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HARNESSING GREEN IT
HARNESSING GREEN IT
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICESEditors
San Murugesan BRITE Professional Services and University of Western Sydney, Australia G.R. Gangadharan Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology, India A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Harnessing green IT : principles and practices / San Murugesan, G. R.
Gangadharan, editors. – 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-119-97005-7 (cloth)
1. Information technology – Environmental aspects. 2. Computer science – Environmental aspects. 3. Information technology – Energy consumption. 4.
Green technology. I. Murugesan, San. II. Gangadharan, G. R.
QA76.9.E58H37 2012 ′ 004.028 6 – dc23 2012010715 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN (H/B): 9781119970057 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
Dedicated to all who are interested in learning and harnessing
green IT to create a sustainable environment for the benefit
of current and future generations.
Contents About the Editors xix About the Authors xxi Foreword xxix Preface xxxi Acknowledgements xxxv
1 Green IT: An Overview
1 San Murugesan and G.R. Gangadharan
Key Points
1
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development
2
1.2.1 The Inconvenient Truth
3
1.2.2 Sustainable Development
4
1.2.3 Why Should You Go Green?
4
1.3 Environmental Impacts of IT
4
1.4 Green IT
5
1.4.1 OCED Green IT Framework
6
1.4.2 Green IT 1.0 and 2.0
7
1.5 Holistic Approach to Greening IT
7
1.5.1 Greening Computer’s Entire Life Cycle
8
1.5.2 The Three Rs of Green IT
9
1.6 Greening IT
10
1.6.1 Green PCs, Notebooks and Servers
10
1.6.2 Green Data Centres
10
1.6.3 Green Cloud Computing
12
1.6.4 Green Data Storage
12
1.6.5 Green Software
13
1.6.6 Green Networking and Communications
13
1.7 Applying IT for Enhancing Environmental Sustainability
1.9.1 Green Washing
2 Green Devices and Hardware
3.2 Energy-Saving Software Techniques
45
3.2.2 Data Efficiency
42
3.2.1 Computational Efficiency
41
3.1.1 Processor Power States
40
49
39
3.1 Introduction
39
Key Points
3.2.3 Context Awareness
52
3.2.4 Idle Efficiency
37
3.3 Evaluating and Measuring Software Impact to Platform Power
55
3.3.1 Fluke NetDAQ (Networked Data Acquisition Unit)
55
3.3.2 Software Tools
57
3.4 Summary
59 Acknowledgements
60 Review Questions
61 Discussion Questions
61 References
61 Further Reading
62
39 Bob Steigerwald and Abhishek Agrawal
37 References
14
1.11 Conclusion
23 Ashok Pon Kumar and Sateesh S. Kannegala
20
19 Further Reading and Useful Web Sites
19 References
19 Discussion Questions
18 Review Questions
17
23
1.10 Green IT: Burden or Opportunity?
17
15
1.9 Enterprise Green IT Strategy
15
1.8 Green IT Standards and Eco-Labelling of IT
Key Points
2.1 Introduction
37 Discussion Questions
28
36 Review Questions
2.4 Conclusions
34
2.3 Reuse, Recycle and Dispose
29
2.2.4 Use
2.2.3 Packaging and Transportation
23
26
2.2.2 Manufacturing
25
2.2.1 Design
24
2.2 Life Cycle of a Device or Hardware
3 Green Software
Contents
4 Sustainable Software Development
4.8.2 Portability
79
4.8.5 Dependability
79
4.8.4 Performance
79
4.8.3 Supportability
78
78
79
4.8.1 Modifiability and Reusability
78
4.8 Case Study
77
4.7 Defining Actions
77
4.6.5 Existing Project Statistics
4.8.6 Usability
4.8.7 Accessibility
4.6.4 Platform Analysis
4.9 Conclusions
85
Key Points
85 Charles G. Sheridan, Keith A. Ellis, Enrique G. Castro-Leon and Christopher P. Fowler
83
82 References
82 Discussion Questions
82 Review Questions
81
79
4.8.11 Results and Actions
81
4.8.10 Project’s Footprint
81
4.8.9 Efficiency
81
4.8.8 Predictability
76
75
63 Felipe Albertao
66
4.5.3 Supportability
70
4.5.2 Portability
68
4.5.1 Modifiability and Reusability
68
4.5 Software Sustainability Metrics
4.4 Software Sustainability Attributes
4.5.4 Performance
65
4.3 Sustainable Software
64
4.2 Current Practices
63
4.1 Introduction
63
Key Points
71
71
4.6.3 Simplified Usability Study
4.5.10 Project’s Carbon Footprint
74
4.6.2 Code Metrics Tools
73
4.6.1 Collecting Metrics
73
4.6 Sustainable Software Methodology
73
73
4.5.5 Dependability
4.5.9 Efficiency
72
4.5.8 Predictability
72
4.5.7 Accessibility
71
4.5.6 Usability
71
5 Green Data Centres
5.1 Data Centres and Associated Energy Challenges
References 111
6.2.1 Hard Disks
6.2 Storage Media Power Characteristics 115
6.1 Introduction 113
Key Points 113
113 Pin Zhou and Nagapramod Mandagere
Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 112
Discussion Questions 111
6.2.2 Magnetic Tapes
Review Questions 111
5.7 Conclusions 110
109
5.6.4 A Thorough Evaluation
108
5.6.3 Impact
115
117
5.6.2 Tested Solution
6.4 System-Level Energy Management 119
123
6.4.5 Cloud Storage
6.4.4 Storage Virtualization 122
6.4.3 Hierarchical Storage Management 121
6.4.2 Power-Aware Data Layout 120
6.4.1 RAID with Power Awareness 120
119
6.2.3 Solid-State Drives (SSDs) 117
6.3.3 Dynamic RPM
118
6.3.2 Caching
118
6.3.1 State Transitioning
6.3 Energy Management Techniques for Hard Disks 118
108
108
85
89
92
5.3.1 Power System
92
5.3 Data Centre Facility Infrastructure: Implications for Energy Efficiency
90
5.2.4 IT Platform Innovation
5.2.3 Storage
95
89
5.2.2 Networking
87
5.2.1 Servers
87
5.2 Data Centre IT Infrastructure
5.3.2 Cooling
5.3.3 Facilities Infrastructure Management
5.6.1 Challenges
104
5.6 Data Centre Management Strategies: A Case Study 108
107
5.5.2 Power versus Energy Consumption
106
5.5.1 PUE and DCiE
5.5 Green Data Centre Metrics 106
5.4.3 Virtualization
97
101
5.4.2 Consolidation
98
5.4.1 Server Power
98
5.4 IT Infrastructure Management
6 Green Data Storage
Contents
7 Green Networks and Communications 127
8.3.1 Cost Reduction
7.4 Conclusions 145
Acknowledgements 145
Review Questions 145
Discussion Questions 146
References 146
Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 148
Bhuvan Unhelkar
Key Points 149
8.1 Introduction 149
8.2 Approaching Green IT Strategies 151
8.3 Business Drivers of Green IT Strategy 153
8.3.2 Demands from Legal and Regulatory Requirements 154
153
7.3.4 Context Detail to Drive Energy Efficiency
8.3.3 Sociocultural and Political Pressure 155
8.3.4 Enlightened Self-Interest 155
8.3.5 Collaborative Business Ecosystem 155
8.3.6 New Market Opportunities 156
8.4 Business Dimensions for Green IT Transformation 156
8.4.1 Economy
157
8.4.2 Technology
157
8.4.3 Process
158
142
142
6.5 Summary and Research Areas 124 Review Questions
131
124 Discussion Questions
124 References
124
Cathryn Peoples, Gerard Parr, Sally McClean and Philip Morrow
Key Points 127
7.1 Introduction 127
7.1.1 Green Network Communications and Management: Background 128
7.1.2 The Challenge of Next-Generation Networks
129
7.1.3 Benefits of Energy-Efficient Networks
130
7.1.4 Objectives of Green Networking
7.1.5 Core Components in Green-Networking Technology
7.3.3 Contributions from Standardization Bodies
132
7.2 Objectives of Green Network Protocols 132
7.2.1 Energy-Optimizing Protocol Design
133
7.2.2 Bit Costs Associated with Network Communication Protocols
135
7.2.3 Objectives of Green Network Protocols
138
7.3 Green Network Protocols and Standards 140
7.3.1 Strategies to Reduce Carbon Emissions
140
7.3.2 Contributions from the EMAN Working Group
140
8 Enterprise Green IT Strategy 149
8.4.4 People
158
8.5 Organizational Considerations in a Green IT Strategy 160
8.6 Steps in Developing a Green IT Strategy 161
8.7 Metrics and Measurements in Green Strategies 163
8.8 Conclusions 164
Review Questions 164
Discussion Questions 164
References 164
9 Sustainable Information Systems and Green Metrics 167
9.1 Introduction 167
186
9.9 Measuring the Maturity of Sustainable ICT 182
9.9.1 A Capability Maturity Framework for SICT
182
9.9.2 Defining the Scope and Goal
185
9.9.3 Capability Maturity Levels
185
9.9.4 SICT Capability Building Blocks
9.9.5 Assessing and Managing SICT Progress
9.8.1 Developing a City Sustainability Plan: A Case Study
188
9.10 Conclusions 189
Appendix: Sustainability Tools and Standards 190 Acknowledgements
195 Review Questions
195 Discussion Questions
196 References
196 Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 197 Tools and Carbon Calculators 198
Edward Curry and Brian Donnellan
181
9.8 Regional/City Level Information 181
9.2 Multilevel Sustainable Information 168
9.4.1 Life-Cycle Assessment 173
9.3 Sustainability Hierarchy Models 170
9.3.1 Sustainability Frameworks
170
9.3.2 Sustainability Principles
172
9.3.3 Tools for Sustainability
172
9.4 Product Level Information 173
9.4.2 The Four Stages of LCA 173
178
9.4.3 CRT Monitors versus LCD Monitors: Life Cycle Assessment 174
9.5 Individual Level Information 174
9.6 Functional Level Information 176
9.6.1 Data Centre Energy Efficiency 176
Key Points 167
9.6.3 Emerging Data Centre Metrics 177
9.7 Organizational Level Information 178
9.7.1 Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions
9.6.2 Data Centre Power Metrics 176 Contents
10 Enterprise Green IT Readiness 199
10.3.5 Green IT Technology
References 209
Discussion Questions 209
Review Questions 208
10.5 Conclusions 207
207
10.4.2 Calculating the G-Readiness Index via a Survey Instrument
206
10.4.1 G-Readiness Consultancy Services
10.4 Measuring an Organization’s G-Readiness 206
205
Alemayehu Molla and Vanessa Cooper
Key Points 199
10.3.4 Green IT Practice
204
10.3.3 Green IT Governance
204
10.3.2 Green IT Policy
203
10.3.1 Green IT Attitude
10.3 Development of the G-Readiness Framework 202
10.2 Background: Readiness and Capability 201
10.1 Introduction 199
205
11 Sustainable IT Services: Creating a Framework for Service Innovation 211
11.1 Introduction 211
11.5 Sustainable IT Roadmap 229
Robert R. Harmon and Haluk Demirkan
233 11.6.2 Cisco Systems, Inc. 233
11.6.1 IBM
11.6 SITS Leadership and Best Practices 233
232
11.5.7 Value Goals
11.5.6 Organizational Changes 232
11.5.5 SITS Standards and Reporting 232
11.5.4 Compliance, Regulations, Standards and Reporting 231
11.5.3 Products, Services and Technologies 229
229
11.5.2 Market Segments
229
11.5.1 Time Horizon
227
11.2 Factors Driving the Development of Sustainable IT 213
219
11.2.1 The Sustainability Dimensions of IT
213
Key Points 211
216
11.3 Sustainable IT Services (SITS) 219
11.3.1 Developing a Service-Dominant Logic
11.3.2 Business Value, Customer Value and Societal Value
11.4.2 Integrating Sustainable IT and Business Strategy
220
11.3.3 SITS as Service Science
222
11.4 SITS Strategic Framework 224
11.4.1 The SITS Value Curve
224
11.2.2 Corporate Sustainability, Social Responsibility and IT
11.6.3 Siemens AG
11.6.10 Samsung
References 238
Discussion Questions 238
Review Questions 238
11.8 Summary 237
11.7 Conclusions 237
237
11.6.12 SeeClickFix
236
11.6.11 Pachube
236
236
235
11.6.9 Apple
236
11.6.8 Google
236
11.6.7 Oracle
11.6.6 Microsoft Corporation 235
235
11.6.5 Intel Corporation
235
11.6.4 HP
Useful Web Sites 242
12 Green Enterprises and the Role of IT 243
Key Points 243
12.4.2 Green Management of Data Centres
References 263
Discussion Questions 262
Review Questions 262
12.7 Conclusions 262
12.6 Enablers and Making the Case for IT and the Green Enterprise 261
259
12.5.3 Eco-Industrial Parks and Information Systems
258
12.5.2 Demanufacturing and Reverse Logistics
257
12.5.1 Electronic Commerce and Greening the Extended Enterprise
12.5 Inter-organizational Enterprise Activities and Green Issues 256
256
256
12.1 Introduction 243
12.4.1 Environmental Information Technology Standards
12.4 Greening the Enterprise: IT Usage and Hardware 255
255
12.3.6 Electronic Environmental and Sustainability Reporting
254
12.3.5 Integrating Environmental and LCA Information with ERP
12.3.4 ERP Challenges and Deficiencies with Respect to EMIS 254
250
12.3.3 ERP EMISs
12.3.2 Software and Databases 250
12.3.1 Environmental Management Information Systems 250
12.3 Information Systems in Greening Enterprises 248
Joseph Sarkis
12.2 Organizational and Enterprise Greening 244
12.2.1 The Green Enterprise: A Value Chain Perspective 245 Contents
13 Environmentally Aware Business Process Improvement in the Enterprise Context
265 Konstantin Hoesch-Klohe and Aditya Ghose
References 280
13.7.1 As-Is Scenario
276
13.7.2 Improvement Scenarios
277
13.7.3 Assessing Scenarios
278
13.8 Conclusions 280
Review Questions 280
Discussion Questions 280
Key Points 283
283 Linda R. Wilbanks
13.6.2 Environmental Operating Costs 276
14.1 Introduction 283
14.2 Strategizing Green Initiatives 284
14.2.1 Strategic Thinking
284
14.2.2 Strategic Planning
285
14.2.3 Strategic Implementation 286
14.2.4 Enterprise Architecture Planning 286
14.3 Implementation of Green IT 288
13.7 An Example 276
13.6.1 Cost to Bring about the Change 275
Key Points 265
13.3 A Decision Support Tool for Environmentally Aware Business Process Improvement
13.1 Introduction 265
13.2 Identifying the Environmental Impact of an Activity or Process 266
13.2.1 Educated Guess by an Expert
266
13.2.2 Derivation from a Resource Model
267
13.2.3 Carbon-Dioxide Accumulation
267
13.2.4 Activity-Based Costing
267
268
13.6 Trade-Off Analysis 275
13.3.1 Some Preliminaries
268
13.3.2 The Business Process Improvement System
269
13.4 Process Improvement in the Enterprise Context 270
13.4.1 The Enterprise Ecosystem
271
13.4.2 Enterprise Ecosystem Equilibrium 272
13.5 Impact and Change Propagation Analysis 272
13.5.1 Identifying the Consequences of a Business Process Change 272
13.5.2 Re-Establishing a State of Equilibrium 273
14 Managing Green IT
14.3.1 Return on Investment 289
15 Regulating Green IT: Laws, Standards and Protocols 297
16.2 What is Cloud Computing? 318
15.7 Social Movements and Greenpeace 308
15.8 Conclusions 311
Review Questions 312
Discussion Questions 313
References 313
Further Reading 314
Saurabh Kumar Garg and Rajkumar Buyya
Key Points 315
16.1 Introduction 315
16.2.2 Components of Cloud Computing 319
16.2.1 Cloud Computing Characteristics 318
15.5 Green Building Standards 306
16.2.3 Cloud Computing Deployment Models 321
16.3 Cloud Computing and Energy Usage Model: A Typical Example 322
16.3.1 User and Cloud Software Applications 323
16.3.2 Cloud Software Stack for the SaaS, PaaS and IaaS Levels 323
16.3.3 Network Devices
324
16.3.4 Data Centres
325
16.4 Features of Clouds Enabling Green Computing 325
15.6 Green Data Centres 306
15.4 Industry Associations and Standards Bodies 305
14.3.2 Metrics
References 296
290
14.3.3 The Goal–Question–Metric (GQM) Paradigm 291
14.4 Information Assurance 292
14.4.1 Risk Management
292
14.5 Communication and Social Media 294
14.6 Case Study 295
14.7 Summary 296
Review Questions 296
Discussion Questions 296
Tom Butler
15.3 Nonregulatory Government Initiatives 303
Key Points 297
15.1 Introduction 297
15.2 The Regulatory Environment and IT Manufacturers 299
15.2.1 RoHS
300
15.2.2 REACh
301
15.2.3 WEEE
302
15.2.4 Legislating for GHG Emissions and Energy Use of IT Equipment
303
16 Green Cloud Computing and Environmental Sustainability 315
Contents
17 Harnessing Semantic Web Technologies for the Environmental Sustainability of Production Systems 341
17.5 Challenges and Guiding Principles 358
350
17.3.4 Semantic Web
351
17.4 Examples of Managing Data 353
17.4.1 Pages for Commodities
353
17.4.2 Pages for Processes
354
17.4.3 Pages for Overviews and Information Management
356
17.4.4 Reuse of Data across Multiple Levels and Points of View 358
17.5.1 Challenges
348
358
17.5.2 Guiding Principles
359
17.6 Conclusions 360
Review Questions 361
Discussion Questions 361
References 361
Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 363
365 San Murugesan and G.R. Gangadharan
Key Points 365
18.1 Introduction 365
17.3.3 SparqlExtension
17.3.2 Semantic MediaWiki
16.5 Towards Energy Efficiency of Cloud Computing 327
337 References
16.5.1 Applications
327
16.5.2 Cloud Software Stack: Virtualization and Provisioning 327
16.5.3 Data Centre Level: Cooling, Hardware, Network and Storage 329
16.5.4 Monitoring and Metering 330
16.5.5 Network Infrastructure 331
16.6 Green Cloud Architecture 332
16.7 Case Study: IaaS Provider 334
16.8 Conclusions and Future Directions 336 Acknowledgements
337 Review Questions
337 Discussion Questions
337
346
Chris Davis, Igor Nikolic and Gerard Dijkema
Key Points 341
17.1 Introduction 341
17.2 Information Management for Environmental Sustainability 344
17.2.1 Invisible Coordination
344
17.2.2 Sustainability and Networks
344
17.2.3 Need for Information Management Techniques
345
17.3 Ecosystem of Software Tools 346
17.3.1 MediaWiki
18 Green IT: An Outlook
18.2 Awareness to Implementation 366
18.4 Green IT: A Megatrend? 373
References 378
Discussion Questions 378
Review Questions 378
18.7 Prospects 377
18.6 Research and Development Directions 376
376
18.5.1 Balancing the Costs and Benefits of Going Green
18.5 A Seven-Step Approach to Creating Green IT Strategy 375
375
18.4.2 Green Audit
374
18.4.1 Outsourcing and Environmental Attributes
372
18.2.1 Green IT Trends
18.3.5 Enterprise-Wide Environmental Sustainability
371
18.3.4 Green Supply Chain and Logistics
371
18.3.3 Smart Buildings and Homes
369
18.3.2 Smart Grids
18.3.1 Using RFID for Environmental Sustainability 368
18.3 Greening by IT 368
367
18.2.2 Green Engineering
366
Glossary 381 Index 389
About the Editors San Murugesan is Director of BRITE Professional Services and
Adjunct Professor in the School of Computing and Mathematics at the University of Western Sydney, Australia. He is a Senior Consultant with the Data Insight & Social BI practice of Cutter Consortium, United States. He is also a corporate trainer and an independent IT and education consultant. He held various senior positions at the University of Western Sydney and Southern Cross University, both in Australia, and at Multimedia University in Malaysia. He also worked at the Indian Space Research Organi- sation, Bangalore, India. He has served as Senior Research Fellow of the US National Research Council at the NASA Ames Research Center, United States. In a career spanning over three decades in academia and industry, Dr Murugesan has led several innovative IT projects, provided leadership in teaching and research, and consulted to business, industry and educational institutions.
His work has focussed on the development, application and management of IT with expertise and interests spanning a range of areas, including green computing, cloud com- puting, Web 2.0 and 3.0, mobile computing applications, Web engineering, e-business and IT for emerging markets. He has over 150 publications which include journal and conference papers, executive reports, edited books, IEEE CS EssentialSets and e-mail advisories. He has developed and delivered professional certificate training programs on green IT and cloud computing. He serves as Associate Editor-in-Chief of IEEE’s IT Pro-
fessional magazine and on the editorial boards of other international journals. He also
edits and contributes to the IT in Emerging Markets Department of IT Professional . He is a Fellow of the Australian Computer Society, a Fellow of IETE, a Senior Member of IEEE and a distinguished visitor and tutorial speaker of the IEEE Computer Soci- ety. You can follow him on Twitter @santweets and at LinkedIn and contact him at
G.R. Gangadharan currently serves as an Assistant Profes-
sor at the Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT), Hyderabad, India. He has rich experience of working on several European Framework projects including COMPAS, GAMES, COCKPIT and WATTALYST. His areas of research interests include Internet technologies (service-oriented computing and cloud computing), green information systems and energy-efficient computing, information and communication tech- nology (ICT) for emerging markets, free and open source systems (FOSS) and enterprise information systems. He has over 40 pub- lications in international conference proceedings and journals. He is a member of IEEE.
He holds a PhD in Information and Communication Technology from the University of Trento, Trento, Italy and the European University Association; an MS in Informa- tion Technology from Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy; and an MSc in Computer Science from Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India. Contact him at
About the Authors
Abhishek Agrawal has over 10 years of industry expe-
rience and is currently a Senior Technical Lead in Intel’s Software Services Group who drives Intel’s initiatives on power efficiency for client and Atom-based platforms. He has significant research experience in energy efficiency and has authored and co-authored several industry white papers and technical papers in refereed international conferences and journals. Abhishek is Intel’s representative for Climate Savers Computing Initiative, has participated in numerous industry panels on green computing, has delivered multi- ple tutorial sessions at industry and academic events and is member of multiple industry power working groups such as the Extended Battery Life Working Group (EBLWG) and
Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices (UPAMD).
Felipe Albertao
is a Researcher at IBM Research – China who focusses on software solutions for improving urban water systems as part of IBM’s Smarter Planet effort. His previous research and activism are related to the use of technol- ogy for environmental and social development in Brazil (his native country) and the USA. Felipe has a master’s degree in software engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, and two decades of experience in information technology.
Tom Butler is a Senior Lecturer in Business Information Systems,
University College Cork, Ireland. Since joining academia from the Telecommunications Industry in 1998, he has authored over 95 publications. Tom held a Government of Ireland Research Fellowship in green IT from 2009 to 2010. Subsequently he became Champion of the Irish Business and Employers Confederation (IBEC)/Irish Software Innovation Net- work (ISIN) green information and communication technology (ICT) cluster. Since 2005 he has been conducting research into environmental compliance management systems (ECMSs), which are a type of green IS that enables organizations to, for example, design green IT and remain in compliance with regulations globally. He is currently conducting research on green ICT in the public sector and on the role of green IS for the Smart Grid.
Rajkumar Buyya
is Director of the Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory at the University of Melbourne, Australia. He has authored 350 publications and four text books. He also edited several books including
Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms (2011). He is a highly cited author in com-
puter science and software engineering worldwide. Software technologies for grid and cloud computing developed under Dr Buyya’s leadership are in use at several academic institutions and commercial enterprises in 40 countries around the world.
Enrique G
. Castro-Leon is an Enterprise Architect and Technology Strategist with Intel Corporation working on technology integration for highly efficient virtualized cloud data centres for emerging usage models for cloud com- puting. He is the lead author of two books, The Business Value of Virtual Service Grids:
Strategic Insights for Enterprise Decision Makers
(2008) and Creating the Infrastructure
for Cloud Computing: An Essential Handbook for IT Professionals (2011).
Vanessa Cooper
is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Business Information Technology and Logistics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. Her research interests include green IT, IT services, knowledge management and organi- zational learning.
Edward Curry leads the green and sustainable IT research domain
at the Digital Enterprise Research Institute. His areas of research include green IT and IS, energy informatics, enterprise-linked data, integrated reporting and cloud computing. Edward has worked extensively with industry and government advising on the adoption patterns, practicalities and benefits of new technologies. He has published in leading journals and books, and has spoken at international conferences including the MIT CIO Symposium. He is an adjunct lecturer at the National University of Ireland, Galway.
Chris Davis
is currently a PhD Candidate at the Energy and Industry group, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, at Delft University of Technology. In 2001, he graduated with a bachelor of engineering degree in electrical engineering and computer science from Vanderbilt University. In 2007, he received an MSc in industrial ecology from Leiden University with a thesis combining life cycle assessment within agent-based modelling. His current work involves tackling issues of sustainability through a combination of tools such as the Semantic Web, agent-based models and collaborative software such as wikis.
Haluk Demirkan
is Clinical Full Professor of Information Systems and a Research Faculty member of the Center for Services Leadership at Ari- zona State University. His main research interests are service science and innovation, cloud-based IT services, analytics and business process engineering for sustainable inno- vation. He is the recent recipient of the IBM Faculty Award for the research project ‘Design Science for Self Service Systems’. In 2011, he was ranked 50th in the ‘Top 100 Rankings of World-wide Researchers’ according to the Association for Informa- tion Systems’ sanctioned worldwide research rankings (based the 2008–2010 publication records of premier IS journals MIS Quarterly, Information Systems Research and Jour-
nal of Management Information Systems ). His research has been supported by American
Express, Intel, IBM, Teradata and MicroStrategy. He has a PhD in information systems and operations management from the University of Florida.
About the Authors
Gerard Dijkema is an Associate Professor at the Energy and
Industry group, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Tech- nology. Gerard graduated as a Chemical Engineer (honours) from Twente University of Technology (Enschede, the Netherlands) in 1986 and holds a PhD from Delft University of Technology (PhD thesis: ‘Process System Innovation by Design – Towards a Sustain- able Petrochemical Industry’, 2004). His expertise spans energy technology, large-scale process industry, transition, networked process system innovation, the modelling of large- scale systems for decision support and the relation between industrial infra-systems and applicable policy, law and economics.
Brian Donnellan
is Professor of Information Systems Inno- vation at the National University of Ireland Maynooth and Co-director of the Innovation Value Institute. Prior to joining NUI Maynooth, Professor Donnellan was a faculty mem- ber in the National University of Ireland, Galway. He has spent 20 years working in the ICT industry where he was responsible for the provision of IS to support product development. He is an expert evaluator for the European Commission and has been guest and associate editor of several leading IS journals, including Journal of IT, Journal of Strategic Information Systems and MIS Quarterly.
Keith A. Ellis
is an Applied Researcher within Intel Labs, the R&D arm of Intel Corporation, where he primarily focusses on sustainable ICT and ICT enablement in the context of energy efficiency. Keith has worked on both internal sustain- ability projects in the data centre arena and also on European FP7-funded sustainability research. His prime interest areas are energy data analytics and impact assessment technol- ogy and practices. Keith holds an MSc in innovation and technology management, a BSc (honours) in technology and diplomas in information technology and systems thinking, and he is Lean Six Sigma certified. He has 13 years of industrial experience, primarily in manufacturing. Roles have included operational management, hardware, maintenance and process engineering, business process improvement (BPI) engineering primarily in lean, Lean Six Sigma, systems analyses and people systems.
Christopher P. Fowler has worked in computing science
research since 2001. He has held research fellowships with leading research groups focussed on system architectures for distributed e-science, intelligent transport systems and sensor networks. He has an MSc and PhD from Newcastle University, United King- dom. He is currently focussed on the design, integration and demonstration of applied
ICT for sustainable energy management.
G.R. Gangadharan
see his biography under ‘About the Editors’ on page xx.
Saurabh Kumar Garg
is currently working as a research fellow in the Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, Uni- versity of Melbourne, Australia. He completed his PhD in the area of meta-scheduling in market-oriented grids and utility computing from the University of Melbourne in 2010. In Melbourne University, he received various special scholarships for his PhD candidature. He has also worked with IBM India Research Laboratory, where he designed and optimized the FFT and Random Access benchmarks for Blue Gene/L. His research interests include resource management, scheduling, utility and grid computing, cloud computing, green computing, wireless networks and ad hoc networks.
Aditya Ghose
is Professor of Computer Science at the University of Wollongong (UoW) and Director of its Decision Systems Lab. He holds a PhD and MSc in computing science from the University of Alberta, Canada. He is Research Leader of the Cooperative Research Centre for Smart Services, Co-Director of the Centre for Oncology Informatics at the UoW Health and Medical Research Institute, Co-leader of the UoW Carbon-Centric Computing Initiative, Co-convenor of the Australian Computer Society’s New South Wales Branch Special Interest Group (NSW SIG) on Green ICT and Vice President of the Computing Research and Education Association of Australasia (CORE) (Australia’s apex body for computing academics).
Robert R. Harmon is Professor of Marketing and Technology Man-
agement and Cameron Research Fellow in the School of Business at Portland State University. His research interests are service innovation, cloud-based sustainable IT ser- vices, ecological design factors for technology products and the strategic migration of manufacturing companies to service enterprise business models. His research has been supported by the National Science Foundation, Intel Corporation, IBM and Tata Consul- tancy Services, among others. He has a PhD in marketing and information systems from Arizona State University.
Konstantin Hoesch-Klohe
holds a BSc in Business Information Systems from the Hochschule Furtwangen, Germany. Since 2010 he has been a PhD student at the School of Computer Science and Software Engineering at the University of Wollongong (UoW). Konstantin’s research interests include business process management, enterprise architectures, service science, formal methods and conceptual modelling.
Sateesh S. Kannegala received his PhD from the University of
Massachusetts in Physics after receiving his MSc from IIT Kanpur. Since 1994 he has been in the IT Industry and has worked in security and IT service management. He worked as a Solution Architect with HP until 2005. Sateesh currently works as a Senior