T1 112011040 Full text

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ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURES IN TRANSLATING SWEARING WORDS

IN

THE ADVENTURES OF TINTIN: PRISONERS OF THE SUN

THESIS

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Sarjana Pendidikan

Zulfa Septyaningrum 112011040

ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY

SALATIGA

2015

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ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURES IN TRANSLATING SWEARING WORDS

IN

THE ADVENTURES OF TINTIN: PRISONERS OF THE SUN

THESIS

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Sarjana Pendidikan

Zulfa Septyaningrum 112011040

ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY

SALATIGA

2015

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COPYRIGHT STATEMENT

This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in any course or accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and my belief, this contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text.

All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means without the permission of at least one of the copyright owners or the English Department, Faculty of Language and Literature, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga.

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viii

TABLE OF CONTENT

... i

Cover ... ii

Approval Page ... v

Publication Agreement of Declaration ... vii

Table of Content ... viii

List of Ta les ……….. x

List of a reviations ………. xi

Abstract ... 1

Key Words ... 1

Introduction ... 1

Theoretical Framework... 5

Definition of Swearing Words... 5

Tintin Comics and Its Swearwords ... 7

Translation of Comics ... 9

Translation and Translation Procedures ... 11

The Study ... 21

Finding and Discussion ... 24

Conclusion ... 42

Acknowledgement... 45

References ... 46

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Appendix A ... 48 Appendix B ... 55 Appendix C ... 63

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x LIST OF TABLE

Table 1 Newmark’s Typology Used in Translating Swearing Words in Tintin

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

P: Page F: Frame

SL: Source Language TL: Target Language CQ: Cultural equivalent FQ: Functional equivalent ST: Shift or transposition TR: Transference

LIT: Literal translation MOD: Modulation RED: Reduction EXP: Expansion

MLS: Modulation with little semantic context MNS: Modulation with no semantic context

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ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURES IN TRANSLATING SWEARING WORDS IN

THE ADVENTURES OF TINTIN: PRISONERS OF THE SUN

Zulfa Septyaningrum Abstract

The Indonesian version of the famous comic series The Adventures of Tintin were formerly translated and published by now-defunct Indira publisher. In 2008, the comic series were republished in Indonesia by Gramedia publisher. However, due to copyright issue, the new Indonesian version of Tintin comics were translated differently from the previous version which results in various responses from Tintin fans. Interested to analyze how the two publishers translate the swearing words in each Indonesian version, this study examines the procedures used by Indira and Gramedia in translating the English swearing words into Indonesian in Tintin comic series entitled Prisoners of the Sun. This study is aimed to answer this research question, “What are the translation procedures to render the swearing words from the source text into Indonesian in each comic version?” In order to answer the research question, a descriptive qualitative method is used to analyze the data. The data of the research are taken from the English and the two Indonesian versions of the comics. Newmark‟s typology (1988) is used to categorize the translation procedures used by the two publishers. The study reveals that the procedures used by Indira are literal translation, transference, cultural equivalent, synonymy, modulation, reduction, and couplets. Meanwhile, the procedures used by Gramedia are literal translation, naturalization, cultural equivalence, functional equivalent, synonymy, modulation, reduction, and couplets. The finding also reveals that from the procedures mentioned previously, modulation, couplets and cultural equivalent

are the three procedures which frequently employed by the translators of the two publishers.

Key words: swearing words, Tintin comics, translation of comics, translation procedures.

INTRODUCTION

The Adventures of Tintin comic series, which used to be published by Indira from 1975, have enjoyed popularity in Indonesia. Due to some unfortunate quality problems with its 2005 prints, the company lost the right to publish the series, and Gramedia, the biggest publisher in the country, started printing the comics with a copy right from Casterman Publisher in 2008. Gramedia has now printed all the series, but regrettably it

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cannot adopt almost all of the names of the characters used by Indira due to some legal reasons, which make the Tintin‟s fans in the country seem unhappy1. Apart from this problem, the new versions have also been criticized for under translating the comic books. As Kenneth (2014) stated that “Some older fans feel the new translations are weaker and have lost part of the humor.” As a result, Indira‟s version still seems to be much preferred and considered to be the “perfect” translation by many of its readers. One area of translation of special interest relevant to this issue is the translation of the swearing words of the comic series by the two publishers. One character who contributes many vibrant swearing words in the comic series is the prominent character Captain Archibald Haddock, Tintin‟s best companion beside his dog.

The first time Hergé introduced the character of Captain Haddock in his comic, he needed to find a way to eliminate harsh words and replaced them with unique swearing words that have equal emotion since his comic series were mainly targeted for children. Since then, Hergé invented colorful and distinctive swearing words like Blistering barnacles! which later become the trademark of Captain Haddock‟s swearing. When the Indonesian version of Tintin comics were republished by Gramedia, the first thing Tintinologists (appellation of Tintin‟s fans) sought to see is the translation of Captain Haddock‟s swearing. As one of Tintinologist, Misdianto (2008) said in his blog that “I have been waiting for the ninth series as I am curious how Gramedia would translate the well-known Captain Haddock‟s swearing.” Apparently, it shows that the translation of

The names Snowy, Thomson and Thompson, Calculus have been changed into Milo, Dupont and Dupond, and Lakmus in the Gramedia versions of the comic strips.

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swearing words in the new Indonesian version by Gramedia attract Tintin fans to compare them with the previous version translated by Indira.

Moreover, swearing words have an important role to help readers to be aware of the character‟s feeling and attitude in comic. As Jay (in Sanders, 2009) explains that swearing words connect our language system with our emotional system for instance to express angry or surprise. Therefore, swearing words might have an important role to illustrate the feeling and attitude of the characters in Tintin comic series. Considering the importance of the swearing words to illustrate the manner and emotion of the characters in Tintin comic series and how the swearing words particularly „Captain Haddock‟s swearing‟ have a special place for Tintin fans. The writer found it interesting to see the different procedures employed by the translators in each version, since they seem to have been responded with different levels of enthusiasm. With the previous reason, the present research would investigate the procedures of the translation of swearing words in the comic entitled The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun and the two Indonesian versions by Indira and Gramedia.

In addition, Zanettin (2004, p.3) reports that comics have been used as the primary data of some translation studies to examine the translation of puns, proper names, onomatopoeia, citations, allusions and other features of languages. Unfortunately, there is one area which seems to remain untouched in the ground of comic‟s translation, namely the translation of „swearing words‟. As Nørgaard & Grønhøj (2014) said that swearing words “...have been considered as tabooed area within linguistics, since it has

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been seen as less prestigious than other areas”. Regardless of this, the writer believes that the translation of swearing words in comics deserves a special attention.

In relation to the study of the translation of swearing words, some studies have been conducted such as the studies done by Mujayani (2006) and Kurniawan (2013). The study done by Mujayani (2013) is entitled An Analysis of Swearing Words Translation in Sidney Sheldon‟s A Stranger in the Mirror into Indonesian Sosok Asing dalam Cermin by Hidayat Saleh. The focus of her study were to analyze the strategies used by the translator in translating the English swearing words into Indonesian in the novel A Stranger in the Mirror and to identify the accuracy level of the translation. Mujayani used Mona Baker‟s typology (1992) to examine the strategies used by the translator in translating the swearing words in the novel. Furthermore, she used questionnaire with three respondents to rate the level of accuracy of the translation.

Another study is written by Kurniawan (2013) entitled An Analysis of Swearing Words Translations in the Transformers 3 Movie. In his study, Kurniawan examined the translation of English swearing words into Indonesian in Transformer 3 movie by using Newmark‟s typology (1988). The similarity between this study and the two previous studies is the objective. The three researchers try to look at the strategies or procedures used by the translators in translating English swearing words into Indonesian. The typology used in the current study is similar to the typology used in Kurniawan‟s study. As for the difference of the previous studies and this present study is the source of data of the research. The data of this research are taken from the swearing words found in comics while the previous studies used swearing words in novel and movie‟s subtitling. Another

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difference is Mujayani‟s study also evaluated the accuracy level of the translation while this study focuses only on the analysis of procedures used by translator in translating the swearing words in Tintin comics from English to Indonesian.

Based on the research background and the objective of the research, this present study is expected to give a useful reference for translators who want to provide a better translation of swearing words in comics to Indonesian readers. Hopefully, this research will also be a beneficial reference for students of Faculty of Language and Literature or other researchers who conduct study in the same field related to the analysis of translation procedures of swearing words.

To limit the scope of the study, the writer would focus mainly on analyzing the „swearing words‟ in comic The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun and the two Indonesian translations published by Indira and Gramedia, with the following research question “What are the translation procedures to render the swearing words from the source text into Indonesian in each comic version?”

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This section attempts to discuss all the literatures connected to this study from the definition of swearing words, Tintin comics and its swearing words, translation of comics, translation and translation procedures as well as the discussion of the typology used in this study.

Definition of Swearing Words

Swearing words are not easy to define due to the fact that it is a very complex area (Ljung, 2011 as cited in Nørgaard & Grønhøj, 2014). However, some linguists have

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attempted to define swearing words. Adam and Richard (2002) define swearing words as words which regarded as discourteous and improper form of language, including the strongest and most unpleasant words. Although swearing words are often referred to as inconsiderate or bad language, many people still use swearing words in their daily life. As Svensson (2004) states that in spite of the judgment of swearing as insolent and impertinent words, some people still use them in their everyday vocabulary. This may link with Holmes‟s statement (2013) that swearing words may serve various functions in society as swearing words are not only use by people to convey aggravation, anger and offense but they are also use to express solidarity and sociability.

In addition of swearing words as a way to express emotion, feeling and to show solidarity, in comics, movies, novels, and many other entertainment media, swearing words are often uttered not only to express anger, annoyance, and surprise but are also often used as the elements of jokes or humor. As proposed by Andersson and Trudgill (1992, p. 36-37) that there are four classification of swearing words and one of them is humorous swearing. The others are expletive, abusive and auxiliary swearing. To get better understanding of the four strategies, here are the further explanations.

The first category, expletiveswearing refers to personal feelings or emotions like anger, annoyance, or surprise and it is not aimed at other people. For instance the swearing words like Hell! Shit! and God damn it! The second category is abusive swearing. This swearing is directed to other people and it tends to be offensive. Cursing and name calling such as You bastard! and Go to hell! are belong to this category. The

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third type is called humorous swearing. Although humorous swearing is addressed to other people, this swearing does not intend to abuse or annoy people instead it gives a sense of humor or playfulness for example Get your ass in gear! The last category is auxiliary swearing. This type of swearing is not directed to person or circumstances and it id only used as a way of speaking. This kind of swearing is “often or always non -emphatic” and usually referred to as lazy swearing. For instance, bloody… or f**king….

Tintin Comics and Its Swearing Words

According to Eisner (1985, p. 5) comic or sequential art is “a means of creative expression, a distinct discipline, an art and literary form that deals with the arrangement of pictures or images and words to narrate a story or dramatize and idea.” Eisner‟s point is that comic is a story or narration which employs pictures and texts to render meaning to the readers. There are many types of comics including comic strips, comic books, graphic novel and many more. As for Tintin comic, which is used as the basis data of this study, belongs to comic series in which the comic is connected one to another through the main character, Tintin. Each edition of the comic is published individually in series. For this study, the 14th series of The Adventures of Tintin entitled Prisoners of the Sun and the two Indonesian versions are used as the source data of the study.

The famous character Tintin was created in 1929 by a Belgian artist named Georges Rémi, well-known by his pen name as Hergé (created from the French pronunciation of R.G, his reversed initials). Hergé was born in 1907 in Brussels, Belgium. He had written 23 comic series of The Adventures of Tintin from the first title

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he finished the 24th series of Tintin comics entitled Tintin and the Aplha Art. Tintin comic series were first publicized as the children‟s supplement section Le Petit Vingtieme in Belgian newspaper Le Vingtieme Siecle (Tjokro, 2010). Then the comics become prominent around the world and have been translated in many languages including Indonesian.

The Adventures of Tintin or well-known in Indonesia as Kisah Petualangan Tintin

is popular comic series in Indonesia read by all ages of people, from children, teenagers to adults. Indonesian people adore the story of the voyage of the smart and brave young Belgian reporter and his loyal dog around the world to solve mysterious cases. Tintin comics were first published in Indonesia in 1975 by now-defunct Indira Publisher and were translated from the English-language version of the comics. Therefore, Indonesian readers are more familiar with the characters‟ name of the comic that came from the English version of the comics2. After Indira printing company was closed down, Gramedia, gained the permission to republish Tintin comics in 2008. Due to authenticity agreement, Gramedia translated the Tintin comics from its original French editions. As a result, there are some changes of the characters‟ names of the Tintin comic series3

. Another difference between Tintin comics published by Indira and Gramedia is the title of the comic series. Indira‟s version is entitled Kisah Petualangan Tintin: Tawanan Dewa Matahari while Gramedia is titled as Kisah Petualangan Tintin: Di Kuil Matahari.

Tintin’s dog names Milou was known as snowy and Professor Tryphon Tournesol as Curthbert

Calculus 3

The names Snowy, Thomson and Thompson, Calculus have been changed into Milo, Dupont and Dupond, and Lakmus.

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In Indonesia and other countries, Tintin comic series is loved for the accurate details of Hergé‟s illustration for places which Hergé himself might have never been there before like Kemayoran Airport which appeared in The Adventures of Tintin: Flight 714. Another iconic characteristic of Tintin comic series which liked by many Tintinologists and always become a topic in many Tintin‟s forum is the unique swearing words in Tintin. The swearing words are very distinctive compared to the swearing words which used in others media such as novel or movie‟s subtitling and dubbing like hell! damn! or shit! The unparalleled swearing words are originated from the making of the character Captain Haddock, whose vocabularies are vibrant and colorful since he is a sailor. However as Tintin comics are also enjoyed by children, Hergé had to find a way to replace the harsh swearing words into unique swearing words. Witnessing a market trader using the word “four-power pact” „agreement of insuring international security signed by Britain, France, Italy and Germany in 1993‟ to swear, Hergé found a solution for replacing the swearing words in Tintin with ones which essentially were not „real‟ swearing words but can function as swearing words to express the emotion of the characters in his comic. Later, he did many researches to invent plentiful unique swearing words such as Blistering barnacles! Thundering typhoons! and many more which after their first appearance in the comic became the trademark of Captain Haddock‟s swearing.

Translation of comics

When translators translating novels and comics, they might use similar typology but they might have different consideration regarding the aspects of the translation, for instance the texts in comics are put in speech balloons and boxes thus the texts have

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lesser space than in novel. Therefore, the translators might need to pay attention to the technical constraint of the translation although it should be noted that this aspect is not the only thing to consider in translating comics. As the prominent linguist Kaindl (in Zanettin 2004) proposes a classification related to the translation of comics which consist of three aspects which the writer believes to be the important aspects in translating comics. The first aspect is typographical signs which include the modification in font type and size, layout, and format. Second, pictorial signs include the adjustment of colors, action lines, vignettes and perspectives. Third, linguistic signs include the change in titles, inscriptions, dialogues, onomatopoeias and narration.

In translating imported comics, the act is often referred as localization. As Zanettin (2008, p.201) himself writes that “the publication of a foreign comics, can also be seen as an instance of localization in that it involves not only linguistic translation but also the adaptations of visual/cultural information, as well as technical constraints” Furthermore, he states that localization is a procedure in which the original product is adjusted properly to the target product with adjustment in linguistic, technical and cultural aspects of the target language or the local where the comic will be distributed and sold. Besides localization, there are two more strategies generally used in translating comics. The first strategy is domestication and the later is foreignizing. In domestication, considerable changes are made from the graphic, text to the format of the comics to fit the local context. On the other hand, foreignizing maintains the format of the original work to show the origin of the comic hence only few changes are made (Rota, 2008). In addition, although the three procedures mentioned previously are commonly used to

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translate comics, but the procedures might not applicable to translate a specific translation element like swearing words in comics. Therefore, this study uses different typology to analyze the translation of swearing words in Tintin comics which will further discuss in the next sub-heading.

Translation and Translation Procedures

Generally, translation means transferring language from the source language (SL) into the target language (TL). Bell (1991, p.5) defines translation as “the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another source language preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.” In line with Bell, Nida and Taber (1982, p.12) state that translation is the act of “reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.” Both of the two previous statements have similar perception that to translate means to convey the source language to target language as identical as possible in terms of meaning and style. On the other hand, it is not an easy job for translators to render the meaning into TL as closely as possible as the SL. As Mounin (as cited in AISSI, 1987) asserts that languages differ from each other as each language corresponds to a specific society where the language is used by the people of the particular society. In addition to that, language is bound with culture therefore when translating imported literatures, translators need to refer to the TL cultural words to fit the TL context. Moreover, if there is no TL equivalence of the SL words, the translators need to look for a way so that the meaning of the SL can be understood by the TL readers without losing the intended meaning of the SL words.

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To analyze the comics, the writer here uses the term translation procedures instead of translation methods. Newmark (1988) clarifies that “while translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language.” (p.81). Since this study analyzes the swearing words by using the words or phrases of the swearing words, the term translation procedures is more appropriate to refer to the strategies used by the translators. In this study, the writer employs the translation procedures by Newmark (1988) as there are no specific translation procedures for swearing words yet. Newmark (1988) listed number of procedures as follows:

1. Literal translation

Newmark (1988, p.51) says that in literal translation, the lexical items of the SL is translated individually to the TL, yet this procedure maintains the grammar items of the SL to the closest equivalent of the TL grammar items. Examples of this procedure is the swearing words mountain goat which translated literally into Indonesian as kambing gunung „mountain goat‟ and foreign dog which also translated literally as anjing asing„foreign dog‟.

2. Transference

According to Newmark (1988) transference or known as emprunt or transcription “is the process of transferring a SL word to a TL text as a translation procedure.” (p.81). Newmark further states that this procedure is similar to Catford‟s transference and transliteration in which the alphabets from Russian, Arabic, Chinese, etc are conversed into English alphabet. In addition, transference often refers as loan words as the words are loaned from

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other language. For instance the English words coup d‟etat which means a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force is loaned from the French words coup d‟État with similar meaning. Another example is the English swearing words “Davy Jones!” which is transferred to Indonesian as “Davy Jones!”

3. Naturalization

In this procedure, Newmark (1988, p.82) says the SL words that already go through the transference process are then adjusted to the TL‟s normal articulation and morphology. In other words, the words are originally loaned from other language but then it is accepted and used by people in their daily life. The sample of naturalization is the English word attractive that comes from the Middle French word attractif. In Indonesia, we have the word

komunikasi that is taken from the English word communication and the word

Ektoplasma from the English word Ectoplasm. 4. Cultural equivalent

Newmark (1988, p.82-83) states that when translator transfers SL word into a TL cultural word, it means he uses cultural equivalent procedure. He further adds that this type of translation procedure is not accurate but has greater pragmatic impact compare to functional equivalent. Examples for this procedure are the words “Good heavens!” and “For heaven‟s sake!” which uttered to express surprise, are translated into similar cultural words in Indonesian like “Astaga!” and “Demi Tuhan!”.

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14 5. Functional equivalent

Actually functional equivalent is related to cultural words however Newmark (1988) adds that this procedure requires the use of cultural-neutral words. In other words, words are translated from SL to TL‟s words which are commonly used in general. (p.83). For example the word budgerigar which refers to a bird specimen parakeet or love bird is translated into Indonesian simply as burung „bird‟. The example shows that word budgerigar is translated into more common term as burung „bird‟ instead of burung parkit „parakeet‟. Even though the translation is not completely accurate, but both words refer to the same thing „bird‟. This procedure is also used when there is no equivalent word of the SL into TL, for instance the word cot death is translated in French as mort subite d‟un nourrisson (sudden death of an infant). Although the translation is not fully specific in transferring the meaning of cot death but both words render the same functional meaning. 6. Descriptive equivalent

Newmark (1988) claims that “Description and function are essential elements in explanation and therefore in translation.” (p.84). Basically, Newmark is saying that in this procedure, word is translated using longer explanation. To take a case in point, the word m‟achète is translated as a large heavy knife used in Central and South America as a weapon or for cutting vegetation. In this procedure, both description and function are combined to translate the word.

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15 7. Synonymy

In this procedure, SL word is translated in close proximity to TL words because there is no specific translation of the SL words in TL words. As Newmark explains (1988) that “a synonymy is only appropriate where literal translation is not possible and because the word is not important enough for componential analysis” (p.84). Adjectives and Adverbs are common word classes that usually translated using synonymy. For example, the literal translation of the adjective stupid is bodoh, but in Indonesian language the similar term bodoh „stupid‟ can be expressed using synonyms like dogol, tolol, bebal, bego, dungu, idiot and many more. Usually this procedure is used to avoid repetition for instance if the translation bodoh has been used before then the translator would use the synonym like dogol or bego to translate the word stupid.

8. Through-translation

Through-translation is often referred to as calque or loan translation. According to Newmark (1998, p.84) translation of common collocations, names of organizations, component of compounds and phrases belong to through-translation procedure. Furthermore, he emphasizes that only acknowledged terms are allowed to translate using this procedure. Organizations that known world-wide by their acronyms like UNESCO, UNICEF, FAO, and many more are usually not translated, so whether in

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Indonesian or Japanese, FAO is still stand for Food and Agriculture Organization.

9. Shifts or transpositions

According to Vinay and Darbelnet (1985, p.16) transposition is “procédé par lequel un signifié change de catégorie grammatical”, which means one part of speech is replaced by another part of speech. In other words, when transferring SL words into TL, the translator also alters the grammar of the SL words to TL. Newmark (1988, p.85) states that the changing of the grammar from SL to TL involves the change from singular to plural, change the position of adjective, change of an SL verb into TL word, change of an SL group to a TL noun and many more. In addition to the definition by Vinay & Darbelnet and Newmark, Catford (1965) proposes the term class shift which occurs when “the translation equivalent of an SL item is a member of a different class from the original item” (p.76). For instance a SL noun is translated into a TL verb and etc. One example from Newmark is the shift of singular word furniture which translated into French plural word des meubles.

Another example is the shift from SL verb into TL adverb of the French words

La situation reste critique (The situation is still critical) translated into English as The situation remains critical.

10. Modulation

Newmark (1988) has adopted this strategy from Vinay and Darbelnet (1985). According to Vinay and Darbelnet in AISSI (1987, p.152) modulation occurs

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in semantic level and through many different perspectives or point of view. There are two types of modulation. First is fixed or traditional modulation in which the word either can be found in dictionary or is proposed by translator in the past and become every-day language in the TL. Second is free modulation in which there is no equivalent of the SL word to the TL word therefore the translator needs to propose new term. Besides the two types of modulation mentioned before, there are other modulation procedures such as abstract for concrete, cause for effect, one part for another, reversal of terms, active for passive, space for time, intervals and limits, and the last one is change of symbols (Newmark, 1988, p.89). Although Newmark (1988) mentions the sub-categories suggested by Vinay and Darbelnet, he himself elucidates that they were “unconvincing” (1988, p.89) Therefore, since Newmark does not give his own types of modulation, this present study will only use this category to classify strategies which focus on transferring the pragmatic aspect of the source text but use an expression with has little or no semantic content of the source text. Here are the examples:

1. SL: tin-hatted tyrant! TL: raja brengsek!

The first example shows a swearing words which translated using modulation with little semantic context. The little semantic context here means that the TL words still has semantic sense of the original swearing though it is not completely transferred. Here the translator translates the

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English swearing words tin-hatted tyrant into raja brengsek „evil king‟, the

word tyrant here refers to the same thing in Indonesian as raja or penguasa „king‟. Moreover, although the meaning of tin-hatted is different from

brengsek, but both words serve equal pragmatic meaning that is referring to the King whose personality is evil or heartless as he gave Tintin and Captain Haddock a death sentence for entering the sacred temple of the Incas.

2. SL: the gangsters! TL: belalang liar!

As for the second example, the translators translated it into completely unrelated words from the SL. As a result, the SL swearing and the TL shares no semantic context. Although both of them still considered as swearing, however the result of the translated swearing from the gangsters into

belalang liar„wild locust‟ give a sense of humor to the translation rather than

showing the emotion of the intended swearing which refers to the bad guys „gangsters‟.

11. Recognized translation

According to Newmark (1988, p.89) translation that has been officially and widely accepted as institutional terminology is included in this type of translation. For instance the German term Mitbestimmung „participation‟ is

generally translated as co-determination though it might be more accurate and natural if the word Mitbestimmung is translated into worker‟s participation. As the term co-determination has already been used as the standard of the

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translation, if the translators use different term to translate it in official text, then it may lead to a misinterpretation or confusion for the reader or receiver. 12. Compensation

According to Newmark (1988) compensation occurs when “loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part, or in a contiguous sentence.” (p.90) for example the sentences “We were a few kilometers west of Mahipar Falls when Karim pulled to the side of the road. Mahipar –which means “Flying Fish” – was a high summit with a precipitous drop overlooking the hydro plant the Germans had built for Afghanistan back in 1967.” (Kite Runner, p. 111) Here the word Mahipar is explained in the next part of the text.

13. Reduction and expansion

Reduction is also known as omission while expansion is known as addition. Originally these strategies are included in shift procedure but now they stand alone. Newmark says (1988, p.90) that although these procedures are not accurate, some translators may use it. One example of reduction is the French translation of science linguistique which translated in English as linguistics. Here the word science is omitted. An example of expansion is the word

thundering typhoons which translated into Indonesian as seribu juta topan badai „billions of thunderstorms‟. Here the translators use expansion by adding the word seribu juta in the TL words.

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20 14. Paraphrase

According to Newmark (1988, p.90) in this procedure, the translator rearranges the order of the words or phrases or sentences into different segments that still convey the similar meaning to the SL words. Or in simpler way, the translator rewrites the idea of the SL text into different wording and different style of writing of the TL by still maintaining the same meaning of the SL. For instance the phase I don‟t think he would make it is translated into

dia tidak akan berhasil. 15. Couplets

According to Newmark (1988, p.91) couplets combine two translation procedures to translate text, words, phrases or sentence in translation. For instance the word ungrateful brute is translated into Indonesian as tak tahu diuntung using two procedures. The first procedure is cultural equivalent,

ungrateful means tak berterima kasih, but here the translator refers the word into a more cultural word as tak tahu diuntung which both has similar meaning; the act of showing no gratitude. The second procedure used is reduction in which the word brute in ungrateful brute is not translated in the TL, only the word ungrateful is translated into Indonesian. So the SL

ungrateful brute is translated into TL using couplets, combination of two procedures; cultural equivalent and reduction.

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21 16. Notes

A note is additional information given by translators for difficult terms to help the readers grasp the meaning of certain words. As Newmark (1988, p.91) explains that a translator might need to add some notes for three main reasons that is related to cultural, technical and linguistic. First, SL cultural words need to be given explanation in TL as the local reader may not familiar to the SL‟s cultural words. Second, technical note which accounts for words related to the topic and the last is linguistic note related to the explanation of language use of certain words. Furthermore, Newmark adds (1988) that there are four ways in which notes are placed, notes within the text, at bottom of page, at end of chapter and notes on glossary at end of book (p.92). The example can be seen from the note at the bottom of page explaining about a *samurai, a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy.

THE STUDY

Research Methodology

This study attempts to analyze the translation procedures used by two publishers Indira and Gramedia in translating the English swearing words in Tintin comic series The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun into Indonesian. In order to fulfill the objective of this study, this study used a descriptive qualitative research to examine the translation procedures applied by the two publishers in translating the English swearing words into Indonesian language. In descriptive qualitative research, the researcher acted as the

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investigator who collects, analyzes the data, makes interpretation of the data then draws a conclusion based on the interpretation of the recent issue or problem discussed in the study. As stated by Wiersma (in Mujayani, 2006, p.86) that “qualitative research has its original analysis, and essentially in inductive process, reasoning from the specific situation to a general conclusion.” This study is also considered as descriptive qualitative study because the interpretation of the data is put in a descriptive manner.

The data of this study were taken from the English swearing words in Tintin comic series Prisoners of the Sun and the Indonesian translations of the swearing words by Indira and Gramedia. The researcher picked the comic as the data source of this study based on the following considerations. First, the comic is popular reading worldwide and also in Indonesia. Second, the comic is popular reading for all ages from children, teenagers to adults. Third, the comic contains many swearing words. Among the three considerations, the last criteria must be fulfilled in selecting the data source to ensure that the writer could analyze the procedures used by translators in translating the swearing words in Tintin comic series from English to Indonesian.

The researcher applied library research to accumulate the data of this study. The data sources in this study were divided into primary and secondary sources. The primar y sources of this study were taken from the English and the two Indonesian versions of the 14th series of Tintin comic series titled Prisoners of the Sun. The writer also used secondary data which taken from suitable and relevant materials to this study such as books of translation procedures and theories, journal or academic research about translation of comics, swearing words and etc.

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The data collection was later done in the following steps. First, the researcher selected the comics for this study in both the English version and the Indonesian versions. Second, the researcher read the comics to find the swearing words in the comics. Third, the researcher listed all the swearing words found in the comics. Next, the researcher encoded the swearing words found in the comics. Each item of the swearing words was coded using initial P which refers to Page and F refers to Frame. For instance code P30F1 means the swearing word is found on page thirty frame one. The number of the frame is counted from the top left of the frame or the first picture on the page. For examples, if the data is coded as F1 then the data is on the first frame of the picture, if it coded as F5 then the data is on the fifth frame. Moreover, page and frame are used to code the data because in comic every page has more than one frame of pictures, therefore by giving code for each swearing words, it helped the writer to check the data. After each swearing word was coded, the following step was to put all the data in form of table.

In analyzing the data, the writer used these steps. First, the writer analyzed the procedures used by the translators from the two publishers in translating the English swearing words into Indonesian using Newmark (1988) typology. Then the writer classified each data of the swearing words according to their translation procedures. The following step was to describe and discuss the findings related to the objective of the study. Finally, the researcher drew a general conclusion based on the findings.

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24 FINDING AND DISCUSSION

From the data collection, the writer found 138 occurrences of English swearing words, 133 occurrences of Indonesian swearing words in Indira and 135 swearing words in Gramedia. Based on the data analysis, the result showed that from the total 16 procedures proposed by Newmark (1988), Indira used 7 procedures to translate the English swearing words in Tintin comic into Indonesian and Gramedia used 8 procedures. The procedures used by Indira are literal translation, transference, cultural equivalent, synonymy, modulation, reduction, and couplets. As for Gramedia, the procedures used are literal translation, naturalization, cultural equivalence, functional equivalent, synonymy, modulation, reduction, and couplets.

Table 1 Newmark‟s Typology Used in Translating Swearing Words in Tintin comics

Procedure Indira Gramedia Total

Literal translation 11 13 24

Transference 1 0 1

Naturalization 0 3 3

Cultural Equivalent 27 21 48

Functional Equivalent 0 2 2

Synonymy 4 2 6

Modulation type 1 (MLS) 6 6 12

Modulation type 2 (MNS) 41 34 75

Reduction 8 20 28

Couplets 29 30 59

Total 127 131 258

Table 1 shows the total of the swearing words translated using Newmark‟s typology (1988). As for the further discussion of the findings are as follows:

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Modulation

The largest procedure used by the two publishers in translating the swearing words in Tintin is modulation with total of 87 items translated using this procedure. As discussed in the theoretical framework, the writer has divided this category into two sub-groups to make the classification of the procedure easier. From the data analysis, the writer found 41 items of SL swearing words translated into Indonesian using MNS4 sub-group in Indira and 34 items in Gramedia. Still under modulation procedure, the MLS5 sub-group is used to translate 6 items both in Gramedia and Indira. Here are the two examples of modulation procedure used by Indira and Gramedia translators:

(1) SL: Blistering barnacles TL: Setan laut

(2) SL: Blistering barnacles

TL: Kepiting kurus

The first example is taken from Indira and the later from Gramedia. Both examples have similar English swearing words however each publisher provides different Indonesian translation of the swearing words. Indira translated blistering barnacles as

setan laut „sea devil‟ while Gramedia translated it as kepiting kurus „scrawny crab‟. The

English swearing word Blistering barnacles in Indonesian literally means kerang or

teritip yang melepuh atau bernanah. Here both translators used modulation to translate the English swearing words. As has been discussed in literature review, one of the characteristics of modulation is the change of symbol. Both of the translators in Indira

MNS: Modulation with no semantic content 5

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and Gramedia used the change of symbol in transferring the SL swearing words although the symbol has no semantic connection from the original words or belong to MNS sub-group. From the point of view of the writer, the selection of the modulation procedure to translate the swearing words Blistering barnacles is probably because there is no equivalent of the English swearing word Blistering barnacles in Indonesian language. Furthermore, if the English swearing word is translated literally it may not sound natural for Indonesian readers. Referring to the problems previously mentioned, the writer assumes that the translators from the two publishers use modulation procedure because they cannot use literal translation and unable to provide TL equivalent to render the original swearing words. Therefore, they use their own perspectives to translate the English swearing words into Indonesian.

In the first example, Indira changed the symbol from kerang„barnacle‟ into setan laut „sea devil‟ and in the example number 2 Gramedia changed it into kepiting kurus „scrawny crab‟. Referring to the original swearing words, the writer imagines that kerang yang melepuh atau bernanah„blistering barnacles‟ as sea creatures which are completely horrible. Therefore, the writer assumes that the symbol setan laut „sea devil‟ is more appropriate and expressive for the translation of blistering barnales in Indonesia than

kepiting kurus „scrawny crab‟. The reason is because setan laut „sea devil‟ has closer

pragmatic equivalent to the swearing words Blistering barnacles especially in expressing Captain Haddock‟s anger and annoyance. Meanwhile, kepiting kurus „scrawny crab‟ has less expressive meaning than the SL swearing since it sounds humorous like a joke. As a result, when the swearing word is linked with Captain Haddock‟s furious expression, the

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translated swearing words kepiring kurus „scrawny crab‟ seems less suitable. The writer

can conclude it that way because in comics either picture and speech balloons are linked to each other to transfer meaning of the story. Therefore, in angry and annoyed situation, the swearing words setan laut „sea devil‟ could describe the emotion of the character better than kepiting kurus „scrawny crab‟.

In addition, as shown in Table 1 both publishers mostly transferring the English swearing words into Indonesian using this procedure. The reason is perhaps due to the uniqueness of the swearing words in Tintin comics which are uncommon in Indonesian language. Therefore, the translators used their point of view to render the SL swearing words into Indonesian to provide natural translation which common to Indonesian readers. Of course, not all the translation are perfect, in example 1 Indira‟s translators are able to provide equal pragmatic meaning from SL to TL. However in example 2, Gramedia‟s translators may not as successful as Indira‟s translators in rendering the pragmatic meaning of the swearing words. Nevertheless, at least the second example with the humorous swearing may bring laughter for Indonesian readers.

Couplets

The second largest procedure used to translate the swearing words in Tintin by Indira and Gramedia is couplets. Indira and Gramedia translate 59 data using this procedure. From the total 59 data, Indira translates 29 items with this procedure while Gramedia translates 30 items. As discussed in the theoretical framework, this strategy occurred when translators employ two different strategies to transfer the meaning of the

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SL words into the target language. Here are examples of couplets procedure used in the translation:

(3) SL: Thundering typhoons TL: Topan Geledek

Thundering typhoons is another swearing words which often uttered by Captain Haddock in Tintin comics beside the swearing words „Blistering barnacles!‟. Here the swearing words thundering typhoons is translated using two procedures; shift and literal translation. First procedure is shift or transposition. In shift procedure, the adjective

thundering was shifted into noun geledek„thunder or lightning‟. Then the translators used literal translation to translate the typhoons into topan „typhoon‟. Therefore, the translation became topan geledek. Based on result of the data analysis, the writer notices that shift is often used with combination of others procedures to save the space of the speech balloons since the original swearing usually longer than the TL swearing words such as in form of noun group. Therefore the noun groups were usually shifted into noun in Indonesian such as the swearing words young swine in form of noun group which translated simply as a noun brengsek„damn!‟

(4) SL: raggle-taggle ruminants! TL: pemamah biak!

The data sample number 4 also shows the example of couplets translation procedure by combining two procedures; literal translation and reduction. In the example number 4, the word raggle-taggle „kacau; semrwaut‟ is omitted and not translated in the TL, as for the word ruminants is translated literally as pemamah biak. As a result, the

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swearing words raggle-taggle ruminants is translated in Indonesian simply as pemamah biak„ruminants‟.

Cultural equivalent

The third largest procedure used by Indira and Gramedia is cultural equivalent. Cultural equivalent refers to the TL swearing words which has similar cultural value from the original swearing. Indira used this strategy more often than Gramedia as can be seen in Table 1 that 27 items were translated by Indira using this procedure and 21 items were translated by Gramedia using this procedure. Here are the examples of the data:

(5) SL: thundering typhoons! TL: topan badai!

(6) SL: Crumbs! TL: Sial!

From the total of 27 items in Indira, 10 of them were the swearing words

Thundering typhoons. In Indonesia, people rarely use this swearing word to swear, however this swearing word is often uttered by Captain Haddock, a sailor friend of Tintin. When people swear, people often use some bad or offensive words. In Captain Haddock‟s case, thundering typhoons is considered something bad for a sailor, hence he used those words to curse or swear. Therefore, in example 5, it seems that Indira translators are attempted to preserve the SL cultural words into the TL, so the translators decided to translate it as closely as possible to the SL. As Newmark (1988) states that cultural equivalent occurred when the translator transfer SL cultural words into TL cultural words. Thundering typhoons in Indonesian literally means topan atau badai yang

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bergemuruh „hurricane or thundering typhoon‟. However, since the literal translation did not sound natural, the translators translated it into topan badai „stormy typhoon; thunderstorm‟. Although the translation of the swearing words seems different, both of them shared equal meaning which illustrate an extremely bad weather in form of hurricane or typhoon.

The example number six illustrates the example of cultural equivalent used in translating English swearing words into Indonesian language by Gramedia. The example is chosen because the swearing word is occurred more than three times in the translation. The English swearing word crumbs literally means remah-remah ‟small piece of e.g. bread or cake‟. As the translation might sound odd if it translated literally, the translators decided to translate it with TL cultural equivalence as sial „unluky; unfortunate; darn it‟.

The word sial in Indonesia is usually uttered to express annoyance, surprise and anger. Similar with the word sial, crumbs is an utterance used to express surprise. Therefore the translators translated the swearing words crumbs with the TL equivalent word sial.

Reduction

After modulation, couplets and cultural equivalent, reduction is one of the procedure which often used by translators in Gramedia. There were total of 20 items were translated using this procedure in Gramedia. On the other hand, Indira‟s translators only omitted 8 items in their translation. Here are examples of the data using reduction procedure:

(7) SL: But thundering typhoons, the doctor definitely said …

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(8) SL: Tonight? …. You? .... What about the yellow fever, stupid? TL: Nanti malam? Bagaimana dengan demam kuning itu?

The two examples taken from Indira and Gramedia show that the swearing words

thundering typhoons and stupid were omitted and not translated in the target language. In the comic, the two examples of the swearing words thundering typhoons and stupid

illustrated Captain Haddock‟s annoyance toward Tintin as Tintin insisted to go to check Calculus on Pachacamac ship despite the warning indicating that there was infectious disease in the ship and no one allowed going near that ship. As the swearing words are not translated, the expressive meanings of the swearing words are not transferred too.

In contrast to the previous statement in which reduction effecting the expressiveness of the output of the translation, in translating comic, sometimes there is a case in which the translators have no choice but to omit the swearing words because there is no enough space for the translation. For instance, there are many swearing words uttered in one speech balloon thus the translators need to omit one or two swearing words to fit the space of the speech balloon. The writer found two items in this study which translated using successive reduction, here are the examples:

(9) SL: “Tramps! … Zapotecs! … Pockmarks! … Pithecanthropuses! … Bashi- baӡouks! … Let me go, you savages!”

TL: “Biang panu! … Bajak kudisan! … Babon! … Monyet bulukan! …

Lepaskan saya, kampret!”

In example 9, the translators used successive omission procedure by only translating four out of five swearing words in Indira comic. The translators might apply this strategy for this following reason:

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Picture 1 English version, Egmont Picture 2 Indonesian version, Indira As seen in Picture 1 and 2 taken from the English version of Tintin and the Indonesian version published by Indira, the sizes of the font used are different. The size of the font used in Indonesian version is bigger than those in English version. Since comic uses balloon to show the dialogue between characters, the translators may reduce the swearing words because the space of the balloon is full. As can be seen in Picture 2, there is no more space for the translation. Therefore, the translators decided to omit one swearing word so the translation would fit the dialogue box. Furthermore, this strategy is perhaps applied by the translators as they think reducing one swearing word in a group of swearing words might not really effecting the expressiveness of the translation.

(10) SL: “Our guns?....The gangsters! …. Bandits!....Filibusters!....Pirates!....”

TL: “Senapan kita? Bandit! Bajak laut! Rampok!”

In addition, translators might omit the swearing words because it has no equivalence in the target language or because it is difficult to paraphrase the meaning. As can be seen from example 10, only three out of four swearing words are translated and though the swearing words are not translated in order, it can be inferred from the meaning that the swearing word which omitted in the translation is the swearing word filibuster. According to an English-Indonesian dictionary, filibuster in Indonesian has meaning as

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kb. usaha menggagalkan penetapan undang-undang dengan pidato-pidato yang amat panjang dan tak habis-habis „a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches‟. Since the Indonesian meaning of filibuster is lengthy and uncommon in Indonesia, it is difficult for the translator to paraphrase the meaning of the swearing word thus the swearing word filibuster is omitted. This procedure is in line with Mona Baker (1992) who suggests that translator may omit the translation if the meaning of the word is not affecting the whole text and if the translation is too long. Similar to Mona Baker‟s argument, example 9 shows that one swearing words can be omitted if it is not really affecting the whole sentences. Reduction or omission is also used when the translation is too lengthy and difficult to paraphrase as shown in example 10.

Literal translation

The next procedure which occasionally used by Indira and Gramedia is literal translation. In this procedure, Indira translated 11 items while Gramedia translated 13 items. Here are the examples of the data:

(11) SL: foreign dog TL: anjing asing (12) SL: little rat

TL: tikus kecil

As discussed in the theoretical framework, Newmark (1988, p.51) says that each word in SL is translated literally as an individual item in TL. In examples 11 and 12, the English swearing words are translated word-to-word in Indonesian. In example 11, the word foreign is translated literally as asing and dog as anjing. As for example 12, little is translated literally as kecil and rat as tikus. After that, the SL swearing words are then

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translated to the closest equivalent to the TL grammar (Newmark, 1988, p.51). In Indonesian language, noun is put after the adjective. Therefore the SL swearing word

foreign dog is translated in Indonesian as anjing asing not asing anjing. The same case goes to the other example little rat which translated as tikus kecil not kecil tikus. Although the translators seem to try to transfer the SL swearing words into TL, the writer perceives that literal translation of the swearing words mentioned before do not sound natural. In Indonesia, when people swear with name calling using animal as the object of swearing like anjing „dog‟, kambing „goat‟, babi or celeng „swine‟, they

directly said the names of the animal without addition like kecil in tikus kecil „little rat‟. From the writer‟s point of view, the swearing words would sound more natural if the word kecil„little‟ is omitted. In addition, the writer observes that literal translation might not be good typology used in translating swearing words in comics, as many of the English swearing words have lengthy translation in Indonesian. For example the swearing word gobbledygook which in Indonesian means uraian yang berbelit-belit dan sulit untuk dipahami „complicated language that is difficult to understand‟.

Consequently, the space of the balloon and the font size of the dialogue might need to be adjusted. Therefore, the writer concludes that this procedure seems impractical to be used in translating swearing words in comics.

Apart from the five procedures discussed previously, there are more procedures used by Indira and Gramedia in translating the English swearing words into Indonesian. Whereas the previous procedures discussed before are the procedures which used frequently by Indira and Gramedia translators, the following procedures are procedures

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which only used to translate one to less than ten items of swearing words in Tintin comics. They are synonymy, transference, naturalization, and functional equivalent. Here are the further discussions:

Synonymy

Indira translated 4 items using synonymy and 2 items also translated with this procedure in Gramedia. As mentioned in the theoretical framework, word classes like adjectives and adverbs are often translated into TL using synonymy. In line with the previous statement, from the data analysis, the writer found SL adjectives which translated using synonymy into TL. The examples are as follows:

(13) SL: nitwits TL: dogol-dogol (14) SL: Savages

TL: barbar

Examples 13 and 14 demonstrate translation procedure using synonymy. The two swearing words in adjective form nitwits and savages were translated into Indonesian using synonymy. Nitwits in Indonesian not only means orang bodoh „stupid‟, but it also

have synonyms like pandir, tolol and dogol. Here the translators used the synonym

dogol-dogol to translate the SL swearing words. Similar to the previous case, the word

savages in Indonesia has more than one meaning like brutal, ganas, liar, beringas, and

barbar. Here the translator also picked the synonym of the word savages „brutal‟ that is barbar to be used as the translation. The reason for selecting the synonymy of the swearing word is probably for stylistic reason or to avoid repetition. As an illustration,

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the words nitwits, morons and stupid share the similar semantic meaning as dull or idiot, therefore the translator translated the words into dogol or tolol to avoid repetition.

Transference

This procedure is only used by Indira and it is applied to translate one swearing word only. Here is the data:

(15) SL: Davy Jones TL: Davy Jones

According to Newmark (1988) transference procedure is a procedure in which the translator simply transfers the SL word into the TL. Therefore the swearing words Davy Jones was translated into Indonesian as Davy Jones. The translators did not translate the swearing word but simply transfer the SL swearing word to the TL. In addition, the swearing word is uttered by the famous sailor character, Captain Haddock. Therefore, perhaps the translators simply transfer the SL swearing into TL, to show the readers the swearing word which is commonly uttered by sailor to swear or curse the evil spirit deep down the sea.

Naturalization

There is no data translated with naturalization procedure in Indira but the writer found 3 swearing words were translated using naturalization procedure in Gramedia. Here are the examples of the data:

(16) SL: Ectoplasms TL: Ektoplasma

(17) SL: Terrorists TL: Teroris

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According to Newmark (1988) basically naturalization is transference of SL words into TL words with adjustment of TL‟s morphology and pronunciation. The translators in Gramedia translated the SL words Ectoplasms into Ektoplasma and

Terorrists as Teroris. Here the translations of Ektoplasma and Teroris were taken from the English words but the words have been adjusted to the normal Indonesian‟s articulation and morphology. In addition, Gramedia might use naturalization procedure to keep the similar swearing words from the original source while Indira might not use this procedure like Gramedia to avoid using loan words.

Functional equivalent

Only Gramedia translators used this typology to translate the swearing words in Tintin comic. Here are the examples of the data:

(18) SL: Bald-headed budgerigar

TL: burung botak

(19) SL: Patagonians TL: orang liar

According to Newmark (1988) functional equivalent refers to a translation in which cultural-neutral words are used to translate the SL into TL. From the example 18, the swearing word bald-headed budgerigar literally means in Indonesian as burung parkit botak, however the translators simply translated it into general words burung botak „bald-headed bird‟. Although the SL is translated differently in TL but both burung parkit

and burung are referred to the same thing, the bird or the budgerigar. As for example 19,

Patagonians refers to people who lived in southern South America between Andes and the South Atlantic. The translators did not translate Patagonians as orang-orang

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Patagonia but instead they translated it as orang liar „hobo; tramps‟. The decision is

made perhaps to avoid confusion of the word Patagonia, because if the translators translated it as orang-orang Patagonia „Patagonians‟, then the translators need to explain what is Patagonia. Therefore, the translators decided to translate Patagonians into more general word orang liar to help the readers to understand that Patagonians refers to people who lived in a wilderness. By translating it into orang liar „hobo‟ than orang-orang Patagonian „Patagonians‟, the translators also saving the space of the speech balloon in the comic since words orang-orang Patagonian are longer than orang liar.

Having discussed the procedures used by Indira and Gramedia translators in translating the English swearing words into Indonesian. Now, the writer turns the attention to the procedures which are not used or used only in combination with other procedures in couplets typology. The procedures like notes, paraphrase, through-translation, compensation, recognized through-translation, and descriptive equivalent are not used in translating the swearing words in Tintin comics. The procedures mentioned in the previous sentence are not used in translating swearing words perhaps because the procedures are commonly used to translate terminology, name of association, and so on. As for the two procedures shifts and transposition along with expansion which are rarely used alone by Indira and Gramedia‟s translators, are used as the combination with the others procedures in couplets. For example the swearing word pirate that is translated as

bajak kudisan „pirate who has a flaky skin disease‟. Here the word bajak „pirate‟ is

translated literally and then expanded or added with the word kudisan „skin rash; scab‟.

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modulation and shift into Jangkrik„cricket; grasshopper‟. The swearing word thundering typhoons is shifted from noun groups into noun then translated using modulation with no semantic context (MNS) into an animal jangkrik„grasshopper‟ by the translators.

Outside the typology proposed by Newmark, Indira translators translated two data of the swearing words encoded P5F2 and P36F2 (see Appendix C) using double translation. The double here does not refer to the number of the procedures used but refer to the single swearing word which translated into two swearing words. Here is the example of the data:

(20) SL: Billions of blue bubonic barnacles TL: Sompret! Seribu Sial!

The swearing word Billions of blue bubonic barnacles! is translated into double swearing words Sompret! Seribu Sial! „Damn it! Bad luck!‟ The writer assumes that the translators might transfer the single swearing word into double swearing words to put emphasis on the swearing words. Moreover, although the swearing words semantically unrelated to each other, but both share pragmatic meaning that is to express surprise and frustration, as in this context Captain Haddock uttered it when he was frustrated to discover that his friend Calculus or Lakmus was kidnapped by the Indians. However he was unable to save him because the ship he suspected as the place where Calculus was kept had a yellow flag which indicate that there was infectious disease on the ship and no one was permitted to go near the ship.

Similar to Indira, Gramedia also translate one data of swearing word using unrelated word outside Newmark‟s typology. The data is as follow:

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40 (21) SL: Billions of blue blistering barnacles!

TL: Coba saja!

The swearing word Billions of blue blistering barnacles! is uncommon in Indonesian. Some identical swearing words like Blistering barnacles! Blue blistering barnacles! are translated by Gramedia as Kepiting kurus! Kepiting kurus kering! „skeletal crab‟. Therefore if the translators translate it in the same way as the identical swearing words then the translation would be seribu juta kepiting kurus kering „billions of skeletal crab‟. Consequently, the translation is too long and may not fit to the speech balloon in the comic. Besides, the translation also sounds unnatural. Hence, the translators decided to translate it not as a swearing word but more like a threat since Coba saja! In English has equal meaning with „Bring it on!‟ or „Show me what you got!‟ This strategy is probably used by the translators to match the context of the story since the swearing word was uttered by Captain Haddock to threaten the Indians who try to harm Tintin.

To summarize all the findings discussed before, the writer came into a conclusion that among all the procedures used by Indira and Gramedia, modulation and couplets are perhaps the most appropriate and practical procedures to translate the unique swearing words in Tintin comics. There are 2 reasons underlying the writer‟s statement. First, the swearing words in Tintin comics are unique and uncommon in Indonesia thus the translators need to use their perspective to render the SL swearing words into Indonesia using modulation or modulation combined with other procedures (couplets). Second, the swearing words in Tintin comics are not only unique but quite lengthy especially if they

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are translated literally in Indonesian thus literal translation is not practical for translating swearing words in Tintin comics. To put it bluntly, the practicality here refers to the speech balloon in the comics. Unlike novel, comic translation is limited to the space of the speech balloon therefore practicality has to be considered in transferring the English swearing words into Indonesian. Therefore, by using couplets such as modulation combined with shift to alter the swearing words in form of noun groups into noun can save the space of the speech balloon. Another benefit is this procedure can also provide natural sounding translation by depending on the translators‟ knowledge on swearing words commonly use in the country.

Furthermore, the writer proposes that in general, cultural equivalent can be a potential option to translate swearing words from English imto Indonesian. However, this procedure might be a little tricky as each language has its own rules and codes. Moreover, language also connects closely to the culture where the language belongs. As a result, different languages might not have identical cultural value and equivalent. In addition to the summation of the finding and discussion, the writer reported that in terms of expressiveness of the translation, Indira exceed Gramedia as some of the translation in Indira could transfer the pragmatic meaning of the swearing words better than Gramedia. Furthermore, Gramedia omitted many swearing words which make the translation in Gramedia sounds milder and less expressive. Some of the swearing words also tend to sound humorous in the TL translation compared to the original swearing. The writer did not say that the Gramedia‟s translation is unsatisfactory. In fact the mild and humorous translation might be more appropriate for young readers like children. However, taking

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into consideration that swearing words may have link to portray the identities of the characters in the comic, then by deleting many of the swearing words might result in modifying the attitude and personality of the characters in the comic. For that reason, the writer suggested that Gramedia translators should try to maintain the characteristics of the characters in Tintin comic by not deleting the swearing words too often. The writer believes that translation of swearing words with modulation typology with less or no semantic content is almost certainly better than too much reduction.

CONCLUSION

This study attempted to analyze the translation procedures used by two different publishers, Indira and Gramedia in translating the English swearing words into Indonesian in the comic The Adventures of Tintin: Prisoners of the Sun. The study revealed that Indira used 7 procedures from Newmark‟s typology (1988). They were

literal translation, transference, cultural equivalent, synonymy, modulation, reduction

and couplets. Moreover, 5 data of English swearing words were translated using successive procedure with reduction. In successive omission procedure, from 5 swearing words only 4 were translated. In addition there were 2 English swearing words in Indira which translated into double swearing words in Indonesian.

As for Gramedia, 8 procedures proposed by Newmark (1988) were used to translate the swearing words from English to Indonesian. They are literal translation, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, synonymy, modulation, reduction and couplets. Furthermore, 4 swearing words were translated using successive

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procedure with omission like in Indira. From 4 swearing words, only three were translated into Indonesian. Moreover, there was one swearing words which translated with unrelated words.

From the result of the data analysis, both Indira and Gramedia mostly employed three translation procedures by Newmark (1988). They are modulation, cultural equivalent and couplets. From the three procedures on the previous statement, the most used procedure was the sub-group of modulation procedure, MNS (Modulation with No Semantic content). As most of the swearing words in the comic were uncommon in Indonesia, therefore modulation procedure is used frequently by the translators to translate the English swearing words into Indonesian. Some of the swearing words were translated using the perspective of the translators and some were changed using symbols which are more common in Indonesia context although the semantic meanings might not relevant to each other.

Besides the three most used procedures mentioned in the previous paragraph,

reduction procedure also used frequently by Gramedia. As a result, the translation in Gramedia sound milder than Indira‟s version which only omits a few swearing words. In spite of that, the writer acknowledges that the translators from both publishers done a great job to translate the English swearing words in Tintin comic into Indonesian as translating swearing words from different languages is not an easy job. As Soler (2001, p.74) states that “global cultures develop diverse swearing words taken from different sources, which can result in divergence in the way people swear between communities”

(1)

Table 6.2. Modulation procedure with no semantic content used in translating swearing words by

Gramedia

No. English swearing word Literal meaning Translation of

swearing words Code 1. Ungrateful brute Orang kasar yang tidak

tahu berterima kasih

Binatang liar P2F10

2. guanogatherers Pengumpul kotoran

burung para bandit

P9F1

3. Blistering barnacles (a) Kerang bernanah Kepiting kurus P9F5

4. Blistering barnacles (b) Kerang bernanah Kepiting kurus P20F13

5. Blistering barnacles (c) Kerang bernanah Kepiting kurus P22F1

6. Blistering barnacles (d) Kerang bernanah Kepiting kurus P29F13

7. Blistering barnacles (e) Kerang bernanah Kepiting kurus P34F12

8. Blistering barnacles (f) Kerang bernanah Kepiting kurus P36F2

9. Blistering barnacles (g) Kerang bernanah Kepiting kurus P43F10

10. Blistering barnacles (h) Kerang bernanah Kepiting kurus P44F4

11. Blistering barnacles (i) Kerang bernanah Kepiting kurus P46F9

12. Blistering barnacles (j) Kerang bernanah Kepiting kurus P49F4

13. Blistering barnacles (k) Kerang bernanah Kepiting kurus P51F3

14. Blistering barnacles (l) Kerang bernanah Kepiting kurus P54F6

15. Blistering barnacles (m) Kerang bernanah Kepiting kurus P55F8

16. Blistering barnacles (n) Kerang bernanah Kepiting kurus P58F9

17. Blistering barnacles (o) Kerang bernanah Kepiting kurus P61F5

18. blue blistering barnacles (a)

Kerang biru bernanah kepiting kurus kering P10F8

19. blue blistering barnacles (b)

Kerang biru bernanah kepiting kurus kering P35F12

20. blue blistering barnacles (c)

Kerang biru bernanah kepiting kurus kering P40F13

21. billions of blistering barnacles

Seribu juta kerang

bernanah sejuta kepiting kurus

P14F9

22. Miserable iconoclast Orang menyedihkan yang menentang

(2)

59 pemujaan patung berhala

23. Doryphore Pengkritik yang gigih

dan menyebalkan

Sosis lembek P30F2

24. Gobbledygook Uraian yang

berbelit-belit dan sulit untuk dipahami

bolu bantat P30F2

25. Filibusters Usaha menggagalkan

penetapan undang-undang dengan pidato-pidato yang amat panjang dan tidak habis-habis

bajak laut P33F1

26. Weevil Kumbang Bangsat P33F1

27. bashi-baӡouks (a) Prajurit kekaisaran Osman zaman Dinasti Turki

susu basi P33F3

28. Kleptomaniacs Orang yang suka

mencuri; orang yang berpenyakit panjang-tangan

kacang melempem P33F3

29. Blue blistering barnacles Kerang biru bernanah Kepiting kurus kering P35F12 30. Gibbering anthropoids Antropoid/ kera besar

mirip manusia yang bicara meracau

Serangga brengsek P36F5

31. anachronisms Sesuatu yang

ketinggalan zaman

Orang liar P47F3

32. bashi-baӡouks (b) Prajurit kekaisaran Osman zaman Dinasti Turki

susu basi

P47F5

33. Sea-gherkins! Teripang; binatang laut mirip mentimun

Ubur-ubur! P48F1

34. Doryphore Pengkritik yang gigih

dan menyebalkan

(3)

Table 7 Reduction procedure used in translating swearing words by Gramedia

No. English swearing word Literal meaning Translation of

swearing words Code

1. Nitwits Orang bodoh/tolol - P3F7

2. Blistering barnacles (a) Kerang bernanah - P4F1

3. Blistering barnacles (b) Kerang bernanah - P28F4

4. Blistering barnacles (c) Kerang bernanah - P30F5

5. Blistering barnacles (d) Kerang bernanah - P51F10

6. Stupid Bodoh - P5F10

7. Iconoclasts Orang yang menentang

pemujaan patung berhala

- P9F2

8. Young rascal Anak muda bangsat - P12F4

9. Thundering typhoons (a) Topan yang bergemuruh - P12F8

10. Thundering typhoons (b) Topan yang bergemuruh - P54F8

11. Miserable reptile Reptil/binatang melata yang menyedihkan

- P24F6

12. Thugs Orang jahat; preman - P26F8

13. By thunder (a) Demi geledek/guntur - P29F8

14. By thunder (b) Demi geledek/guntur - P29F13

15. Blood sucker Pengisap darah - P35F12

16. Billions of blue blistering barnacles

Seribu juta kerang biru

bernanah -

P36F5

17. Zapotecs Orang-orang zapotec - P47F5

18. Great snakes ular besar; ular raksasa - P49F7

19. Billions of blistering barnacles

Seribu juta kerang melepuh/bernanah

- P55F3

(4)

Table 8 Couplets procedure used in translating swearing words by Gramedia

No. English swearing word Literal meaning Translation of

swearing words Strategies Code

1. Thundering typhoons (a) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P3F13 2. Thundering typhoons (b) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P5F8 3. Thundering typhoons (c) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P5F12 4. Thundering typhoons (d) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P6F4 5. Thundering typhoons (e) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P9F1 6. Thundering typhoons (f) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P9F16 7. Thundering typhoons (g) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P21F5 8. Thundering typhoons (h) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P24F14 9. Thundering typhoons (i) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P28F2 10. Thundering typhoons (j) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P29F5 11. Thundering typhoons (k) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P35F5 12. Thundering typhoons (k) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P40F12 13. Thundering typhoons (l) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P49F4 14. Thundering typhoons (m) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P54F3 15. Thundering typhoons (n) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P55F2 16. Thundering typhoons (o) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P55F12 17. Thundering typhoons (p) Topan yang bergemuruh Topan geledek (ST + LIT) P61F8 18. The blistering blundering

bird-brain

Otak burung yang melepuh dan ceroboh

Dasar otak unggas

(RED + FQ) P9F18

19. Billions of blue bubonic barnacles

Seribu juta tiram biru bernanah dan berpenyakit pes

Seribu juta kepiting

kurus kering (LIT + MNS) P5F2

20. the stubborn South American centipedes

Orang Amerika Selatan yang keras kepala seperti lipan

Dasar Amerika Selatan

(5)

21. Young swine Anak babi/celeng Brengsek (ST + CQ) P19F5

22. Miserable reptile Reptil/binatang melata yang menyedihkan

Reptil

(RED + LIT) P24F6

23. raggle-taggle ruminants Pemamah biak yang kacau/semrawut

pemakan rumput

(RED + FQ)

P32F12 24. cushioned-footed

quadrupeds

Binatang berkaki empat yang kakinya seperti bantal

Dasar kaki empat

berbulu

_{(FQ + MNS)}

_P32F13

25. Howling monkeys Monyet-monyet yang melolong

Monyet

(RED + ST) P36F2

26. Pithecanthropic mountebanks

Manusia purba

palsu/penipu Monster gua (RED + MNS) P36F2

27. Beastly steaming jungle Hutan liar yang panas Hutan terkutuk (ST + MNS) P39F12 28. Loathsome brutes Orang kejam yang

memuakkan

Brengsek

(ST + CQ) P39F1

29. Little viper Ular berbisa kecil Ular (RED + FQ) P49F10

30. Thundering typhoons Topan yang bergemuruh Demi topan geledek (ST + FQ) P50F14

Note:

CQ: Cultural equivalent

MOD: Modulation

FQ: Functional equivalent

LIT: Literal

ST: Shift or transposition

RED: Reduction

TR: Transference

EXP: Expansion

(6)

APPENDIX C

List of other translation procedures used by Indira. Here the translators translate

the single swearing words into two different swearing words:

Table 1 Double translation used by Indira

No. English swearing word Literal meaning Translation of

swearing words Code 1. Billions of blue bubonic

barnacles

Seribu juta tiram biru bernanah dan

berpenyakit pes

Sompret! Seribu Sial! P5F2

2. Pithecanthropic mountebanks

Manusia purba palsu/penipu

Babon kudisan!

Jangkrik parasit! P36F2

As for Gramedia, one swearing word is translated using unrelated words.

Table 2 Unrelated translation used by Gramedia

No. English swearing word Literal meaning Translation of

swearing words Code 1. Billions of blue blistering

barnacles!

Seribu juta kerang biru bernanah

Coba saja!

T1 112011040 Full text

ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURES IN TRANSLATING SWEARING WORDS

IN

THE ADVENTURES OF TINTIN: PRISONERS OF THE SUN

THESIS

ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY

SALATIGA

2015

ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURES IN TRANSLATING SWEARING WORDS

IN

THE ADVENTURES OF TINTIN: PRISONERS OF THE SUN

THESIS

ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY

SALATIGA

2015

COPYRIGHT STATEMENT

Table 6.2. Modulation procedure with no semantic content used in translating swearing words by

Gramedia

Table 7 Reduction procedure used in translating swearing words by Gramedia

Table 8 Couplets procedure used in translating swearing words by Gramedia

(RED + FQ)

(FQ + MNS)

Note:

CQ: Cultural equivalent

MOD: Modulation

FQ: Functional equivalent

LIT: Literal

ST: Shift or transposition

RED: Reduction

TR: Transference

EXP: Expansion

APPENDIX C

List of other translation procedures used by Indira. Here the translators translate

the single swearing words into two different swearing words:

Table 1 Double translation used by Indira

As for Gramedia, one swearing word is translated using unrelated words.

Table 2 Unrelated translation used by Gramedia

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