METHAPOR IN NIGHTWISH`S DARK PASSION PLAY ALBUM.
METHAPOR IN NIGHTWISH`S DARK PASSION PLAY ALBUM
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department of UNIMED Medan
In Partial as Fulfillment of the Requirement for
The Degree of Sarjana Sastra
BY
JAKA SAMPOERNA
Registration Number 2103220020
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, all the praise to ALLAH SWT for the blessing, mercy, and
guidance in giving the writer full strength and patience to complete this thesis.
This thesis is aimed to fulfill one of the requirements to obtain the S1 degree of
Sarjana Sastra at English Department in Faculty of Languages and Arts, State
University of Medan.
In accomplishing this thesis, the writer has been helped by a lot of beloved
people especially for the loyal supporters. Therefore, the writer would like to
express her sincere and greatest gratitude to:
Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English Department, Rika
S.Pd, M.Hum., Secretary of English Department, Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the
Head of English Literature Department, and Dra. Masitowarni Siregar,
M.Ed., the Head of English Education Department.
Dra. Sortha Silitonga, M.Pd, his Thesis Adviser.
Dra. Rahmah, M.Hum., as Academic Adviser.
All beloved lecturers in English and Literature Department who advised
and guided the writer during academic years.
Mam Eis for her kind help in providing academic administrations to the
writer.
The best family of the author, his beloved Mother, Mrs. Jenni Tanjung,
his beloved father,Mr. Abdul Razak, his sisters Lila Hanum and Lidya
Arafah, and his brother Three Syahputra, for their endless love, support,
encouragement, motivation, prayers,and laughter shared during the
writer’s life. He loves them so much. Also his great family for the support
during the completion of this thesis.
ii
The writer`s best colleagues : Mariati Sembiring, Agatha Purba,
Kristelia Sirait, Desy N. Situmorang, and Bintang Sitorus for the
friendship, helps, laugh and tears, and for all the sweet and happy
memories shared. And all the rebels of ELITE (English Literature) A
and B 2010 : David, Fathur, Afdi, Adrian, Budi, Leo, Johanri,
Pulungan, Hatoropan, Feri, Quin, Oki, Audra and Luthfi for all the
togetherness in fun, futsal and unforgotten memories.
All Students of English Department in Applied Linguistics A and B
Reg’10, that could not be mentioned one by one. Thanks for their support,
info, assistance, and best moment ever during the academic years.
All friends in Gg. Habir No. 31 for the support and cares.
All the emotional stuffs as the mood booster that accompanied the writer
in accomplishing this thesis, Alone at Last*, The Sigit, Metallica, In
Flames, Nightwish and etc.
Everyone who has been involved directly or indirectly in the writing of
this thesis that cannot be mentioned one by one, and thanks for all the
memories that thewriter got during his study at this beloved campus.
Thank you very much. May Allah bless us all.Amin.
Without their deep and sympathetic understanding, this thesis could not
complete, may all the assistance can be their charity.
Medan, July 2014
The writer,
Jaka Sampoerna
Reg. Number: 210 322 0020
iii
LIST OF TABLE
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
Total Metaphor in The Poet and The Pendulum ....................
Total Metaphor in Bye Bye Beautiful....................................
Total Metaphor in Amaranth .................................................
Total Metaphor in Cadence of Her Last Breathe ...................
Total Metaphor in Master Passion Greed ..............................
Total Metaphor in Eva ...........................................................
Total Metaphor in Sahara ......................................................
Total Metaphor in Whoever Bring Me The Night .................
Total Metaphor in For The Heart I Once Had .......................
Total Metaphor in The Islander .............................................
Total Metaphor in Seven Days to The Wolves ......................
Total Metaphor in Meadows of Heaven ................................
Total Metaphor in Dark Passion Play Album ........................
vi
27
29
32
33
35
36
37
39
41
42
43
44
45
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
The Analysis of the Types of Metaphor in Nighwish`s
Dark Passion Play album ...............................................
vii
50
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Language has unlimited enchantment and a substance that will never be
removed from human being. Language divided into spoken and written language.
Except as a tool of communication between human, language also constitutes as a
media to reveal expression, imagination, and emotion. So that, Language has a lot
of variety in order to give information and it needs a deep understanding in gain
the pure information such as figurative language. In some cases many people face
difficulties in understanding figurative language.
Metaphor is one of the figurative languages that compare two dissimilar
things in its purpose. According to Goatly (1997:8) metaphor occurs when a unit
of discourse is used to refer unconventionally to an object, process, or concept, in
unconventional way. Since ancient time, many great poets certainly use metaphor
in their works. For example in William Shakespeare`s quote, “all the world`s a
stage”. Using metaphor in literary works will increase the value of aesthetic and
mystery of the works. It makes many poets even politicians love to use this kind
of figurative language in their works and language. Metaphor has dynamic
characteristic because it develops following the culture. But the old contexts of
metaphors are not fade away. In its expansion, there are so many fresh metaphors
based on context of social, culture, even religion of the subject who use metaphor.
Absolutely irrefutable, music becomes public daily consumption since it
founded. Music has developed very quickly throughout time by time. And then
1
2
people added song in music in order to help it in emphasizing messages more
dramatically. Almost each song that has been created consists of metaphor, but the
level is different. A song that has not figurative language especially metaphor
inside can be categorized as a fail song, because without the existence of
metaphor or another figurative language the quality of song is bad and not
interesting.
The development of music in modern age is very impressive and also
created many genres such as classical, country, jazz, blues, and etc. In this era,
music is not only as the media of entertainment but also transformed as the media
to struggle the freedom, criticize the government and as the media of propaganda.
In fact, mostly rock and metal as subgenre from blues dominantly as the pioneer
of rebellion in their music style. They usually use thematic freedom in their song.
Unfortunately, kind of this music attracts a huge attention from young generations
who psychologically want freedom in their life.
This situation is exploited by several musicians who want to spread
deviant propaganda to influence young generations in bad attitude. And using of
metaphor in their song is one of the ways to deceive their target who generally
still teenagers and do not understand about the purpose of their song. Rock
musician Jimmy Hendrix state that, “music is a spiritual thing of its own. You can
hypnotize people with music and when you get them at the weakest point, you
preach into the subconscious what we want to say”. It means that music has a
power to influence someone and implant dogma to the people. For example in
song title of Within Temptation band called The Truth Beneath The Rose, they use
3
rose as a metaphor means woman or specifically Maria Magdalena. This metaphor
means that the truth is in Maria Magdalena. This song was inspired by novel of
Dan Brown titled Da Vinci Code. Based on that novel the Maria Magdalena is the
wife of Jesus Christ and inherited the duty of Jesus Christ to spread Christianity. It
is contradictory with the Bible that stated Jesus is never married with woman. In
this case, Within Temptation want to convince the people with their song to
believe the paradigm about Jesus Christ in Da Vinci code novel which the novel
got a resistance from Vatican.
So, the topic is chosen as an idea that learning metaphor is very important
to avoid an error in interpreting it then prevent misunderstanding between subject
who use metaphor and the object who receive it. Metaphor is part of language, it
means that metaphor is universal. Every people has a right in utilizing it for good
and bad purpose. The main reason this topic is chosen is to expand the knowledge
of people especially the teenagers about metaphor and music and also to warn
them to selective in choosing songs that they want to enjoy in order to prevent bad
influences.
The writer take one of the best symphonic metal band from Finland named
Nightwish and their sixth studio album “Dark Passion Play” as the object of
research. Almost the entire band from Finland that carried metal as their genre use
paganism as their theme in music and full of high level of metaphor that hard to
interpret. Separated from the use of metaphor, it is a phenomenon in language that
very interesting to analyze.
4
B. The Problem of the Study
The problems of this study are formulated as the following:
1. What types of metaphor are used in Nightwish`s Dark Passion Play
album?
2. Which type of metaphor is the most dominant in Nightwish`s Dark Passion
Play album?
3. Why does the most dominant type of metaphor imply?
C. The Scope of the Study
The study focuses on finding the types of metaphor suggested by Goatly
(1997) in the Dark Passion Play Album of Nightwish. There are twelve songs
written in the Album, namely: The poet and the pendulum, bye bye beautiful,
amaranth, cadence of her last breath, master passion greed, eva, sahara, whoever
bring me the night, for the heart I once had, the islander, seven days to the
wolves, and meadows of heaven.
D. The Objective of the Study
The objectives of this study:
1. To describe the types of metaphors are used in Nightwish`s Dark Passion
Play album.
2. To describe the most dominant metaphor that used in Nightwish`s Dark
Passion Play album.
5
3. To describe the reason of the most dominant metaphor implied in the
album.
E. The Significance of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to be useful for:
1. Students of English Department who study metaphor to help them
understand and comprehend it.
2. Those who are interested in the study of metaphor as tool of
communication in understanding meaning in the study of literature.
3. Researchers that are going to conduct a further study on literature that
relate with human language especially the language of metaphor.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzing and determining the types of metaphor in the transcript of
the Dark Passion Play Album Song by Nightwish, the conclusions are presented as
follows:
1. The eight types of metaphor were occurred in Dark Passion Play Album
Song by Nightwish. They are active metaphor (7), inactive metaphor (3),
subjective metaphor (2), mimetic metaphor (17), phenomenalistic
metaphor (4), precision metaphor (7), symbolism metaphor (20) and
approximate metaphor (23).
2. The most dominant type of metaphor is approximate metaphor written by
the songwriter with 23 occurrences (27,71%) in Dark Passion Play Album
Song by Nightwish.
3. The songwriter of the album has a purpose to make this album become a
mystery by using approximate metaphor dominantly. There is no certainty
about precise interpretation of song that use approximate metaphor. It
created many different interpretation from reader and hearer and made this
album never stopped being argued.
47
47
48
B. Suggestions
By considering the research finding and the conclusions, there are some
suggestions which are presented as follows:
1. The students need to improve their knowledge about metaphor so that they
can avoid misunderstanding in communication and can understand the
purpose of literary works such as song or poem that usually using
metaphor.
2. English teachers are suggested to enrich their teaching material by using
song that has quality in its lyrics to get an attraction from student and
make the study become interesting.
3. Other researchers are suggested to make a more depth analysis of
metaphor in other objects.
49
REFERENCES
Abracian, R. 1982. Instructor`s Manual to Accompany Literature, The Human
Experience. New York: Monarch Press.
Creswell, J. W. 1998. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among
Five Traditions. London: Sage Publications.
Duranti, 1997. The Age The Reason Begins. Sidney: Sidney University.
Fogelin, R. 1988. Figuratively Speaking. New Haven: Yale University.
Goatly, A. 1997.The Language of Metaphors. London: Routledge.
Knowles, M. and Moon, R. 2006.Introducing Metaphor.New York: Routledge.
Leezenberg, M. 2001. Contexts of Metaphor.Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Nielsen, K. 1978. Metaphilosophy. Calgary: The University of Calgary.
Ortony. Andrew, D. Scharllet, R. Reynolds and Antos, S. 1978. Interpreting
Metaphor and Idioms: Some Effects of Context on Comprehension, Journal
of Verbal Behaviour.
Oxford Advanced Learner`s Dictionary. 1995. New York: Oxford University.
Risdianto, Faizal. 2010. The Use of Conceptual Metaphor in Gola Gong’s Novel
Bila Waktu Bicara. Salatiga. Journal REGISTER, Vol 3, No 1.
Stern, J. 2000. Maimonides on Language and The Science of Language. In R.
Cohen and H. Levine, eds. Maimonides and The Sciences. Boston Studies
in the History and Philosophy of Science. Dordrech, Kluwer.
Yule, G. 1996. Pragmatics.Oxford: Oxford University.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightwish (accessed on 20.30, 2 February, 2014)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Passion_Play(accessed on 20.33, 2 February,
2014)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition_of_music(accessed on 20.40, 2 February,
2014)
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department of UNIMED Medan
In Partial as Fulfillment of the Requirement for
The Degree of Sarjana Sastra
BY
JAKA SAMPOERNA
Registration Number 2103220020
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, all the praise to ALLAH SWT for the blessing, mercy, and
guidance in giving the writer full strength and patience to complete this thesis.
This thesis is aimed to fulfill one of the requirements to obtain the S1 degree of
Sarjana Sastra at English Department in Faculty of Languages and Arts, State
University of Medan.
In accomplishing this thesis, the writer has been helped by a lot of beloved
people especially for the loyal supporters. Therefore, the writer would like to
express her sincere and greatest gratitude to:
Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English Department, Rika
S.Pd, M.Hum., Secretary of English Department, Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the
Head of English Literature Department, and Dra. Masitowarni Siregar,
M.Ed., the Head of English Education Department.
Dra. Sortha Silitonga, M.Pd, his Thesis Adviser.
Dra. Rahmah, M.Hum., as Academic Adviser.
All beloved lecturers in English and Literature Department who advised
and guided the writer during academic years.
Mam Eis for her kind help in providing academic administrations to the
writer.
The best family of the author, his beloved Mother, Mrs. Jenni Tanjung,
his beloved father,Mr. Abdul Razak, his sisters Lila Hanum and Lidya
Arafah, and his brother Three Syahputra, for their endless love, support,
encouragement, motivation, prayers,and laughter shared during the
writer’s life. He loves them so much. Also his great family for the support
during the completion of this thesis.
ii
The writer`s best colleagues : Mariati Sembiring, Agatha Purba,
Kristelia Sirait, Desy N. Situmorang, and Bintang Sitorus for the
friendship, helps, laugh and tears, and for all the sweet and happy
memories shared. And all the rebels of ELITE (English Literature) A
and B 2010 : David, Fathur, Afdi, Adrian, Budi, Leo, Johanri,
Pulungan, Hatoropan, Feri, Quin, Oki, Audra and Luthfi for all the
togetherness in fun, futsal and unforgotten memories.
All Students of English Department in Applied Linguistics A and B
Reg’10, that could not be mentioned one by one. Thanks for their support,
info, assistance, and best moment ever during the academic years.
All friends in Gg. Habir No. 31 for the support and cares.
All the emotional stuffs as the mood booster that accompanied the writer
in accomplishing this thesis, Alone at Last*, The Sigit, Metallica, In
Flames, Nightwish and etc.
Everyone who has been involved directly or indirectly in the writing of
this thesis that cannot be mentioned one by one, and thanks for all the
memories that thewriter got during his study at this beloved campus.
Thank you very much. May Allah bless us all.Amin.
Without their deep and sympathetic understanding, this thesis could not
complete, may all the assistance can be their charity.
Medan, July 2014
The writer,
Jaka Sampoerna
Reg. Number: 210 322 0020
iii
LIST OF TABLE
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
Total Metaphor in The Poet and The Pendulum ....................
Total Metaphor in Bye Bye Beautiful....................................
Total Metaphor in Amaranth .................................................
Total Metaphor in Cadence of Her Last Breathe ...................
Total Metaphor in Master Passion Greed ..............................
Total Metaphor in Eva ...........................................................
Total Metaphor in Sahara ......................................................
Total Metaphor in Whoever Bring Me The Night .................
Total Metaphor in For The Heart I Once Had .......................
Total Metaphor in The Islander .............................................
Total Metaphor in Seven Days to The Wolves ......................
Total Metaphor in Meadows of Heaven ................................
Total Metaphor in Dark Passion Play Album ........................
vi
27
29
32
33
35
36
37
39
41
42
43
44
45
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
The Analysis of the Types of Metaphor in Nighwish`s
Dark Passion Play album ...............................................
vii
50
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Language has unlimited enchantment and a substance that will never be
removed from human being. Language divided into spoken and written language.
Except as a tool of communication between human, language also constitutes as a
media to reveal expression, imagination, and emotion. So that, Language has a lot
of variety in order to give information and it needs a deep understanding in gain
the pure information such as figurative language. In some cases many people face
difficulties in understanding figurative language.
Metaphor is one of the figurative languages that compare two dissimilar
things in its purpose. According to Goatly (1997:8) metaphor occurs when a unit
of discourse is used to refer unconventionally to an object, process, or concept, in
unconventional way. Since ancient time, many great poets certainly use metaphor
in their works. For example in William Shakespeare`s quote, “all the world`s a
stage”. Using metaphor in literary works will increase the value of aesthetic and
mystery of the works. It makes many poets even politicians love to use this kind
of figurative language in their works and language. Metaphor has dynamic
characteristic because it develops following the culture. But the old contexts of
metaphors are not fade away. In its expansion, there are so many fresh metaphors
based on context of social, culture, even religion of the subject who use metaphor.
Absolutely irrefutable, music becomes public daily consumption since it
founded. Music has developed very quickly throughout time by time. And then
1
2
people added song in music in order to help it in emphasizing messages more
dramatically. Almost each song that has been created consists of metaphor, but the
level is different. A song that has not figurative language especially metaphor
inside can be categorized as a fail song, because without the existence of
metaphor or another figurative language the quality of song is bad and not
interesting.
The development of music in modern age is very impressive and also
created many genres such as classical, country, jazz, blues, and etc. In this era,
music is not only as the media of entertainment but also transformed as the media
to struggle the freedom, criticize the government and as the media of propaganda.
In fact, mostly rock and metal as subgenre from blues dominantly as the pioneer
of rebellion in their music style. They usually use thematic freedom in their song.
Unfortunately, kind of this music attracts a huge attention from young generations
who psychologically want freedom in their life.
This situation is exploited by several musicians who want to spread
deviant propaganda to influence young generations in bad attitude. And using of
metaphor in their song is one of the ways to deceive their target who generally
still teenagers and do not understand about the purpose of their song. Rock
musician Jimmy Hendrix state that, “music is a spiritual thing of its own. You can
hypnotize people with music and when you get them at the weakest point, you
preach into the subconscious what we want to say”. It means that music has a
power to influence someone and implant dogma to the people. For example in
song title of Within Temptation band called The Truth Beneath The Rose, they use
3
rose as a metaphor means woman or specifically Maria Magdalena. This metaphor
means that the truth is in Maria Magdalena. This song was inspired by novel of
Dan Brown titled Da Vinci Code. Based on that novel the Maria Magdalena is the
wife of Jesus Christ and inherited the duty of Jesus Christ to spread Christianity. It
is contradictory with the Bible that stated Jesus is never married with woman. In
this case, Within Temptation want to convince the people with their song to
believe the paradigm about Jesus Christ in Da Vinci code novel which the novel
got a resistance from Vatican.
So, the topic is chosen as an idea that learning metaphor is very important
to avoid an error in interpreting it then prevent misunderstanding between subject
who use metaphor and the object who receive it. Metaphor is part of language, it
means that metaphor is universal. Every people has a right in utilizing it for good
and bad purpose. The main reason this topic is chosen is to expand the knowledge
of people especially the teenagers about metaphor and music and also to warn
them to selective in choosing songs that they want to enjoy in order to prevent bad
influences.
The writer take one of the best symphonic metal band from Finland named
Nightwish and their sixth studio album “Dark Passion Play” as the object of
research. Almost the entire band from Finland that carried metal as their genre use
paganism as their theme in music and full of high level of metaphor that hard to
interpret. Separated from the use of metaphor, it is a phenomenon in language that
very interesting to analyze.
4
B. The Problem of the Study
The problems of this study are formulated as the following:
1. What types of metaphor are used in Nightwish`s Dark Passion Play
album?
2. Which type of metaphor is the most dominant in Nightwish`s Dark Passion
Play album?
3. Why does the most dominant type of metaphor imply?
C. The Scope of the Study
The study focuses on finding the types of metaphor suggested by Goatly
(1997) in the Dark Passion Play Album of Nightwish. There are twelve songs
written in the Album, namely: The poet and the pendulum, bye bye beautiful,
amaranth, cadence of her last breath, master passion greed, eva, sahara, whoever
bring me the night, for the heart I once had, the islander, seven days to the
wolves, and meadows of heaven.
D. The Objective of the Study
The objectives of this study:
1. To describe the types of metaphors are used in Nightwish`s Dark Passion
Play album.
2. To describe the most dominant metaphor that used in Nightwish`s Dark
Passion Play album.
5
3. To describe the reason of the most dominant metaphor implied in the
album.
E. The Significance of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to be useful for:
1. Students of English Department who study metaphor to help them
understand and comprehend it.
2. Those who are interested in the study of metaphor as tool of
communication in understanding meaning in the study of literature.
3. Researchers that are going to conduct a further study on literature that
relate with human language especially the language of metaphor.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzing and determining the types of metaphor in the transcript of
the Dark Passion Play Album Song by Nightwish, the conclusions are presented as
follows:
1. The eight types of metaphor were occurred in Dark Passion Play Album
Song by Nightwish. They are active metaphor (7), inactive metaphor (3),
subjective metaphor (2), mimetic metaphor (17), phenomenalistic
metaphor (4), precision metaphor (7), symbolism metaphor (20) and
approximate metaphor (23).
2. The most dominant type of metaphor is approximate metaphor written by
the songwriter with 23 occurrences (27,71%) in Dark Passion Play Album
Song by Nightwish.
3. The songwriter of the album has a purpose to make this album become a
mystery by using approximate metaphor dominantly. There is no certainty
about precise interpretation of song that use approximate metaphor. It
created many different interpretation from reader and hearer and made this
album never stopped being argued.
47
47
48
B. Suggestions
By considering the research finding and the conclusions, there are some
suggestions which are presented as follows:
1. The students need to improve their knowledge about metaphor so that they
can avoid misunderstanding in communication and can understand the
purpose of literary works such as song or poem that usually using
metaphor.
2. English teachers are suggested to enrich their teaching material by using
song that has quality in its lyrics to get an attraction from student and
make the study become interesting.
3. Other researchers are suggested to make a more depth analysis of
metaphor in other objects.
49
REFERENCES
Abracian, R. 1982. Instructor`s Manual to Accompany Literature, The Human
Experience. New York: Monarch Press.
Creswell, J. W. 1998. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among
Five Traditions. London: Sage Publications.
Duranti, 1997. The Age The Reason Begins. Sidney: Sidney University.
Fogelin, R. 1988. Figuratively Speaking. New Haven: Yale University.
Goatly, A. 1997.The Language of Metaphors. London: Routledge.
Knowles, M. and Moon, R. 2006.Introducing Metaphor.New York: Routledge.
Leezenberg, M. 2001. Contexts of Metaphor.Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Nielsen, K. 1978. Metaphilosophy. Calgary: The University of Calgary.
Ortony. Andrew, D. Scharllet, R. Reynolds and Antos, S. 1978. Interpreting
Metaphor and Idioms: Some Effects of Context on Comprehension, Journal
of Verbal Behaviour.
Oxford Advanced Learner`s Dictionary. 1995. New York: Oxford University.
Risdianto, Faizal. 2010. The Use of Conceptual Metaphor in Gola Gong’s Novel
Bila Waktu Bicara. Salatiga. Journal REGISTER, Vol 3, No 1.
Stern, J. 2000. Maimonides on Language and The Science of Language. In R.
Cohen and H. Levine, eds. Maimonides and The Sciences. Boston Studies
in the History and Philosophy of Science. Dordrech, Kluwer.
Yule, G. 1996. Pragmatics.Oxford: Oxford University.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightwish (accessed on 20.30, 2 February, 2014)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Passion_Play(accessed on 20.33, 2 February,
2014)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition_of_music(accessed on 20.40, 2 February,
2014)