicant.
he main objective of the micro and super micro which is generally being
located in rural areas, LKMS transformed into a small people mover a
tough economy. Currently, there are about three million customers who
xiv
Sociology and Welfare Development
obtained inancial assistant from micro LKMS or BMT.
Chapter six examines the environmental destruction of young
generation to protect and conserve the natural environment. As such,
the key actors in engaging youth participation in environmental action,
be it the government, non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) or
the community, should address the multi-dimensional issues that are
obstacles towards the involvement of the young and come up with
strategies to develop a more intrinsically-motivated participation.
Generally, environmental awareness among youth worldwide is at an
adequate level but it is the translation into action that is still lacking. A
review of the implementation strategies of current environmental action
programs involving youth should be done by the respective organizers
in order to create programs that are fun, hands-on and allows as well
as entrusts youth to apply their environmental knowledge and personal
skills to make key decisions for the future of then environment which
they shall inherit from the present. Hence, there is a need to move
beyond the present, traditional top-down institutionalized approach of
implementing programs towards a more dynamic and lexible approach
in which youth are viewed stakeholders, knowledge sharers and leaders,
and not mere passive participants who carry out the aims dictated by the
organizers.
concentrates on socio-cultural diferences between
hometown and destination areas of Indonesian migrant workers and the
impact towards their health condition. It involves the diferences physical
environment, social, and culture. he diferences of physical environment
involve climate change as well as socio-culture between hometown (Peteuy
Condong Village) and destination (Saudi Arabia). hese diferences
inluence towards the workers health condition related job. Social
diferences are related with social economic status between employers
and workers, that impact to the mental depression of the workers.
Culture diferences are cultures diferentiation between hometown and
destination country. Arabian cultures are introvert and over protected. It
emerge diiculties to access health services. While in the chapter eight,
discuss speciic theme about how to develop any rural community it can
be achieve through the dissemination on the importance of education to
all family members in the rural area. his method is expected to transform
the communities towards appreciating education better. he recognition
of society towards education only, is not enough to enhance the living
standards. Yet, it should be incorporated a the positive attitudes of the
Chapter seven
Sociology and Welfare Development
xv
rural community towards education as a strategy for improving life. At
the same time, the delivery system of the education programs must be
enhanced and it is all depend on the commitment of the school and
teachers of the rural schools as well.
Finally, the last chapter focus on the incidences of child marriage are
no longer pertinent only for less developed country; it actually happens
extensively in diferent parts of the world. Due to psychological and
biological immaturity, children are insuiciently mature to make an
informed decision about a life partner.
his book examines the welfare development issues in the broader
“sociology of welfare development” perspective. It is compiled from
travelers and knowledge experiences in international seminars, talks and
forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion with my PhD and
Master students. hat experiences, together with their personal values and
interests extremely inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope
that those who engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge.
All errors are the author’s responsibility.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
xvi
Sociology and Welfare Development
Chapter
1
Welfare
Development :
meanings, issues and Challenges
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Readers guide
his chapter to introduce the concept of
welfare development: meanings, issues and
Challenges. here are a gap and diferences
between modern and spiritual concept of welfare
development. It was realized that there is “missing
link” due to neglecting a spiritual approach
which critical for human being. It has been
perceived that whether modern or general views
of welfare tend to be material oriented. Placing
spirituality in the development program could
fulill conventional deinition which emphasizes
more on physical development. he problems
and challenges of development, conceptually in
practices needs to focus on balancing between
physical and spirituality. here is still optimistic
that emphasizing spiritual values in the public
Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges
1
administration and services will enhance the performance of the local
government.
Introduction
In this book, the writers are focus on the contemporary welfare
development issues from sociological perspective. What is the meaning
of Welfare Development?. Welfare and development are the two terms
which critically important in the concept of welfare development. Some
of social sciencetist argue that welfare concept is the state of doing well
especially in respect to good fortune, happiness, well being, or prosperity.
However, welfare and development is the two common concepts which
regularly discussed in the developing countries, including Indonesia.
Conceptually, focus of welfare is aids in the form of money or
necessities for those in need; an agency or program through which such
aid is distributed; relating to, or concern with welfare and especially with
improvement of welfare of disadvantages social groups. It means related to
the problems of welfare or utility concept. It is taken to be a primitive
concept. As the concept is also used in sociology as a basic concept, the
understanding of that concept may be seen as a common task of the social
sciences. In the attitude of economics towards utility has always been
ambiguous. On the one hand the concept was absolutely needed in order
to develop a positive and a normative theory of economic behavior. On the
other hand economists felt themselves very uneasy with the concept as its
measurability was doubtful. As such it did not seem to be an operational
concept (Samuelson (1947). hus, that welfare diferences between levels
are equalized, we have also found a cardinal welfare measure, useful for
normative intra- and interpersonal welfare comparisons.
In the philosophy, welfare development concept should be widened
to the whole aspects of discussion such as social justice, tolerance, social
integration and harmony. In the new global welfare, development and
social issues are emerging that requires creative intervention processes
such as embraces diversity, partnership and collaborations as well as
providing services to diferent target groups and clients. Building rapport
and working closely with other human service professionals and other
related disciplines is a critical component to enable social workers
to provide the best services to various populations, particularly to the
vulnerable groups. he following section will discuss some concepts of
2
Sociology and Welfare Development
welfare development.
he concept of welfare development, in the ontology has a broad
meaning. Economic, social and political signiicance is intended to
empowering the weak and less efort in the context of the country. he
indicators of well-being on phyisical, social and psychological problems.
However, Islam as a religion has resources comprehensive reference in
human development. he problem is, wheter the Qur’an and Hadith
- can reasonably be accepted as indicator in social sciences? Should a
complete indicator and the implications can be considered to be efective
for a full restore of change and human well-being?
In the context of the welfare state, Claus Ofe, argues that
“Contradictions of the Welfare State: why in the present state is not able to
take care of problems of political and social conlict in capitalist society?.”
However, Jim Ife for this concept is not appropriate to be applied in Asian
countries which indulge bureaucratic nature. While in Europe relatively
understood by taking into account the local cultural context. A research
reveals that developed country is a country that could made welfare and
happy people - who reached maqasid al-Shariah. Welfare and happiness
(saadah) are important aspect for individuals and communities progress
(Siti Hajar Abu Bakar Ah, Abd. Hadi Zakaria, Muhd Fadhil Nurdin,
2013).
However, those themes important though all are not the focus
of welfare development. Instead, in this book discusses the sociological
context and consequences of the role of state, education, and all aspects
in development, will broadly deined. We used for this discussion to
frame these issues in social sciences and sociology a highly appropriate
choice, for it calls our attention, quite properly, to issues of social justice,
tolerance, social integration and harmony.
Contemporary, in my point of view Social Sciences and Sociology
based on philosophy, values and knowledge are socially constructed.
However, a related concept is being used to frame many of these sociological
issues. herefore, irstly, I introduce that concept, before turning to the
important issues due to can help us to understand more precisely about
the sociological context and its consequences to welfare population
through development.
he core idea here is very simple: Social networks have value. hey
have value to the people in the networks–”networking” is demonstrably
Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges
3
a good career strategy, for instance. But they also have “externalities,”
that is, efects on bystanders. Dense social networks in a neighborhood—
barbecues or neighborhood associations or whatever—can deter crime,
for example, even beneiting neighbors who don’t go to the barbecues or
belong to the association.
However, in the new global welfare, development and social issues are
emerge that requires creative intervention processes. Sociology in applied
as social work is a global profession that embraces diversity, partnership
and collaborations while providing services to diferent target groups
and clients. Building rapport and working closely with other human
service professionals and other related disciplines is a critical component
to provide the best services to various populations, particularly to the
vulnerable groups. In the global perspective and my view, social sciences
and sociology are shaped by the West socio-cultural contexts.
Welfare: Principles and Indicators
Conceptually, the meaning of welfare is a life condition has a broad
meanings. In Islamic perspective, Barise & France (2004), concluding
that a coherent worldview based on Tawheed (Islamic monotheism)
guide Muslims. However, Pillars of Faith (Iman) and Ritual Practice
- as included in most introductory books about Islam, there are six
pillars of faith that delineate how a Muslim views existence (belief in
God (the Arabic name, Allah; belief in and reverence of the angels as
unseen creatures that, unlike humans, never disobey God; belief in all of
the revealed scriptures of God including the original Tawrat (the book
revealed to Prophet Moses), and the original Injil (the book revealed to
Prophet Jesus); belief in and reverence of all Prophets of God from Adam
to Mohammad (peace be upon them), without discriminating among
them; belief in the Hereafter when all humans will return back to God for
the results of their deeds in this world; and belief in the human freewill
as well as the fact that nothing can happen without God’s permission. As
well, ive pillars of ritual practice regulate Muslim’s lives and unify the
Muslim community. hese ive pillars help the Muslim to develop a good
and moral existence: Declaration of faith (shahadah), Prayers (Salat),
Zakat (self and property puriication), Fasting (Sawm), and Pilgrimage
to Makkah (Hajj) (Abdalati, 1986; Haneef, 1999). he pillars of Islamic
faith and ritual practice have important implications for social work with
Muslims (See Al-Krenawi & Graham, 2000). he implication on the
4
Sociology and Welfare Development
welfare development and practices, how to develop communities and
countries – good situation and harmony.
Further, a speciic deinition regarding the main topic in relation
with welfare development are as below:
welfare: from material to spiritual context
first of all, generally welfare could be deined as “the state of doing
well especially in respect to good fortune, happiness, wellbeing, or
prosperity; Aid in the form of money or necessities for those in need;
An agency or program through which such aid is distributed; Relating to
or concern with welfare and especially with improvement of welfare of
disadvantages social groups.” It means that welfare concept too narrow and
related to material context such as 1) basic needs; 2) welfare is determined
by government; 3) social action tend mobilize a source in order to achieve
organization (Dawe, 1978; Drover & Kerans, 1993; Hassard & Denis,
1990; Honneth & Joas, 1988).
Secondly, it attempts to approach welfare from spiritual context.
In Islamic context for instance, the welfare philosophy is refer to the
Quran which mentioned in the praying “O..Allah blessed us with
kindness (hasanah), both in the world and in the hereafter. Simply, the
term of Hasanah could deined as; kindness, welfare, and happiness. In
the Christian concept the term is called as welfare based on love, while
Hindu’s approach as welfare with moral and goodness.
hirdly, in the modern concept welfare are encompasses happiness,
achievements, personal approach, freedom, healthy, security and
descent jobs (Griin, 1986; Hahnel & Albert, 1990; Sumner, 1992). As
general concept welfare consist of happiness parameters which include
security, hospitality on human relations among individuals, groups
and communities. To meet this objectives require social actions such as
resources mobilization, fulillment of basic needs and social development
intervention of the government.
indicators of welfare
According to Zarina Mat Saad & Zulkarnain A. Hatta (2012) argued
that welfare could be observed from quality of life, social satisfaction,
public welfare and living standards; which involving families, groups,
organizations, brotherhood, comminutes and civil society. However, the
Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges
5
United Nations (UN) has own parameters such as nutrition, protection,
health, education, recreation, security, social stability, the physical
environment and the excess of income. Again, from spiritual context
welfare could be described as security–religious afairs, healthy, education,
income, the repent ability, blessed while death, be pardoned hereafter.
he three indicators namely the repent ability, blessed while death, be
pardoned hereafter are indicated spiritual approach which uncounted by
scholars. However, it believed that human being require the spiritual for
their life so that enjoy the life and prosperity without dependence on how
much money has.
he above deinitions demonstrated that there are a gap and
diferences between modern and spiritual concept of welfare. It indicates
that welfare has deined by scholars diferently along with their various
background and ideology. Of course, the deinitions made by scholars
were correct and acceptable. Yet, we were realized that there is “missing
link” due to neglecting a spiritual approach which critical for human
being. It perceived that whether modern or general views of welfare tend
to be material oriented. It believed that this is the problem of modern
deinition and should be revised. Placing spiritual context is critical and
this is not dependence on what religion believed has. All religions are
having pure and sacred moral views. In this context modern deinitions
remain problematic due to generate welfare only based on the material
views and did not consider spiritual approach. Furthermore, placing
this concept is tremendously acceptable with Indonesian national
philosophical foundation “Pancasila” especially the irst principle “Belief
in the divinity of God (Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa).”
herefore, I agree with Zaid & Barise (2004), Islam as a complete
way of life, spirituality is viewed in Islam as uniquely comprehensive.
However, the welfare indicators in Islamic and spirituality perspective,
based on meanings of welfare if human happiness (hasanah) in the world
and aftermath (akhirat), it means the welfare indicators is religious
freedom and safety, physical healthy, education, economic and income
blessing, repentance before death, grace when dead, and maghirah
after death. While this worldwide literature on Islamic indigenization
of social sciences remains limited and less written about localization of
sociology and social work within the context lead us to identify the need
for more comprehensive work on Islam, as we found that most Muslim
clients constructed problems and their solutions with strong reference to
religion (Hakim Sarker & Ahmadullah, 1995). here is a dire need to
6
Sociology and Welfare Development
localize mainstream social sciences, sociological and social work methods
to respond more appropriately to the local context of the Muslim
community in Indonesia and elsewhere. But what does indigenization or
localization of social sciences sociology and social work involve ?
Issues of Welfare Development in Indonesia
I am going to start with a brief story that begin from Indonesia.
Since the rise of Indonesian New Order under President Suharto to
Joko Widodo leadership, Indonesia has attempted to increase the level
of development in various sectors. However, there were some problems
emerged especially regarding income gap and disparity between central
and provinces development. Despite of the inequality issues, some issues
were also rose although development in all sectors smoothly running
including human development. Corruptions have mushroomed across the
countries, while public services maintain in the low level. It was a message
that a comprehensive concept should be addressed to resolve national
problems. Welfare development should be implemented in various sectors.
Not only in the context of public services but also in the whole national
building. Indonesia has many Province along with the huge potential
embedded should be transformed into welfare development. It is not easy,
yet under cooperation with all stakeholders the welfare development in
Indonesian country will becoming reality.
Since the rise of Reformasi in 1998 followed by transformation
era, the critical issue is decentralization. Many people expect that
decentralization would be resolve development disparity issue between
central and local government in Indonesia. However, some problems
risen especially corruption and inequality. In fact, along with rapid
development, money comes in and manages locally, development still
far from so called “welfare development.” Perhaps, national income has
already increase, yet corruption and crime index still growing up. his is
a serious problem due to physically developed, yet mentally destroyed. It
should be reconstructed so that development not only focus on material
but also must to develop the moral and mental of the people.
In the contemporary situation it is important to note the President
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) concept about national development.
President SBY emphasized that “We agree that welfare will be require
more rather than economic growth per se. We need economic and social
Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges
7
transformation to empowering people and lift them from the poverty,”
(Kompas, 27/3/2013). he President SBY concept indicates that he
would like to ensure that social transformation should be taking into
account in development process. To SBY the equilibrium strategy of
role of state implemented by President SBY administration through four
strategic of economic policy so-called pro growth, pro job, pro poor, and
pro environment (Abdul Hakim MS, 2013). Next, after SBY is Jokowi
era, focus on mental revolution. his is important to measure that social
transformation is developed by society itself. In this context we should be
unsure that transformation is moving towards more positive society. he
development of spiritual context is critical to avoid the transformation
itself divergence from moral values. It is clearly demonstrate that
spirituality totally inluence to the social and economic development.
Placing spirituality in the development program could fulill
conventional deinition which emphasizes more on physical development.
We believe that this is good foundation to the national development.
However, in the context of Indonesian development - the innovation
only is not enough. Innovation should add with spirituality so that
consistent in the moral lines. In line with the question whether skill and
knowledge are well constructed? It should be recognized that Indonesia
has many well skill and knowledge people, yet poorly managed. his is big
problem in Indonesian development. Since decentralization policy was
implemented, public administration facing serious problems especially
public services management and government fully corrupt. his is heavy
job to the regional administration. Nevertheless, we still optimistic by
emphasizing spiritual values in the public administration will enhance
the performance of the local government.
However, speciically in implementation of welfare development,
it closes and associated to so-called “professionalism” especially in the
context of social work. In this context professionalism means that welfare
development should be widened to the whole aspects of discussion such
as social justice, tolerance, and social integration. In the new global
welfare, development and social issues are emerging that requires creative
intervention processes such as embraces diversity, partnership and
collaborations as well as providing services to diferent target groups and
clients. Building rapport and working closely with other human service
professionals and other related many disciplines is a critical component
to enable professionals to provide the best services to various populations,
particularly to the vulnerable groups. he following section will discuss
8
Sociology and Welfare Development
some concepts of welfare development.
Welfare Developmental Model: Has well Constructed ?
In the irst part mentioned that welfare development are constructed
and closely related to the professionalism. In this context, professionalism
should be addressed in two aspects which consist of physical or material
and spiritual aspects. To be professional in all aspects a model need to
be introduced in order to create a comprehensive concept for welfare
development. In the early discussion this essay was emphasized that
spirituality will play important role in welfare development concept.
Some scholars have been conducted research across the globe regarding
the role of spirituality in the national development. Holloway (2007) for
instance mentioned that in the USA consistently found that although
up to 80 per cent of people think that it is a good idea for physicians to
talk to patients about spiritual beliefs, only 10 per cent or fewer say that
their physicians have done so with them. Further all considered spiritual
well-being to be an important health component, but most reported
infrequent discussions of spiritual issues with patients and infrequent
referrals of hospitalized patients to chaplains. he same trend were also
have occurred Australia and the UK. How about Indonesia ?
1. Human Welfare Model: Dimension and Focus
Basically, furthermore, spirituality also goes beyond being just
another dimension of human needs. Islam provides guidance on meeting
the spiritual, physical, cognitive, psychological and social needs (Barise,
2004). In this context we will introduce a framework which expected
to be applicable to the welfare development model. he framework is as
below:
Figure 1: Dimension of Human Welfare Model
Physical and
Spritual Welfare
Social
Welfare
Economic
Welfare
Source: adopted and modiied from Mamap Ismy (2012)
Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges
9
2. Community Development Model
Historically, the idea of community development model is grew, in
the west academicians and as the activities of colonial administrators.
We can look to the body of overlapping ideas, including community
participation, community organization and community work. In this
context, that community development is perhaps best used to approaches
which use a mix of informal education, collective action and organizational
development and focus on cultivating social justice, mutual aid, local
networks and communal coherence.
Based on my MA thesis, that people are the subjects and objects of
the development process of their own community, and capable of having
responsibility for it. In the community development model particularly
refers to the approaches or interventions from government agencies and
non-government organizations with the basic principles although it varies
depending on the situation. However, Community development model
can illustrated as:
Figure 2: Community Development Model
A1 A2 A3 An
B1
External
Community
Dinamic
Community
Local
Community
Independence Community
Notes: A1, A2, A3 and An = Government Agencies
B1 = Non-government Organizations
Source: adopted and modiied from Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Faktor-faktor
Strategik dalam Pembangunan Masyarakat (Mohd. Razali Agus & Fashbir
Noor Sidin, Pembangunan dan Dinamika Masyarakat Malaysia, 2000)
10
Sociology and Welfare Development
However, in the community development model, urgently, how to
grew the initiative of the community itself, the support from community
members, community organizations and government. Cooperation is a
strategic concept for improving the welfare of society. All these elements
determine the achievement of development based on the aspirations of
the people.
3. Evaluation Strategic Model
However, in welfare development for strategic increasingly more
concerned with development assessment morality and transparency as a way of thinking skeptic in organizations that have a purpose and
values (not just concerned with the work product). hus, assessment
approaches or evaluation into a programme implementation important
to put a human morality, especially as a priority for service eicient.
Assessment strategies are technical-rational, need to be combined with
interpretive approach that could produce a more critical approach to the
practice of development, especially to facilitate engagement and openness
to ‘debate’ about the practical values, in the form of accuracy up to the
implementation of the program (Everitt & Hardiker 1996).
Figure 3: Evaluation Strategic Model
Basic Sources:
Approaches:
Values
Philosophy and
Law
– Technocratic
– Interpretatifve
Evaluation
Strategic
Evaluation
Based on Social Realities
Source: adopted and modiied from Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Pengurusan
Pembangunan Bandar di Indonesia (Prof. Dato’ DR. Razali Agus dan
Yazid Saleh, Pengurusan Bandar, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala
Lumpur 204).
Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges
11
Contextually, as basic sources - welfare development strategic model
include and respect the values philosophy, laws and aspirations of users.
his system approach can be seen as a new approach in the assessment
of development (Posavac & Carey 1985). In practice, this strategic
models need to carry out monitoring and research, examine the accuracy
programs, as well as oriented to a community decision. he study of
all aspects of the values in each phase of development activities in the
use of is very important as will give an overview of the tasks assessors
should have a moral responsibility to the communities (Stulebeam &
Shinkield 1985). he focus of welfare development strategic model as
in Figure 2.
However, strategic model depicted in the form of the system. he
main focus of attention and are used as a basis in assessment strategies are
the values of philosophy and the Acts in practice. Assessment or evaluation
can be addressed to ideology, accuracy and programs, implementation
and execution (bureaucratic and organizational) systems, and the
recipient (people). Whatever the form of the changes and developments,
the approach in this evaluation strategy still needs to be studied to be
adapted to the issues and interests of the target (people), and the subject,
practical model that is based on social realities.
Based on developing welfare development model are constructed
and closely related to the professionalism. Islam as a source for mercy
the entire universe, can be provides guidance on meeting the spiritual,
physical, cognitive, psychological and social needs (Barise, 2004). In this
context we will introduce and how to use a framework which expected to
be applicable to the welfare development model. Secondly, the community
development model, urgently, how to grew the initiative of the community
itself, the support from community members, community organizations
and governmental agencies. Whatever, cooperation is a strategic concept
for improving the welfare of society. All these elements determine the
achievement of development based on the aspirations of the people, if
used as a basis in assessment strategies are the values of philosophy and
the Acts in practice.
12
Sociology and Welfare Development
Conclusion
Many areas in Indonesia could be explored to enhance people’s welfare.
his is a challenge to the people. Nonetheless, this is a big opportunity
to demonstrate that Indonesia is potential and could be develop country.
he religiosity of Indonesian Moslems is a primary modal to improve
people’s welfare in the mid of corruption. Under the spirit of innovation
and religiosity, welfared Indonesia will come true.
hus, in my view, Islam as a source of strength for Indonesian
Moslems and a factor that balances cultural traditions and modern
inluences. indigenisation or localization of sociology refers to the process
of mainly developing social sciences and sociology approaches rooted in
the national context issues, but also adjusting mainstream social sciences
and sociology to it the local context. In this book, I write with all collegues
focus on ilosophy and meanings of welfare development as an attempt to
understand and integrate social sciences and sociology discusses related to
issues and problem solving practices in Islamic perspective. he last but
not less, Sociologist need to be aware of the various challenges that the
Moslem community in Indonesia is facing. he Islamic values of family
ties, community support, and spiritual-based methods of solving social
problems are waning with today’s modern life.
References
Abdalati, H. (1986). Islam in focus. Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: WAMY.
Abdul Hakim MS. 2013. Melihat Arah Ekonomi Jalan Ketiga, detik 20 Mei
2013, available in http://news.detik.com/read/2013/05/20/ 121121/
2250514/103/ melihat-arah-ekonomi-jalan ketiga? nd771104bcj
(accessed 24 February 2014)
Al-Krenawi, A. & Graham, J. (2000). Islamic theology and prayer.
International Social Work, 43, 289-304 Al-Maqdisi, I. Q. (1995).
Mukhtasr Minhaj Al-Qasidin. [Summary of the way of the seekers].
Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Kitab Al-‘Arabi.
Al-Krenawi, A., & Graham, J.R. (2000). Islamic theology and prayer:
Relevance for social work practice. International Social Work, 43(3),
Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges
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289-304.
Bakar, O. (1999). he history and philosophy of Islamic science.
Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society.
Barise, A. 2004. Islamic perspectives in social work: Towards a practice
model. Paper presented at the 32ndBiennial Conference of the
International Association of Schools of Social Work, Adelaide,
Australia, October 2-5, 2004.
Barise, A. & France, H. (2004). Counselling the Muslim client: Identity,
religion and ethnicity in Canada. In H. France, M. D. Rodrigez, and
G. G. Hett (Eds.), Diver
DEVELOPMENT
Edited by:
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Centre for Socioglobal Studies
Padjadjaran University
Foreword by:
Dr. Afriadi Sjahbana Hasibuan, MPA, M.Com (Ec)
Head of Research & Development
Ministry of Home Afairs, Republic of Indonesia
SOCIOLOGY AND WELFARE DEVELOPMENT
© 2015 Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin et. al.
First Published May, 2015
Published By
Centre for Socioglobal Studies
Padjadjaran University
In Cooperation With
Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI)
Jomblangan Gg. Ontoseno Blok B No 15 Rt 12/30
Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia 55198
Telp. (0274) 9494 558
E-mail/FB: psambiru@gmail.com
ISBN: 978-602-9276-56-5
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
ii
Sociology and Welfare Development
CONTENTS
Contents ...................................................................................
iii
List of Contributors .................................................................
v
Acknowledgement ....................................................................
ix
Foreword ..................................................................................
xi
Introduction .............................................................................
xiii
Welfare Development: Meanings, Issues and
Challenges
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin .................................
1
Poverty and Social Development
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ali Maksum, Indri
Indarwati ........................................................
19
The Emergence of Jakarta-Bandung MegaUrban Region and Its Future Challenges
Agung Mahesa Himawan Dorodjatoen,
Forina Lestari and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ....
39
Development for Urban Poor Housing
Mohd Haizzan Yahaya, Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin, Hery Wibowo and Mohd Tauik
Mohammad .....................................................
69
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Sociology and Welfare Development
iii
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
iv
Baitul Mal wat Tamwil: a Sociological
and Social Welfare Movement ?
Hery Wibowo & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ........
Environmental Participation among Youth:
Challenges, Issues and Motivating Factors
Lim Jen Zen & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin .........
79
97
Indonesian Workers Health Condition:
A Sociological Analysis
Bintarsih Sekarningrum, Desi Yunita
and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ........................... 125
he Delivery System of Education Programs
Mahathir Yahaya, Ali Maksum,
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and Azlinda Azman ... 135
Child Brides, Not Our Pride:
Looking Into Child Marriage Incidences in
Malaysia
Mitshel Lino, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and
Azlinda Azman ................................................
143
Concluding Remarks
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin .................................. 151
Sociology and Welfare Development
LiSt of ContribUtorS
Agung Mahesa Himawan Dorodjatoen, is a PhD candidate at West
Australia University, Perth – Australia. He is a Planning Staf, Directorate
of Spatial Planning and Land Afairs, Indonesia National Development
Planning Agency (Bappenas). He is a Best Graduate Student in Regional
and Planning Department, Bandung Institute of Technology (2006)
and Utrecht Excellence Scholarships Awardee 2007-2009 on Research
Master Human Geography & Planning, Faculy of Geoscience, Utrecht
University.
Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research
and International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang.
His current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from
defensive realism perspective. He has written articles have been published
in such publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies,
Springer (ISI), Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.
Azlinda Azman, Ph.D is an Associate Professor and Head of Social
Work Programme at the School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains
Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. She is also the Convenor of the
AIDS Action and Research Group (AARG), USM. She was a Fulbright
Scholar and obtained her Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) degree in Clinical
Social Work from New York University. Her ields of expertise include
social work education and practice, theory and methods in social work
and social work research. Her areas of research interest include poverty,
Sociology and Welfare Development
v
HIV/AIDS and drug related issues.
Bintarsih Sekarningrum, a leturer at Social Welfare Departement
in Social and Political Sciences Faculty, University of Padjadjaran. She
obtained Bachelor degree, master degree and Doctoral degree from
University of Padjadjaran. Some scientiic papers had been published
at national or international level. Currently, he is focusing on waste
management problem in society who life near the Cikapundung river at
Bandung City.
Desi Yunita, oicially join the Departemen of Sociology at Social
and Political Science Faculty University of Padjadjaran since 2014. She
got Magister degree in Sociology also from University of Padjadjaran and
focusing the research on development and environmental problem.
Forina Lestari, obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing,
School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia
(USM, 2008). Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She
has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan
Lokal dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and
expertise at Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National
Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of
Spatial Planning, Ministry of Public Works (2013), Directorate General
of Regional Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and
Expert, Deputy of the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing
(2012), Expert Staf, Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian
House of Representatives (DPR, 2011). Junior Expert, Directorate of
Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning
Agency (Bappenas, 2010).
Hery Wibowo, S.Psi, MM, PhD is a leturer at Departement of Social
Welfare Faculty of Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University.
Indri Indarwati, is PhD candidate in Social Work at Universiti Sains
Malaysia (USM). Since 1999 she has been attached as a civil servant in
the Ministry of Social Afairs. Her research areas are study of social work,
gender and community development.
vi
Sociology and Welfare Development
Mitshel Lino is a Master of Social Sciences (Psychology) candidate
under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Intan Hashimah Mohd
Hashim from the Department of Social Work, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Her research interest surrounds the ield of Social Psychology. She was
a Graduate Assistant, serving as a Psychology tutor in the university.
She was invited to the Golden Key International Honour Society for
academic excellence and awarded Second Upper Class Honours from her
undergraduate. Her past researches included the area of Multicultural
Psychology and Child Marriage in Malaysia, collaboration project with
UNICEF.
Mohd. Haizzan Yahaya MSW is Ph.D scholars from University
Sains Malaysia. He is currently researching on Urban Poor Housing
and being supervised by. Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, PhD and associate
professor Azlinda Azman, PhD
Mohd Tauik Mohammad is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work
Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His
current Ph.D studies regarding on Specialization Social Work, Forensic
Social Work/Victims’ Studies/Restorative Justice, being supervised by
associate professor Azlinda Azman, PhD.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of
Malaya. He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011)
and Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement
of Sociology in Faculty of Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran
University (2014- present). Visiting Associate Professor at University
of Malaya (2008) and Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains
Malaysia (2012- present).
Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas
Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty
of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now,
a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996
– present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing. Current Researches
are mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).
Sociology and Welfare Development
vii
Current Public Services are Facilitator, Comprehensive Maternal Village
Program in West Java, West Java Province Health Department (2006 –
2008), Facilitator for Sustainable Capacity Building for Decentralization
(SCBD) Project in Bau-bau City and Buton Regency (2008 – 2012),
District Advisory Team Capacity Building Program Minimum Service
Standard Basic Education at Sorong West Papua (2014-2016), tdevianty@
rocketmail.com.
Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of
International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.
viii
Sociology and Welfare Development
ACknowLedgement
Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing
giving me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and
Welfare Development. he publication of this book would not have
been possible without the guidance and knowledge wich I have acquired
from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah - University of
Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of Malaya. I
would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty Tohri and
our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha Aini and
Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.
he publication of this book would not be possible without the
assistance and cooperation that we have received over the years from
the many individuals and organization in various parts of the world.
In particular, we wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of
Sociology Padjadjaran University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially
thanks especially to Ali Maksum for his excellent assistance during the
editorial process of this book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of
Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University. All of my MastersPhD students and colleagues at Padjadjaran University as well as USM
whom I would like to thanked for providing continuous support towards
my success.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Sociology and Welfare Development
ix
x
Sociology and Welfare Development
foreword
Dr. Afriadi Sjahbana Hasibuan, MPA, M.Com (Ec)
Head of Research & Development
Ministry of Home Afairs, Republic of Indonesia
First of all, I am honored to write this foreword and to give my
warm endorsement to this book edited by my colleague Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin, Ph.D. In my point of view, Indonesian harmony is urgent and
should be achieved soon. he government and all stakeholders are pushed
to react and formulate a strong policy to reach the national goals.
his book provides a comprehensive assessment regarding sociology
and welfare development discourses with a new paradigm and approaches
to build Indonesian future. his compilation chapter divided into ifteen
chapters, conclusion and also given constructive policy recommendations.
Although, all authors in this book are depart from various background
and issues, yet they produce and extent some challenges should become
serious attention especially the government. I can argue that this book is
very multidisciplinary and discussed from various angle.
Personally, as practitioner and based on my professional experiences,
I am strongly recommend this book to be read speciically by civil servant,
professional, academicians and those who engage in the social welfare
tasks. One of the important recomendation given by this book is a good
public policy totally need tough cooperation among individuals, groups,
and institutions. I am also impressed that this book which emphasized on
Sociology and Welfare Development
xi
welfare development discourses is smartly promoting the ideas of “spiritual
development” which in some extent isolated from main discussion. his
is important and also to alerting as well as to underscore that Indonesia
is a religious country.
Finally, I am pleased to congratulate to Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin,
PhD which successfully publish this book and demonstrated that he
is a productive scholar. As academician, lecturer and researcher he has
more than thirty years professional experiences in the ield of social and
political sciences in Indonesia as well as recognized in the broad. I hope,
the collaboration between the agency of research and development in
the Ministry of Home Afairs of the Republic Indonesia with the Centre
for Socioglobal Studies - Padjadjaran University become more efective,
fruitful and sustain in the future.
hank you and Wassalam.
Jakarta, 2014
xii
Sociology and Welfare Development
introdUCtion
in the name of god, the most gracioeus, the most merciful
his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era,
sociology to develop human welfare. he main objective of the Sociology
and Welfare Development is to present an integrated analysis of how
the discipline of sociology can contribute to our wider understanding
of the variety of welfare development issues, practices and institutions
approachs, policies and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries.
his explanatory chapters expected to examine and understand as well as
ofer choices for human beings in the dinamics world to build a human
welfare.
his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied
social science can contribute to the development of human life through
many perspectives. he various theme have been selected are discussed
from philosophy to policy models. Each chapter attempt to understand
with a core idea namely welfare development.
In the irst chapter, the main theme related to welfare development
is regarding the global presence in knowledge body. In this chapter
demonstrate that there have gap and diferences between modern and
spiritual concept of welfare development. Chapter two focus on poverty
phenomena in Indonesia as a serious problem. Some have observed
that poor family are marginalized and obtain small attention, while
many also has seen that the problems are the policy makers. It has to
recognized that some assistants and stimulus packages has given by
government to the poor family. However, it has to recognized also that
there were existed some problems regarding inefective management,
Sociology and Welfare Development
xiii
policy implementation, bureaucracy and corruption. Yet, all indicates
that Indonesian government has taken a serious strategic action in order
to struggle to eradicate poverty as well as eradication policy against
chronic of corruption. Related with poverty phenomena, in the chapter
nine, concern on historical and inherited problems such as the disabled
people, the pursuit of full employment in urban areas and overstaing
in the public sector, were important causes for urban poverty. However,
these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well
planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from
the previous period was also relatively small.
In the third chapter focus on human geography and planning as part
of human life. Sociologically, this study concludes that the relationships
between two adjacent metropolitan centres are two geographical
phenomena occurred in the Jakarta-Bandung Mega-Urban Region
(JBMUR). However, a rapid urbanization process has also been occurring
in the corridor area between both metropolitan centers. here are both
direct and indirect relations between these two geographical phenomena
which inally lead to the emergence of the Jakarta-Bandung mega-urban
region. In the fourth chapter, that in addition, the struggle of urban poor
communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely related
to the development and history of the country. After the British colonial
period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing on
the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted
when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search
of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban
migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories,
because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard
work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and
build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and
hence they are known as urban pioneers.
In the ifth chapter the author analyzes the social-welfare fund
called Baitul Mal wat Tamwil (BMT). he authors believe that BMT in
particular and microinance institutions in general is one of the social
welfare movement, getting stronger if you see the development of BMT
in Indonesia, as have been reported by Reuters. he growth of Islamic
microinance institutions (LKMS) in Indonesia is increasingly signiicant.
he main objective of the micro and super micro which is generally being
located in rural areas, LKMS transformed into a small people mover a
tough economy. Currently, there are about three million customers who
xiv
Sociology and Welfare Development
obtained inancial assistant from micro LKMS or BMT.
Chapter six examines the environmental destruction of young
generation to protect and conserve the natural environment. As such,
the key actors in engaging youth participation in environmental action,
be it the government, non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) or
the community, should address the multi-dimensional issues that are
obstacles towards the involvement of the young and come up with
strategies to develop a more intrinsically-motivated participation.
Generally, environmental awareness among youth worldwide is at an
adequate level but it is the translation into action that is still lacking. A
review of the implementation strategies of current environmental action
programs involving youth should be done by the respective organizers
in order to create programs that are fun, hands-on and allows as well
as entrusts youth to apply their environmental knowledge and personal
skills to make key decisions for the future of then environment which
they shall inherit from the present. Hence, there is a need to move
beyond the present, traditional top-down institutionalized approach of
implementing programs towards a more dynamic and lexible approach
in which youth are viewed stakeholders, knowledge sharers and leaders,
and not mere passive participants who carry out the aims dictated by the
organizers.
concentrates on socio-cultural diferences between
hometown and destination areas of Indonesian migrant workers and the
impact towards their health condition. It involves the diferences physical
environment, social, and culture. he diferences of physical environment
involve climate change as well as socio-culture between hometown (Peteuy
Condong Village) and destination (Saudi Arabia). hese diferences
inluence towards the workers health condition related job. Social
diferences are related with social economic status between employers
and workers, that impact to the mental depression of the workers.
Culture diferences are cultures diferentiation between hometown and
destination country. Arabian cultures are introvert and over protected. It
emerge diiculties to access health services. While in the chapter eight,
discuss speciic theme about how to develop any rural community it can
be achieve through the dissemination on the importance of education to
all family members in the rural area. his method is expected to transform
the communities towards appreciating education better. he recognition
of society towards education only, is not enough to enhance the living
standards. Yet, it should be incorporated a the positive attitudes of the
Chapter seven
Sociology and Welfare Development
xv
rural community towards education as a strategy for improving life. At
the same time, the delivery system of the education programs must be
enhanced and it is all depend on the commitment of the school and
teachers of the rural schools as well.
Finally, the last chapter focus on the incidences of child marriage are
no longer pertinent only for less developed country; it actually happens
extensively in diferent parts of the world. Due to psychological and
biological immaturity, children are insuiciently mature to make an
informed decision about a life partner.
his book examines the welfare development issues in the broader
“sociology of welfare development” perspective. It is compiled from
travelers and knowledge experiences in international seminars, talks and
forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion with my PhD and
Master students. hat experiences, together with their personal values and
interests extremely inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope
that those who engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge.
All errors are the author’s responsibility.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
xvi
Sociology and Welfare Development
Chapter
1
Welfare
Development :
meanings, issues and Challenges
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Readers guide
his chapter to introduce the concept of
welfare development: meanings, issues and
Challenges. here are a gap and diferences
between modern and spiritual concept of welfare
development. It was realized that there is “missing
link” due to neglecting a spiritual approach
which critical for human being. It has been
perceived that whether modern or general views
of welfare tend to be material oriented. Placing
spirituality in the development program could
fulill conventional deinition which emphasizes
more on physical development. he problems
and challenges of development, conceptually in
practices needs to focus on balancing between
physical and spirituality. here is still optimistic
that emphasizing spiritual values in the public
Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges
1
administration and services will enhance the performance of the local
government.
Introduction
In this book, the writers are focus on the contemporary welfare
development issues from sociological perspective. What is the meaning
of Welfare Development?. Welfare and development are the two terms
which critically important in the concept of welfare development. Some
of social sciencetist argue that welfare concept is the state of doing well
especially in respect to good fortune, happiness, well being, or prosperity.
However, welfare and development is the two common concepts which
regularly discussed in the developing countries, including Indonesia.
Conceptually, focus of welfare is aids in the form of money or
necessities for those in need; an agency or program through which such
aid is distributed; relating to, or concern with welfare and especially with
improvement of welfare of disadvantages social groups. It means related to
the problems of welfare or utility concept. It is taken to be a primitive
concept. As the concept is also used in sociology as a basic concept, the
understanding of that concept may be seen as a common task of the social
sciences. In the attitude of economics towards utility has always been
ambiguous. On the one hand the concept was absolutely needed in order
to develop a positive and a normative theory of economic behavior. On the
other hand economists felt themselves very uneasy with the concept as its
measurability was doubtful. As such it did not seem to be an operational
concept (Samuelson (1947). hus, that welfare diferences between levels
are equalized, we have also found a cardinal welfare measure, useful for
normative intra- and interpersonal welfare comparisons.
In the philosophy, welfare development concept should be widened
to the whole aspects of discussion such as social justice, tolerance, social
integration and harmony. In the new global welfare, development and
social issues are emerging that requires creative intervention processes
such as embraces diversity, partnership and collaborations as well as
providing services to diferent target groups and clients. Building rapport
and working closely with other human service professionals and other
related disciplines is a critical component to enable social workers
to provide the best services to various populations, particularly to the
vulnerable groups. he following section will discuss some concepts of
2
Sociology and Welfare Development
welfare development.
he concept of welfare development, in the ontology has a broad
meaning. Economic, social and political signiicance is intended to
empowering the weak and less efort in the context of the country. he
indicators of well-being on phyisical, social and psychological problems.
However, Islam as a religion has resources comprehensive reference in
human development. he problem is, wheter the Qur’an and Hadith
- can reasonably be accepted as indicator in social sciences? Should a
complete indicator and the implications can be considered to be efective
for a full restore of change and human well-being?
In the context of the welfare state, Claus Ofe, argues that
“Contradictions of the Welfare State: why in the present state is not able to
take care of problems of political and social conlict in capitalist society?.”
However, Jim Ife for this concept is not appropriate to be applied in Asian
countries which indulge bureaucratic nature. While in Europe relatively
understood by taking into account the local cultural context. A research
reveals that developed country is a country that could made welfare and
happy people - who reached maqasid al-Shariah. Welfare and happiness
(saadah) are important aspect for individuals and communities progress
(Siti Hajar Abu Bakar Ah, Abd. Hadi Zakaria, Muhd Fadhil Nurdin,
2013).
However, those themes important though all are not the focus
of welfare development. Instead, in this book discusses the sociological
context and consequences of the role of state, education, and all aspects
in development, will broadly deined. We used for this discussion to
frame these issues in social sciences and sociology a highly appropriate
choice, for it calls our attention, quite properly, to issues of social justice,
tolerance, social integration and harmony.
Contemporary, in my point of view Social Sciences and Sociology
based on philosophy, values and knowledge are socially constructed.
However, a related concept is being used to frame many of these sociological
issues. herefore, irstly, I introduce that concept, before turning to the
important issues due to can help us to understand more precisely about
the sociological context and its consequences to welfare population
through development.
he core idea here is very simple: Social networks have value. hey
have value to the people in the networks–”networking” is demonstrably
Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges
3
a good career strategy, for instance. But they also have “externalities,”
that is, efects on bystanders. Dense social networks in a neighborhood—
barbecues or neighborhood associations or whatever—can deter crime,
for example, even beneiting neighbors who don’t go to the barbecues or
belong to the association.
However, in the new global welfare, development and social issues are
emerge that requires creative intervention processes. Sociology in applied
as social work is a global profession that embraces diversity, partnership
and collaborations while providing services to diferent target groups
and clients. Building rapport and working closely with other human
service professionals and other related disciplines is a critical component
to provide the best services to various populations, particularly to the
vulnerable groups. In the global perspective and my view, social sciences
and sociology are shaped by the West socio-cultural contexts.
Welfare: Principles and Indicators
Conceptually, the meaning of welfare is a life condition has a broad
meanings. In Islamic perspective, Barise & France (2004), concluding
that a coherent worldview based on Tawheed (Islamic monotheism)
guide Muslims. However, Pillars of Faith (Iman) and Ritual Practice
- as included in most introductory books about Islam, there are six
pillars of faith that delineate how a Muslim views existence (belief in
God (the Arabic name, Allah; belief in and reverence of the angels as
unseen creatures that, unlike humans, never disobey God; belief in all of
the revealed scriptures of God including the original Tawrat (the book
revealed to Prophet Moses), and the original Injil (the book revealed to
Prophet Jesus); belief in and reverence of all Prophets of God from Adam
to Mohammad (peace be upon them), without discriminating among
them; belief in the Hereafter when all humans will return back to God for
the results of their deeds in this world; and belief in the human freewill
as well as the fact that nothing can happen without God’s permission. As
well, ive pillars of ritual practice regulate Muslim’s lives and unify the
Muslim community. hese ive pillars help the Muslim to develop a good
and moral existence: Declaration of faith (shahadah), Prayers (Salat),
Zakat (self and property puriication), Fasting (Sawm), and Pilgrimage
to Makkah (Hajj) (Abdalati, 1986; Haneef, 1999). he pillars of Islamic
faith and ritual practice have important implications for social work with
Muslims (See Al-Krenawi & Graham, 2000). he implication on the
4
Sociology and Welfare Development
welfare development and practices, how to develop communities and
countries – good situation and harmony.
Further, a speciic deinition regarding the main topic in relation
with welfare development are as below:
welfare: from material to spiritual context
first of all, generally welfare could be deined as “the state of doing
well especially in respect to good fortune, happiness, wellbeing, or
prosperity; Aid in the form of money or necessities for those in need;
An agency or program through which such aid is distributed; Relating to
or concern with welfare and especially with improvement of welfare of
disadvantages social groups.” It means that welfare concept too narrow and
related to material context such as 1) basic needs; 2) welfare is determined
by government; 3) social action tend mobilize a source in order to achieve
organization (Dawe, 1978; Drover & Kerans, 1993; Hassard & Denis,
1990; Honneth & Joas, 1988).
Secondly, it attempts to approach welfare from spiritual context.
In Islamic context for instance, the welfare philosophy is refer to the
Quran which mentioned in the praying “O..Allah blessed us with
kindness (hasanah), both in the world and in the hereafter. Simply, the
term of Hasanah could deined as; kindness, welfare, and happiness. In
the Christian concept the term is called as welfare based on love, while
Hindu’s approach as welfare with moral and goodness.
hirdly, in the modern concept welfare are encompasses happiness,
achievements, personal approach, freedom, healthy, security and
descent jobs (Griin, 1986; Hahnel & Albert, 1990; Sumner, 1992). As
general concept welfare consist of happiness parameters which include
security, hospitality on human relations among individuals, groups
and communities. To meet this objectives require social actions such as
resources mobilization, fulillment of basic needs and social development
intervention of the government.
indicators of welfare
According to Zarina Mat Saad & Zulkarnain A. Hatta (2012) argued
that welfare could be observed from quality of life, social satisfaction,
public welfare and living standards; which involving families, groups,
organizations, brotherhood, comminutes and civil society. However, the
Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges
5
United Nations (UN) has own parameters such as nutrition, protection,
health, education, recreation, security, social stability, the physical
environment and the excess of income. Again, from spiritual context
welfare could be described as security–religious afairs, healthy, education,
income, the repent ability, blessed while death, be pardoned hereafter.
he three indicators namely the repent ability, blessed while death, be
pardoned hereafter are indicated spiritual approach which uncounted by
scholars. However, it believed that human being require the spiritual for
their life so that enjoy the life and prosperity without dependence on how
much money has.
he above deinitions demonstrated that there are a gap and
diferences between modern and spiritual concept of welfare. It indicates
that welfare has deined by scholars diferently along with their various
background and ideology. Of course, the deinitions made by scholars
were correct and acceptable. Yet, we were realized that there is “missing
link” due to neglecting a spiritual approach which critical for human
being. It perceived that whether modern or general views of welfare tend
to be material oriented. It believed that this is the problem of modern
deinition and should be revised. Placing spiritual context is critical and
this is not dependence on what religion believed has. All religions are
having pure and sacred moral views. In this context modern deinitions
remain problematic due to generate welfare only based on the material
views and did not consider spiritual approach. Furthermore, placing
this concept is tremendously acceptable with Indonesian national
philosophical foundation “Pancasila” especially the irst principle “Belief
in the divinity of God (Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa).”
herefore, I agree with Zaid & Barise (2004), Islam as a complete
way of life, spirituality is viewed in Islam as uniquely comprehensive.
However, the welfare indicators in Islamic and spirituality perspective,
based on meanings of welfare if human happiness (hasanah) in the world
and aftermath (akhirat), it means the welfare indicators is religious
freedom and safety, physical healthy, education, economic and income
blessing, repentance before death, grace when dead, and maghirah
after death. While this worldwide literature on Islamic indigenization
of social sciences remains limited and less written about localization of
sociology and social work within the context lead us to identify the need
for more comprehensive work on Islam, as we found that most Muslim
clients constructed problems and their solutions with strong reference to
religion (Hakim Sarker & Ahmadullah, 1995). here is a dire need to
6
Sociology and Welfare Development
localize mainstream social sciences, sociological and social work methods
to respond more appropriately to the local context of the Muslim
community in Indonesia and elsewhere. But what does indigenization or
localization of social sciences sociology and social work involve ?
Issues of Welfare Development in Indonesia
I am going to start with a brief story that begin from Indonesia.
Since the rise of Indonesian New Order under President Suharto to
Joko Widodo leadership, Indonesia has attempted to increase the level
of development in various sectors. However, there were some problems
emerged especially regarding income gap and disparity between central
and provinces development. Despite of the inequality issues, some issues
were also rose although development in all sectors smoothly running
including human development. Corruptions have mushroomed across the
countries, while public services maintain in the low level. It was a message
that a comprehensive concept should be addressed to resolve national
problems. Welfare development should be implemented in various sectors.
Not only in the context of public services but also in the whole national
building. Indonesia has many Province along with the huge potential
embedded should be transformed into welfare development. It is not easy,
yet under cooperation with all stakeholders the welfare development in
Indonesian country will becoming reality.
Since the rise of Reformasi in 1998 followed by transformation
era, the critical issue is decentralization. Many people expect that
decentralization would be resolve development disparity issue between
central and local government in Indonesia. However, some problems
risen especially corruption and inequality. In fact, along with rapid
development, money comes in and manages locally, development still
far from so called “welfare development.” Perhaps, national income has
already increase, yet corruption and crime index still growing up. his is
a serious problem due to physically developed, yet mentally destroyed. It
should be reconstructed so that development not only focus on material
but also must to develop the moral and mental of the people.
In the contemporary situation it is important to note the President
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) concept about national development.
President SBY emphasized that “We agree that welfare will be require
more rather than economic growth per se. We need economic and social
Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges
7
transformation to empowering people and lift them from the poverty,”
(Kompas, 27/3/2013). he President SBY concept indicates that he
would like to ensure that social transformation should be taking into
account in development process. To SBY the equilibrium strategy of
role of state implemented by President SBY administration through four
strategic of economic policy so-called pro growth, pro job, pro poor, and
pro environment (Abdul Hakim MS, 2013). Next, after SBY is Jokowi
era, focus on mental revolution. his is important to measure that social
transformation is developed by society itself. In this context we should be
unsure that transformation is moving towards more positive society. he
development of spiritual context is critical to avoid the transformation
itself divergence from moral values. It is clearly demonstrate that
spirituality totally inluence to the social and economic development.
Placing spirituality in the development program could fulill
conventional deinition which emphasizes more on physical development.
We believe that this is good foundation to the national development.
However, in the context of Indonesian development - the innovation
only is not enough. Innovation should add with spirituality so that
consistent in the moral lines. In line with the question whether skill and
knowledge are well constructed? It should be recognized that Indonesia
has many well skill and knowledge people, yet poorly managed. his is big
problem in Indonesian development. Since decentralization policy was
implemented, public administration facing serious problems especially
public services management and government fully corrupt. his is heavy
job to the regional administration. Nevertheless, we still optimistic by
emphasizing spiritual values in the public administration will enhance
the performance of the local government.
However, speciically in implementation of welfare development,
it closes and associated to so-called “professionalism” especially in the
context of social work. In this context professionalism means that welfare
development should be widened to the whole aspects of discussion such
as social justice, tolerance, and social integration. In the new global
welfare, development and social issues are emerging that requires creative
intervention processes such as embraces diversity, partnership and
collaborations as well as providing services to diferent target groups and
clients. Building rapport and working closely with other human service
professionals and other related many disciplines is a critical component
to enable professionals to provide the best services to various populations,
particularly to the vulnerable groups. he following section will discuss
8
Sociology and Welfare Development
some concepts of welfare development.
Welfare Developmental Model: Has well Constructed ?
In the irst part mentioned that welfare development are constructed
and closely related to the professionalism. In this context, professionalism
should be addressed in two aspects which consist of physical or material
and spiritual aspects. To be professional in all aspects a model need to
be introduced in order to create a comprehensive concept for welfare
development. In the early discussion this essay was emphasized that
spirituality will play important role in welfare development concept.
Some scholars have been conducted research across the globe regarding
the role of spirituality in the national development. Holloway (2007) for
instance mentioned that in the USA consistently found that although
up to 80 per cent of people think that it is a good idea for physicians to
talk to patients about spiritual beliefs, only 10 per cent or fewer say that
their physicians have done so with them. Further all considered spiritual
well-being to be an important health component, but most reported
infrequent discussions of spiritual issues with patients and infrequent
referrals of hospitalized patients to chaplains. he same trend were also
have occurred Australia and the UK. How about Indonesia ?
1. Human Welfare Model: Dimension and Focus
Basically, furthermore, spirituality also goes beyond being just
another dimension of human needs. Islam provides guidance on meeting
the spiritual, physical, cognitive, psychological and social needs (Barise,
2004). In this context we will introduce a framework which expected
to be applicable to the welfare development model. he framework is as
below:
Figure 1: Dimension of Human Welfare Model
Physical and
Spritual Welfare
Social
Welfare
Economic
Welfare
Source: adopted and modiied from Mamap Ismy (2012)
Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges
9
2. Community Development Model
Historically, the idea of community development model is grew, in
the west academicians and as the activities of colonial administrators.
We can look to the body of overlapping ideas, including community
participation, community organization and community work. In this
context, that community development is perhaps best used to approaches
which use a mix of informal education, collective action and organizational
development and focus on cultivating social justice, mutual aid, local
networks and communal coherence.
Based on my MA thesis, that people are the subjects and objects of
the development process of their own community, and capable of having
responsibility for it. In the community development model particularly
refers to the approaches or interventions from government agencies and
non-government organizations with the basic principles although it varies
depending on the situation. However, Community development model
can illustrated as:
Figure 2: Community Development Model
A1 A2 A3 An
B1
External
Community
Dinamic
Community
Local
Community
Independence Community
Notes: A1, A2, A3 and An = Government Agencies
B1 = Non-government Organizations
Source: adopted and modiied from Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Faktor-faktor
Strategik dalam Pembangunan Masyarakat (Mohd. Razali Agus & Fashbir
Noor Sidin, Pembangunan dan Dinamika Masyarakat Malaysia, 2000)
10
Sociology and Welfare Development
However, in the community development model, urgently, how to
grew the initiative of the community itself, the support from community
members, community organizations and government. Cooperation is a
strategic concept for improving the welfare of society. All these elements
determine the achievement of development based on the aspirations of
the people.
3. Evaluation Strategic Model
However, in welfare development for strategic increasingly more
concerned with development assessment morality and transparency as a way of thinking skeptic in organizations that have a purpose and
values (not just concerned with the work product). hus, assessment
approaches or evaluation into a programme implementation important
to put a human morality, especially as a priority for service eicient.
Assessment strategies are technical-rational, need to be combined with
interpretive approach that could produce a more critical approach to the
practice of development, especially to facilitate engagement and openness
to ‘debate’ about the practical values, in the form of accuracy up to the
implementation of the program (Everitt & Hardiker 1996).
Figure 3: Evaluation Strategic Model
Basic Sources:
Approaches:
Values
Philosophy and
Law
– Technocratic
– Interpretatifve
Evaluation
Strategic
Evaluation
Based on Social Realities
Source: adopted and modiied from Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Pengurusan
Pembangunan Bandar di Indonesia (Prof. Dato’ DR. Razali Agus dan
Yazid Saleh, Pengurusan Bandar, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala
Lumpur 204).
Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges
11
Contextually, as basic sources - welfare development strategic model
include and respect the values philosophy, laws and aspirations of users.
his system approach can be seen as a new approach in the assessment
of development (Posavac & Carey 1985). In practice, this strategic
models need to carry out monitoring and research, examine the accuracy
programs, as well as oriented to a community decision. he study of
all aspects of the values in each phase of development activities in the
use of is very important as will give an overview of the tasks assessors
should have a moral responsibility to the communities (Stulebeam &
Shinkield 1985). he focus of welfare development strategic model as
in Figure 2.
However, strategic model depicted in the form of the system. he
main focus of attention and are used as a basis in assessment strategies are
the values of philosophy and the Acts in practice. Assessment or evaluation
can be addressed to ideology, accuracy and programs, implementation
and execution (bureaucratic and organizational) systems, and the
recipient (people). Whatever the form of the changes and developments,
the approach in this evaluation strategy still needs to be studied to be
adapted to the issues and interests of the target (people), and the subject,
practical model that is based on social realities.
Based on developing welfare development model are constructed
and closely related to the professionalism. Islam as a source for mercy
the entire universe, can be provides guidance on meeting the spiritual,
physical, cognitive, psychological and social needs (Barise, 2004). In this
context we will introduce and how to use a framework which expected to
be applicable to the welfare development model. Secondly, the community
development model, urgently, how to grew the initiative of the community
itself, the support from community members, community organizations
and governmental agencies. Whatever, cooperation is a strategic concept
for improving the welfare of society. All these elements determine the
achievement of development based on the aspirations of the people, if
used as a basis in assessment strategies are the values of philosophy and
the Acts in practice.
12
Sociology and Welfare Development
Conclusion
Many areas in Indonesia could be explored to enhance people’s welfare.
his is a challenge to the people. Nonetheless, this is a big opportunity
to demonstrate that Indonesia is potential and could be develop country.
he religiosity of Indonesian Moslems is a primary modal to improve
people’s welfare in the mid of corruption. Under the spirit of innovation
and religiosity, welfared Indonesia will come true.
hus, in my view, Islam as a source of strength for Indonesian
Moslems and a factor that balances cultural traditions and modern
inluences. indigenisation or localization of sociology refers to the process
of mainly developing social sciences and sociology approaches rooted in
the national context issues, but also adjusting mainstream social sciences
and sociology to it the local context. In this book, I write with all collegues
focus on ilosophy and meanings of welfare development as an attempt to
understand and integrate social sciences and sociology discusses related to
issues and problem solving practices in Islamic perspective. he last but
not less, Sociologist need to be aware of the various challenges that the
Moslem community in Indonesia is facing. he Islamic values of family
ties, community support, and spiritual-based methods of solving social
problems are waning with today’s modern life.
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