Excel for Chemists, 3rd Edition

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Excel

for Chemists
A Comprehensive Guide
Third Edition

E. Joseph Billo

WILEY
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

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Copyright ©

2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Billo, E. Joseph.
Excel for chemists : a comprehensive guide / E. Joseph Billo. — 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-470-38123-6 (pbk.)
1. Electronic spreadsheets. 2. Chemistry— Data processing. 3. Microsoft Excel (Computer file) I. Title.
QD39.3.S67B55 201I
542'.85— dc22
2011010945
Printed in the United States of America.
oBook: 978-1-118-09395-5
ePDF: 978-1-118-09393-1
ePub: 978-1-118-09394-8

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Summary of Contents
PART I
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
PART II
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
PART III

Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
PART IV
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
PART V
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
PART VI
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F

Appendix G
Appendix H
Appendix I
Appendix J
Appendix K

Contents
Preface to the Third Edition
Before You Begin
THE BASICS
Working with Excel 2007 or Excel 2010
Working with Excel 2003
Excel Formulas and Functions
Excel 2007/2010 Charts
Excel 2003 Charts
ADVANCED SPREADSHEET TOPICS
Advanced Worksheet Formulas
Array Formulas
Advanced Charting Techniques
Using Excel's Database Features

Importing Data into Excel
Adding Controls to a Spreadsheet
Other Language Versions of Excel
SPREADSHEET MATHEMATICS
Mathematical Methods for Spreadsheet Calculations
Linear Regression and Curve Fitting
Nonlinear Regression Using the Solver
EXCEL' S VISUAL BASIC FOR APPLICATIONS
Visual Basic for Applications: An Introduction
Programming with VBA
Working with Arrays in VBA
SOME APPLICATIONS OF VBA
Command Macros
Custom Functions
Automatic Procedures
Custom Menus
Custom Toolbars and Toolbuttons
APPENDICES
What's Where in Excel 2007/2010
Selected Worksheet Functions by Category

Alphabetical List of Selected Worksheet Functions
Renamed Functions in Excel 2010
Selected Visual Basic Keywords by Category
Alphabetical List of Selected Visual Basic Keywords
Selected Excel 4 Macro Functions
Shortcut Keys by Keystroke
Selected Shortcut Keys by Category
ASCII Codes
Contents of the CD-ROM
INDEX

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Contents
Preface to the Third Edition
Before You Begin
PART I

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xxvii

THE BASICS

Chapter 2 Working with Excel 2007 or Excel 2010
What's New in Excel 2007 and Excel 2010
The Ribbon
New File Formats
A Much Larger Worksheet
Larger Limits for Some Features
New Worksheet Functions
The Downside
What's New in Excel 2010
The Excel 2007/2010 Document Window
Hiding, Moving or Resizing a Document Window
Working with Excel 2007/2010
The Office Button (Excel 2007)
The File Tab (Excel 2010)
The Excel Options Window
The Ribbon: An Overview

Shortcut Menus
Keyboard Access to the Ribbon
The Home Tab
Navigating Around the Workbook
Inserting or Deleting Worksheets
Changing the Name of a Worksheet
Rearranging the Order of Sheets in a Workbook
Selecting Multiple Worksheets: [Group] Mode
Changing the Color of Sheet Tabs
Using Move or Copy Sheet or Delete Sheet
Navigating Around the Worksheet
Selecting a Range of Cells
Selecting Non-Adjacent Ranges
Extending a Selection
Selecting a Block of Cells
Entering Data in a Worksheet
Entering Numbers
How Excel Stores and Displays Numbers

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Contents
Custom Date Formats
Time Formats
Variable Number Formats
Conditional Number Formats
Formatting Numbers Using "Precision as Displayed"
Conditional Formatting (Part I)
Printing Documents
Using Page Setup
Using Print
Printing a Selected Range of Cells in a Worksheet
Using Set Print Area
Printing Row or Column Headings for a Multi-Page Worksheet
Protecting Data in Worksheets
Protecting a Workbook
Protecting a Workbook by Making It a Read-Only Workbook
Hiding a Worksheet
Protecting a Worksheet by Locking or Hiding Cell Contents
Controlling the Way Documents Are Displayed
Using New Window and Arrange
Different Views of the Same Worksheet
Using Split Screens
Using Freeze Panes
Using Zoom
Easing the Transition from Excel 2003 to Excel 2007/2010
Customize the Quick Access Toolbar
Use Shortcut Keys
Display Classic Menus
Excel 2007/2010 Workbook and Worksheet Specifications

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Chapter 2 Working with Excel 2003
The Excel 2003 Document Window
Changing What Excel Displays
Moving or Resizing Documents
Navigating Around the Workbook
Changing the Name of a Worksheet
Changing the Color of Sheet Tabs
Rearranging the Order of Sheets in a Workbook
Selecting Multiple Worksheets: [Group] Mode
Navigating Around the Worksheet
Selecting a Range of Cells on the Worksheet
Selecting Non-Adjacent Ranges
Extending a Selection
Selecting a Block of Cells

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Excel for Chemists

Entering Data in a Worksheet
Entering Numbers
How Excel Stores and Displays Numbers
Entering Text
Entering Formulas
Editing Cell Entries
Adding a Text Box
;
Entering a Cell Comment
Using the Equation Editor
Excel's Menus: An Overview
Shortcut Menus
Menu Commands or Toolbuttons?
Opening, Closing and Saving Documents
Opening or Creating Workbooks
Using Move or Copy Sheet... or Delete Sheet
Using Close or Exit
Types of Excel Document
Using Save or Save As
Using Save Workspace
Editing a Worksheet
Inserting or Deleting Rows or Columns
Using Cut, Copy and Paste
Copying and Pasting Multiple Items
Using Paste Special
Using Paste Special to Transpose Rows and Columns
Using Clear
Using the Insert Menu
Copy, Cut or Paste Using Drag-and-Drop Editing
Duplicating Values or Formulas in a Range of Cells
Absolute, Relative and Mixed References
Relative References When Using Copy and Cut
Using AutoFill to Fill Down or Fill Right
Creating a Series
Using AutoFill to Create a Series
The AutoFill Shortcut Menu
Formatting Worksheets
Using Column Width... and Row Height
Formatting Cells
Using Alignment
Using Font
The Alternate Character Set
Entering Subscripts and Superscripts

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Using Border and Patterns
Using the Format Painter Toolbutton
Number Formatting
Using Excel's Built-in Number Formats
Custom Number Formats
Date Formats
Time Formats
:
Variable Number Formats
Conditional Number Formats
Using the Number Formatting Toolbuttons
Formatting Numbers Using "Precision as Displayed"
Using Conditional Formatting (Part I)
Printing Documents
Using Page Setup
Using Print Preview
Using Print
Printing a Selected Range of Cells in a Worksheet
Printing Row or Column Headings for a Multi-Page Worksheet
Protecting Data in Worksheets
Protecting a Workbook
Protecting a Workbook by Making it a Read-Only Workbook
Hiding a Worksheet
Protecting a Worksheet by Locking or Hiding Cell Contents
Controlling the Way Documents Are Displayed
Viewing Several Worksheets at the Same Time
Using New Window and Arrange
Different Views of the Same Worksheet
Using New Window
Using Split Screens
Using Freeze Panes
Opening Excel 2007/2010 Documents in Excel 2003
Excel 2003 Workbook and Worksheet Specifications

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Chapter 3 Excel Formulas and Functions
The Elements of a Worksheet Formula
Constants
Operators
References: Absolute, Relative and Mixed
R1C1 Reference Style
Creating and Using External References
Creating an External Reference by Selecting
Creating an External Reference by Using Paste Link
The External Reference Contains the Complete Directory Path

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Contents

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The LOOKUP Function
Reference Functions
The OFFSET Function
The INDIRECT Function
The ADDRESS Function
Solving a Problem by Using Intentional Circular References
Using Excel 4 Macro Functions in Worksheet Formulas
Troubleshooting the Worksheet
Error Values and Their Meanings
Examining Formulas
Finding Dependent and Precedent Cells
Repairing or Removing Links in Documents
Re-establishing Links
Finding All Links in a Workbook

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Chapter 7 Array Formulas
Introduction to Array Formulas
Array Constants
Formulas and Functions that Return an Array Result
Editing or Deleting Arrays
Creating a "Three-Dimensional" Array on a Single Worksheet
An Array Formula Example: Creating a Specialized SUMIF Formula
Evaluating Polynomials or Power Series Using Array Formulas
Using the ROW Function in Array Formulas
Using the INDIRECT Function in Array Formulas
Using Array Formulas to Work with Lists
Using Multiple Criteria to Count Entries in a List
Counting Common Entries in Two Lists
Counting Duplicate Entries in a List
Counting Unique Entries in a List
Indicating Duplicate Entries in a List
Returning an Array of Unique Entries in a List
Sorting by Using an Array Formula
Sorting a 1-D List of Numbers
Sorting a 2-D List Using a Column of Numbers as the Sortkey
"Auto-Alphabetizing" Using an Array Formula
Another Example: Validating a CAS Registry Number

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Chapter 8 Advanced Charting Techniques
Charts with More than One Data Series
Plotting Two or More Different Sets of Y Values in the Same Chart
Plotting Two Different Sets of X and Y Values in the Same Chart
Alternate Data Layout for Two Different Sets of X and Y Values

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Excel for Chemists

Extending a Data Series or Adding a New Series
The Copy and Paste Method
The Drag-and-Drop Method
The Color-Coded Ranges Method
Using Source Data
Editing the SERIES Function in the Formula Bar
Customizing Charts
Good Charts vs. Bad Charts
Plotting Experimental Data Points and a Calculated Curve
Charts with Secondary Axes
An XY Chart with a Secondary Y Axis
A Chart with Secondary X Axis and Y Axis
A Column Chart with a Secondary Y Axis
Some Additional Customization Techniques
Adding Error Bars to an XY Chart
Using Sub- or Superscripts in Chart Legends
Modifying Tick Mark Labels on Axis Scales
Adding Data Labels to an XY Chart
Logarithmic Charts
Linking Chart Text Elements to a Worksheet
To Switch Plotting Order in an XY Chart
Getting Creative with Charts
A Chart with an Additional Axis
A Chart that Updates Automatically
Changing the Default Chart Format
Saving a Chart Template in Excel 2007/2010
Changing the Default Chart Format in Excel 2003
Copying and Pasting Chart Formatting
Excel Chart Specifications

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Chapter 9 Using Excel' s Database Features
The Structure of a List or Database
Creating a Database
Defining a Database
Adding or Deleting Records or Fields
Updating a Database Using Data Form
Sorting a List
Sorting a List Using Excel 2003
Sorting According to More Than One Field
Sorting a List Using Excel 2007/2010
Sort Options
Using AutoFilter to Obtain a Subset of a List
Using Multiple Data Filters

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Using Advanced Filter to Obtain a Subset of a List
Defining and Using Selection Criteria
Using Multiple Criteria
Special Criteria for Text Entries
Extracting Records
Using Database Functions

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Chapter 10 Importing Data into Excel
Direct Input of Instrument Data into Excel
Importing Data Files Using the Text Import Wizard
Importing a Delimited File
Importing a Fixed-Width File
Using Convert Text to Columns
Parsing a Delimited File
Parsing a Fixed-Width File
From Hard Copy (Paper) to Excel
Using a Scanner to Transfer Numeric Data to Excel
Using a Scanner to Transfer Graphical Data to Excel
Selecting Every Mh Data Point
Using AutoFill
Using the Sampling Tool
Using a Worksheet Formula

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361
361
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Chapter 11 Adding Controls to a Spreadsheet
Option Buttons, Check Boxes, List Boxes and Other Controls
How to Add a Control to a Worksheet
Control Properties
A List Box on a Worksheet
A Drop-down List Box on a Worksheet
Option Buttons with a Drop-down List Box
Using a Check Box to Enable or Disable Conditional Formatting
How to Add a Hyperlink to a Worksheet
Inserting a Hyperlink
Using Paste as Hyperlink
Using the HYPERLINK Worksheet Function
Using Data Validation
Specifying Input Values
Specifying an Input Message or Error Alert
Using the Custom Category

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Chapter 12 Other Language Versions of Excel
Differences in the Display of Numbers
Decimal and Thousands Separators
Argument Separators in Functions

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Excel for Chemists

Array Separators
Differences in the Display of Dates
Date Formats
Date Formatting Symbols
Creating Custom Date Formats for Other Language Versions
Importing Data
Importing Values that Are Numbers
Importing Values that Are Dates Using the Text Import Wizard
Worksheet Function Names in Other Languages
The FunctionName Translator
PART III

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399

SPREADSHEET MATHEMATICS

Chapter 13 Mathematical Methods for Spreadsheet Calculations
Interpolation
Table Lookup with Linear Interpolation
Cubic Interpolation
Arrays, Matrices and Determinants
An Introduction to Matrix Mathematics
Numerical Differentiation
First and Second Derivatives of a Data Set
Derivatives of a Function
Numerical Integration
Finding the Area Under a Curve
Finding Roots of Equations
The Graphical Method
The Method of Successive Approximations
The Secant Method
Using Goal Seek
Solving Sets of Simultaneous Linear Equations
Cramer's Rule
Solution Using Matrix Inversion
Analysis of Spectra of Mixtures Using Matrix Mathematics
Applying Cramer's Rule to a Spectrophotometric Problem
Analysis of Spectra of Mixtures Using Matrix Inversion
Polar to Cartesian Coordinates
Significant Figures

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Chapter 14 Linear Regression and Curve Fitting
Linear Regression
Least-Squares Fit to a Straight Line
Using the SLOPE, INTERCEPT and RSQ Functions
Multiple Linear Regression
Using LINEST to Perform Multiple Linear Regression

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Least-Squares Fit to a Straight Line Using the LINEST Function
Regression Line Without an Intercept
The Regression Parameters
Multiple Linear Regression: An Example
Fitting Data Using a Power Series
A LINEST Shortcut for Power Series
Handling Noncontiguous Ranges of known_x's in LINEST
How LINEST Handles Collinearity
Weighted Least Squares
Multiple Linear Regression Using Trendline
Multiple Linear Regression Using the Analysis ToolPak
Using the Regression Tool
Using the Regression Statistics
Testing Whether an Intercept Is Significantly Different from Zero
Testing Whether Two Slopes Are Significantly Different
Testing Whether a Regression Coefficient Is Significant
Testing Whether Regression Coefficients Are Correlated
Confidence Intervals for Slope and Intercept
Confidence Limits and Prediction Limits for a Straight Line
Chapter 15 Nonlinear Regression Using the Solver
Nonlinear Regression
Using the Solver to Perform Nonlinear Least-Squares Curve Fitting
Using the Solver for Optimization
Changes to the Solver in Excel 2010
Using the Solver for Least-Squares Curve Fitting
Using the Solver: An Example
Comparison with a Commercial Nonlinear Least-Squares Package
Solver Options (Excel 2007 or 2003)
Solver Options (Excel 2010)
The "Use Automatic Scaling" Option Is Important for Many Chemical
Problems
Some Additional Solver Examples
Deconvolution of Spectra
Determination of Binding Constants by NMR Measurements
Other Examples: NIST Datasets
Statistics of Nonlinear Regression
A Macro to Provide Regression Statistics for the Solver
Using the Solver Statistics Macro
An Additional Benefit from Using the Solver Statistics Macro

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PART IV

Excel for Chemists
EXCEL' S VISUAL BASIC FOR APPLICATIONS

Chapter 16 Visual Basic for Applications: An Introduction
The Visual Basic Editor
Visual Basic Procedures and Modules
There are Two Kinds of Procedure:
Sub Procedures and Function Procedures
The Structure of a Sub Procedure
The Structure of a Function Procedure
Using the Recorder to Create a Simple Sub Procedure
Recording a Simple Macro Using Excel 2007/2010
Recording a Simple Macro Using Excel 2003
The Personal Macro Workbook
Running a Sub Procedure
Assigning a Shortcut Key to a Sub Procedure
Creating a Simple Custom Function
Using a Function Macro
How Do I Save a Macro?

494
495
495
496
496
498
499
500
501
501
501
502

Chapter 17 Programming with VBA
Creating Visual Basic Code
Entering VBA Code
Components of Visual Basic Statements
Operators
Variables and Arguments
Objects, Properties and Methods
Objects
Some Useful Objects
"Objects" that Are Really Properties
You Can Define Your Own Objects
Making a Reference to a Cell or Range of Cells
Making a Reference to a Selected Cell or Range
Making a Reference to a Cell Other than the Active Cell
References Using the Union or Intersect Method
Getting Values from a Worksheet
Sending Values to a Worksheet
Properties
Properties of the Range Object
Some Useful Properties
Methods
Some Useful Methods
Two Ways to Specify Arguments of Methods
Arguments with or without Parentheses

503
503
504
504
504
505
505
506
506
507
507
507
508
510
510
510
510
511
511
512
512
512
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Contents

xxi

VBA Functions
Using Worksheet Functions with VBA
VBA Commands
VBA Data Types
The Variant Data Type
Declaring Variables or Arguments in Advance
Specifying the Data Type of an Argument
Specifying the Data Type Returned by a Function Procedure
String Data Types
The Boolean (Logical) Data Type
Type Declaration Characters
Program Control
Decision-Making (Branching)
Logical Operators
Looping
For...Next Loops
For Each...Next Loops
Do While...Loop
Exiting from a Loop or from a Procedure
Subroutines
Scoping a Subroutine
Interactive Macros

513
514
515
515
516
516
516
516
517
517
518
518
518
520
521
521
521
522
522
522
523
524

MsgBox

524

MsgBox Return Values

525

InputBox

526

Using a Dialog Box to Open a Workbook
Using the GetOpenFilename Method
Using Excel's Built-in Dialog Boxes
Other Ways to Display Built-in Dialog Boxes
Using Excel 4 Macro Commands
Testing and Debugging
Tracing Execution
Stepping Through Code
Adding a Breakpoint
Examining the Values of Variables Using the Mouse Pointer
Examining the Values of Variables Using the Watch Pane
Using Conditional Watch
Using VBA On-Line Help
Using VBA Help (Excel 2007/2010)
Using VBA Help (Excel 2003)
Using the Object Browser
Some Ways to Improve Performance (i.e., Speed)

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528
529
530
531
532
533
534
534
535
536
537
538
538
539
539
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Excel for Chemists

XXH

Chapter 18 Working with Arrays in VBA
Visual Basic Arrays
Dimensioning an Array
Use the Name of the Array Variable to Specify the Whole Array
Dynamic Arrays
Preserving Values in Dynamic Arrays
Using Arrays in Sub Procedures:
Passing Values from Worksheet to VBA Module
Using a Loop to Transfer Values from a Worksheet to a VBA Array
A Range Specified in a Sub Procedure Becomes an Array Variable
Some Worksheet Functions Used Within VBA Create an Array
Using Arrays in Sub Procedures:
Passing Values from VBA Module to Worksheet
Using a Loop to Transfer Values from a VBA Array to a Worksheet
Equating a VBA Variable to a Worksheet Range
A One-Dimensional Array Assigned to a Worksheet Range
Can Cause Problems
Using Arrays In Function Procedures
From Worksheet to Module
A Range Passed to a Function Procedure
Automatically Becomes an Array
Passing an Indefinite Number of Arguments
Using the ParamArray Keyword
Using Arrays in Function Procedures:
Returning an Array of Values as a Result
PART V

543
543
544
544
545
545
545
546
547
547
547
548
548
550
550
551
552

SOME APPLICATIONS OF VBA

Chapter 19 Command Macros
Creating Advanced Macros in VBA
A Sub Procedure to Format Text as a Chemical Formula
Adding Enhancements to the Chemical Format Macro
Adding More Enhancements
A Sub Procedure to Apply "Precision as Displayed"
to a Selected Range of Cells
A Sub Procedure to Apply Data Labels in a Chart
Quick Chart: Create Excel 2007/2010 Charts with One Click
Chapter 20 Custom Functions
Some Additional Tools for Creating Custom Functions
Arrays as Arguments or as Return Values
Returning an Array Result in Either a Row or a Column
Returning an Error Value
A Custom Function that Takes an Optional Argument

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557
558
560
562
563
568
571
571
571
572
573

Contents

xxin

A Custom Function that Takes an Indefinite Number of Arguments
573
Providing a Description for a Function
in the Paste Function Dialog Box
576
Providing Descriptions for Function Arguments
in the Paste Function Dialog Box (Excel 2010 Only)
576
Assigning a Custom Function to a Function Category
577
A Custom Function to Calculate Acid-Base Species Distribution Diagrams ...578
A Custom Statistical Function
580
A Custom Function to Calculate Molecular Weights
583
Creating Add-In Function Macros
585
How to Create an Add-In Macro
585
How to Load/Unload an Add-In Macro
586
How to Delete an Add-In Macro
586
How to Protect an Add-In Workbook
587
How to Edit an Add-In Workbook
or Convert a .xla File to a .xls File
587
Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Function Macros
587
Chapter 21 Automatic Procedures
OnEvent Procedures
AutoOpen or AutoClose Procedures
OnEvent Procedures
Some Examples of OnEvent Code
Using OnUndo
Event-Handler Procedures
Creating a Workbook_Open Procedure

589
589
590
591
592
592
594

Chapter 22 Custom Menus
Modifying Menu Bars, Menus or Menu Commands in Excel 2003
Adding or Removing a Menu Command
Creating a New Menu Bar
Adding a Custom Menu to a Menu Bar
Adding a Custom Menu Command to a Menu
Modifying Menus or Menu Bars by Using VBA
The Basic Structure of a Procedure to Install a New Menu Command
Adding a Menu Command by Means of an Event-Handler Procedure
Exiting Gracefully: Removing a Menu Command
Modifying a Built-in Menu Command
Installing Menu Bars, Menus or Menu Commands in Excel 2007/2010
Displaying Classic Menus in Excel 2007/2010

595
595
596
597
598
598
599
601
602
602
603
603

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Excel for Chemists

XX1V

Chapter 23 Custom Toolbars and Toolbuttons
Customizing Toolbars in Excel 2003
Moving and Changing the Shape of Toolbars
Activating Other Toolbars
Adding or Removing Toolbuttons from Toolbars
Creating a New Toolbar
Creating Custom Toolbuttons
The ToggleNumberFormat Macro
The FullPage Macro
Creating a Custom Toolbutton Image
How to Add a ToolTip to a Custom Button
Customizing in Excel 2007
Moving the Quick Access Toolbar
Adding a Built-in Command Button to the Quick Access Toolbar
Adding a Custom Toolbutton to the Quick Access Toolbar
Adding Custom Toolbuttons to the Ribbon
How to Use the Excel 2003 Button Editor in Excel 2007/2010
Removing Custom Toolbuttons from the Ribbon
Customizing the Ribbon (Excel 2010 Only)

607
607
608
609
610
611
613
614
615
617
618
618
618
620
621
622
622
623

PART VI
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F
Appendix G
Appendix H
Appendix I
Appendix J
Appendix K

629
63 3
639
661
663
667
689
693
703
707
709

APPENDICES
What's Where in Excel 2007/2010
Selected Worksheet Functions by Category
Alphabetical List of Selected Worksheet Functions
Renamed Functions in Excel 2010
Selected Visual Basic Keywords by Category
Alphabetical List of Selected Visual Basic Keywords
Selected Excel 4 Macro Functions
Shortcut Keys by Keystroke
Selected Shortcut Keys by Category
ASCII Codes
Contents of the CD-ROM

719

INDEX

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Preface to the Third Edition
Since the publication of the second edition of Excel for Chemists in 2001,
three new versions of Excel for the PC have appeared: Excel 2003, Excel 2007
and Excel 2010. With Excel 2007, Microsoft introduced a radically new user
interface: the Ribbon, which replaced the familiar menus of earlier versions.
The change was so extreme that many users have opted to stay with the "triedand-true" version, Excel 2003, as long as possible. For this reason, this edition
covers Excel 2003 as well as the newer Excel 2007/2010.
There are several new chapters in this edition. Two chapters discuss the
features of the new Excel 2007/2010 (plus a new appendix, "What's Where in
Excel 2007/2010"), a chapter covers automatic procedures— macros that run
automatically— in more detail than was covered in the previous edition, and
there is a completely new chapter that discusses how to handle documents
created in other language versions of Excel.
Much of the material in this book has been incorporated in courses entitled
"Excel for Scientists and Engineers" and "Excel Visual Basic Macros for
Scientists and Engineers" which have been presented to over 2500 scientists in
the United States, Canada and Europe— not only chemists, but also scientists in
many other disciplines. Many changes in this edition were made in light of the
experience gained in teaching these courses.

Acknowledgments
Dr. Faith A Morrison, Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan
Technological University, for her "Guidelines on Graphing" used in Chapter 4.
Dr. Lev Zompa, University of Massachusetts-Boston, for spectrophotometric data used in Chapter 19.
Dr. Steve Bell, for NMR data used in Chapter 20.

E. Joseph Billo
May 2011

XXV

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Preface to the Third Edition
Since the publication of the second edition of Excel for Chemists in 2001,
three new versions of Excel for the PC have appeared: Excel 2003, Excel 2007
and Excel 2010. With Excel 2007, Microsoft introduced a radically new user
interface: the Ribbon, which replaced the familiar menus of earlier versions.
The change was so extreme that many users have opted to stay with the "triedand-true" version, Excel 2003, as long as possible. For this reason, this edition
covers Excel 2003 as well as the newer Excel 2007/2010.
There are several new chapters in this edition. Two chapters discuss the
features of the new Excel 2007/2010 (plus a new appendix, "What's Where in
Excel 2007/2010"), a chapter covers automatic procedures— macros that run
automatically— in more detail than was covered in the previous edition, and
there is a completely new chapter that discusses how to handle documents
created in other language versions of Excel.
Much of the material in this book has been incorporated in courses entitled
"Excel for Scientists and Engineers" and "Excel Visual Basic Macros for
Scientists and Engineers" which have been presented to over 2500 scientists in
the United States, Canada and Europe— not only chemists, but also scientists in
many other disciplines. Many changes in this edition were made in light of the
experience gained in teaching these courses.

Acknowledgments
Dr. Faith A Morrison, Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan
Technological University, for her "Guidelines on Graphing" used in Chapter 4.
Dr. Lev Zompa, University of Massachusetts-Boston, for spectrophotometric data used in Chapter 19.
Dr. Steve Bell, for NMR data used in Chapter 20.

E. Joseph Billo
May 2011

XXV

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Before You Begin
Which Version of Excel Are You Using?
This book is for users of Excel 2003 for Windows or Excel 2007/2010 for
Windows.
The second edition of this book covered both Excel for the PC and Excel for
the Macintosh, but since Excel 2008, the Macintosh version corresponding to
Excel 2007, doesn't support Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), I decided not
to include Mac-specific instructions in this third edition.

Typographic Conventions
As you read through this book, you'll see several different fonts and
capitalization styles within the text. Here are the conventions that I've used.
• Excel 2003 menu headings and menu commands are in boldface type, e.g.:
File, Format, Delete....
• Excel 2007/2010 Ribbon tab names, icon names and menu command names
are in non-bold, e.g.,
"the Insert icon in the Cells group in the Home tab", "click on Paste
Special..."
• For clarity, the titles of some dialog boxes and options are enclosed in
quotes, e.g.:
"When Creating New Workbooks"
• Cell references are in Arial font, e.g.:
"In cell A9 ..."
• Worksheet functions are in Arial font, e.g.:
SUM, LINEST
• Excel's built-in argument names (i.e., placeholder arguments) in functions
are in Arial italic; required arguments are in bold italic, e.g.:
LINEST(frnown_y's, known_x's, const, stats)

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xxviii

Excel for Chemists

User-defined range names are in Arial, not italic, e.g.:
{=LINEST(YValues,XValues,TRUE,TRUE)}
Visual Basic statements are in Arial; VBA keywords are bold, e.g.:
For Counter = Start To End Step Increment.

Special Features in this Book
This book has a number of features that you should find useful and helpful.
There are over 50 Excel Tips to simplify and improve the way you use Excel.
For example:
Excel Tip. To Fill Down a value or formula to the same row as an adjacent
column of values, select the source cell and double-click on the Fill Handle.
Throughout the book you'll see "How-To" Boxes that outline, in a clear and
systematic manner, how to accomplish certain complex tasks. For example:

The CD-ROM
The CD-ROM that accompanies this book contains most of the worksheets
that are discussed in the book. The files are in Excel 2003 format, so that they
can be opened using either Excel 2003 or Excel 2007/2010.
A complete list of all files on the CD-ROM, with short descriptions, is in
Appendix K.

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Excel* for Chemists: A Comprehensive Guide, Third Edition
by E. Joseph Billo
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PARTI
THE BASICS

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Excel* for Chemists: A Comprehensive Guide, Third Edition
by E. Joseph Billo
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

1
Working with Excel 2007
or Excel 2010
Extensive changes were made in the Excel 2007 user interface. Excel's
familiar drop-down menus with their familiar commands were replaced by the
Ribbon. (The Excel 2010 Ribbon is virtually unchanged from the Excel 2007
version.) If you're a long-time Excel user, you'll probably find the ribbon
interface confusing and infuriating, although some people profess to like it.
At the end of this chapter I suggest several ways to make the change to Excel
2007 or 2010 easier for Excel 2003 users.

What's New in Excel 2007 and 2 0 1 0
Let's look at the changes that were introduced in Excel 2007. They're listed
in decreasing order of what I consider to be their importance for the average user.

The Ribbon
The Ribbon is the major component of what's officially called the Office
Fluent user interface; it replaces the familiar drop-down menus and toolbars of
earlier versions of Excel. The Ribbon is essentially a multi-row toolbar.
Clicking on one of a series of tabs located on something similar to the Excel
2003 menu bar displays the Ribbon for that particular tab. The primary tab
captions are Home, Insert, Page Layout, Formulas, Data, Review, and View.
Figure 1-1 shows the Home tab of the Ribbon. (The appearance of the Ribbon
may be different, depending on your screen width and/or resolution.)
Other tabs may be displayed depending on context. If a chart is the active
window, the Design, Layout and Format tabs are displayed. The Developer tab,
for working with VBA procedures, is only displayed if the user previously opted

3

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Chapter 1

Working with Excel 2007 or 2010

5

was sometimes not enough - many people wanted to have at least 365 columns,
one for each day of the year - but seventeen billion cells in each worksheet
seems a bit much.

Larger Limits for Some Features
There are larger limits for a number of Excel features. Excel 2003 allowed
three levels of conditional formatting; in Excel 2007/2010, the number of
conditional formats is limited by available memory. The number of levels of
nested functions in a formula in Excel 2003 was seven; the new limit is 64 levels.
The number of sort levels in Excel 2003 was three; the new limit is 64 levels. A
more complete list of Excel 2007/2010 specifications can be found at the end of
this chapter.

New Worksheet Functions
There are more built-in functions, but this is largely because the 89
Engineering functions, loaded in Excel 2003 with the Analysis ToolPak Add-In,
are now a permanent part of the list of functions. Apart from the Engineering
functions, only five new functions have been added: SUMIFS, AVERAGEIF,
AVERAGEIFS, COUNTIFS and IFERROR. These are discussed in Chapter 3,
"Excel Formulas and Functions".

The Downside
There are some changes that, in my opinion, are not for the better. Since
there are no menus, VBA code that installs a new menu command in, for
example, the Tools menu of Excel 2003 doesn't work as it did before. If you're
lucky, the custom menu command will appear in the Add-Ins tab. The same is
true of custom toolbuttons; they also appear in the Add-Ins Tab. If you're not
lucky, the VBA code that installs a custom menu command or custom toolbutton
may have to be modified.

What's New in Excel 2010
There have been a few changes in Excel 2010 from the previous version,
Excel 2007. Among the more substantive changes are: changes in some
functions (see "Changes to Functions in Excel 2010" in Chapter 3), the Equation
Tool to display an equation in a text box (see "Entering an Equation in a Text
Box" later in this chapter), and the ability to customize the Ribbon, not just the
Quick Access Toolbar (see "Customizing the Ribbon" in Chapter 23).

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Excel for Chemists

6

The Excel 2007/2010 Document Window
An Excel workbook is a document that appears in its own document window.
Although you can have several workbooks open at the same time and can see
several displayed on the screen simultaneously, only one workbook can be the
active workbook. The default Excel 2007/2010 workbook contains three
worksheets; only one worksheet in the active workbook can be the active
worksheet.
Figure 1-2 shows the Excel 2007 document window. The Excel 2010
window is essentially identical. In Figure 1-2, reading from the top down you'll
see the application title bar, the Ribbon tabs (Home, Insert, Page Layout, etc.),
the Ribbon (the Home tab of the Ribbon is displayed), the Quick Access Toolbar
(with New, Open, Save, etc. toolbuttons), the, formula bar, the rows and columns
of cells, and, at the bottom, the sheet tabs, the horizontal scroll bar and the status
bar. To the left of the formula bar is the Name Box or cell reference area,
displaying the cell reference of the currently selected cell. Depending on your
monitor, your screen may show a different number of rows or columns and a
different view of the Ribbon.

Figure 1-2. The Excel 2007 document window, showing the Home tab.

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Chapter 1

Working with Excel 2007 or 2010

7

button
that allows you to increase the size of the formula bar to
accommodate long formulas. You can also right-click in the formula bar to
display a shortcut menu that allows you to expand the formula bar.

Hiding, Moving or Resizing a Document Window
If you click on the Minimize button (the
button in the upper right comer
of the document) the window will be closed and only the title bar will appear in
the tray. To restore the window, click on the document in the tray.
If you click on the Restore Window button (the
button in the upper right
comer of the document), the window size will be reduced so that it no longer
completely fills the document window. To restore it to its full size, click the
Restore Window button again.
To manually change the size of a window, click and drag any of its borders
or comers; the mouse pointer changes shape when you click on a border or
comer. You can adjust the document to any size you desire.
To change the position of a document within the Excel window, click on the
title bar and drag the document. It can even extend off-screen.

Working with Excel 2 0 0 7 / 2 0 1 0
In my view, some of the most confusing changes that were made in Excel
2007 were those that corresponded to commands in the File menu of Excel 2003,
and in the Options command in the Tools menu. These two changes will be
discussed first.

The Office Button (Excel 2007)
The Office Button, shown at the left, is located at the left of the
Ribbon tabs. Pressing this button displays the Office Button
window, shown in Figure 1-3.
The Office Button window is the approximate equivalent of the File menu in
Excel 2003. In addition to the commands found in the Excel 2003 File menu
(New, Open, Close, Save, Save As, Print, Exit, etc.), clicking on the Excel
Options button at the bottom of the window displays the Options window. The
Options window contains the options that were located in the Excel 2003
Options command of the Tools menu and is described in a following section.

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Excel for Chemists

8

Figure 1-3. The Excel 2007 Office Button window

The File Tab (Excel 2010)
The Excel 2007 Office Button was confusing to new users. (Why did
Microsoft disguise the former File menu as a simple logo?) Excel 2010 got rid
of the Office Button and replaced it with the File tab, shown in Figure 1-4.
The File tab of the Ribbon contains the following buttons: Save, Save As,
Open, Close, Info, Recent, New, Print, Save & Send, Help, Options and Exit.

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Chapter 1

Working with Excel 2007/2010

9

Figure 1-4. The Excel 2010 File tab.

The Excel Options Window
Pressing the Excel Options button in the Office Button window (Excel 2007)
or the Options button in the File tab of the Ribbon (Excel 2010) displays the
Excel Options window. The menu of options, shown in Figure 1-5, is in the left
pane of the window. There are nine options available: Five of these (Popular,
Formulas, Save, Advanced, Customize) contain most of the options that are
found in the Excel 2003 Options command in the Tools menu. Figure 1-5 shows
the Excel 2010 General options window; the Excel 2007 window is similar but
called the Popular Options window.

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10

Excel for Chemists

Figure 1-5. The Excel 2010 Options window, showing General options.
One of the five Options windows, the Advanced Options window, is so large
that it requires that you scroll down to view all the options. One of the most
frustrating things about Excel 2007/2010, even for experienced Excel users, is
the difficulty of finding the location of a desired option. Table 1-2 is a guide to
help Excel 2003 users navigate their way to Excel 2007/2010 options.

The Ribbon: An Overview
Commands on the Ribbon are represented by icons. Related icons are
organized in groups. For example, the Cut, Copy and Paste icons are located in
the Clipboard group in the Home tab of the Ribbon. Many of the icons on the
Ribbon are identical to Excel 2003 toolbuttons. Some icons have a drop-down
button that, when clicked, displays a menu of options.
The appearance and arrangement of icons on the Ribbon depends on the size
of the document window. If the window fills the complete screen, the icons in
the Ribbon are usually arranged in two rows. If the size of the window is made
smaller, the icons may be arranged in three rows, and some groups may not

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Chapter 1

Working with Excel 2007 or 2010

11

Table 1-2. A Guide to Excel 2007/2010 Options
Excel 2003
Option Tab
General

Where to Find It in
Excel 2007/ 2010 Options
Formulas
Advanced: Display
General (2010), Popular (2007)
General (2010), Popular (2007)
View
Advanced: Display
Advanced: Display
Advanced: Display options for
this workbook
Show gridlines, row &column
Advanced: Display options for
headers, page breaks, etc.
this worksheet
Edit
Allow Edit Directly in Cell
Advanced: Editing options
Allow Drag-and-Drop Editing
Advanced: Editing options
Automatic % entry
Advanced: Editing options
Move selection after Enter
Advanced: Editing options
Extend formats and formulas
Advanced: Editing options
Fixed decimal
Advanced: Editing options
Enable AutoComplete
Formula
Calculation
Calculation: Automatic, manual
Formula
Iteration
Formula
Update remote references
Advanced: When calculating this
workbook
Advanced: When calculating this
Precision as displayed
workbook
1904 date system
Advanced: When calculating this
workbook
Advanced: When calculating this
Save external link values
workbook
Custom Lists
General (2010), Popular (2007)
(see Chapter 4)
Chart
Plot empty cells as
Advanced:
Editing options
International
Number handling
Save
Save
AutoRecover every ? Minutes
Formula
Error Checking Enable background error checking
(Use color palette for object)
Color
Standard and custom colors
Formula
Error-checking rules
Proofing
Spelling
Dictionary
AutoCorrect Options
Proofing
Security
File encryption settings
Prepare — * Encrypt Document
Prepare — ► Restrict Permission
File sharing settings
Prepare — * Digital Signature
Digital signatures
Transition
Menu key, formula evaluation, entry Advanced: Lotus compatibility
Option
R1C1 reference style
Number of recently used files
Number of sheets in new workbook
Standard font and size
Show Formula Bar, Status bar, etc
Show Comment indicator, etc
Show scroll bars, sheet tabs

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Excel for Chemists

12

display all available icons. For the screen shots of the Ribbon that are shown in
this chapter, windows were resized so that icons were displayed in three rows.
For that reason, the images may not look exactly like what you see on your
computer screen.
The appearance of a command provides information about its form or
availability:


A command with an ellipsis (...), such as Paste Special..., indicates that
the command opens a dialog box to obtain user input.



Many buttons or commands display submenus, indicated by the
symbol at the bottom of the button or the ► symbol at the right edge of
the command.



Some commands are dimmed (i.e., appear as gray characters) when the
command is unavailable. Some tabs appear on the Ribbon only when
they are available.



Some commands change the text of their command depending on
circumstances. For example, you click on the Add Comment button in
the Review tab of the Ribbon to add a comment to a cell; if you select a
cell that already has a comment, the button text changes to Edit
Comment so that you can edit the text of the comment.



Some commands are preceded by a check mark if the option has been
selected previously. To remove the selection, depending on the
command you either click on the check mark or select the command
again.

Shortcut Menus
Althoug