POST TSUNAMI “GREEN” ENVIRONMENTAL DATA ASSESSMENT
POST TSUNAMI “GREEN” ENVIRONMENTAL DATA ASSESSMENT
in the Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
POST TSUNAMI “GREEN” ENVIRONMENTAL
DATA ASSESSMENT
in the Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Technical Report
Bogor, October 2006
Indonesia Programme
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment
in Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
© Wetlands International - Indonesia Programme, 2006
Team of Authors
Novana Sari Fadia Miralka Ferry Hasudungan Lili Muslihat Nyoman Suryadiputra
Design & Layout
Triana, Ferry Hasudungan, Novana Sari
Translator : Wendy Suryadiputra Foto sampul
Iwan Tri Cahyo W.
A copy of this report can be obtained from:
Wetlands International – Indonesia Programme Jl. A.. Yani No. 53 Bogor 16161 Jawa Barat – INDONESIA Tel.
0251 312189 Fax. 0251 325755 E-mail: admin@wetlands.or.id
These activities were carried out with financial support from:
(United Nations Environment Programme)
This publication should be cited as follows:
Novana Sari, Fadia Miralka, Ferry Hasudungan, Lili Muslihat and Nyoman Suryadiputra 20
06. Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment In the Province Of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Technical Report. Wetlands International-Indonesia Programme, Bogor.
Preface
This report comprises the results of a study of the bio-physical environment and the activities undertaken for its rehabilitation in the Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) during the conditions prevailing prior to and following the tsunami of 26 December, 2004. The data was collected during the months August-September 2006, and involved a range of different stakeholders. The data collected gives a general picture of environmental conditions in NAD Province before and after the tsunami.
The data and information in this report describe the impact of the tsunami disaster on the bio- physical environment and the potential for rehabilitation. It is hoped that the results of this study will
be useful to the efforts currently being made to achieve the aims of the rehabilitation program. The UNEP - “Green” Environment Data Assessment (UNEP-GDA) Project is the result of
collaboration between UNEP and Wetlands International-IP (WI-IP) aimed at collecting, compiling and evaluating environmental or “Green” data on the Province of NAD, covering activities which include: environmental activities carried out by working groups, agriculture and physical-chemical soil conditions, forestry both inland and coastal, protection areas, biodiversity, wetlands, marine and inland fisheries. This Green data can also be accessed via the Online Document Repository (ODR).
We are aware that the contents of this report still leave much to be desired, but hope that they can
be used to inform studies of post-tsunami conditions in NAD carried out by other parties.
The Authors,
Bogor, October 2006
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in
iii
Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Acknowledgements
Wetlands International-Indonesia Programme would like to express their sincere gratitude to all those who have been involved directly or indirectly in collecting environmental data before and after the tsunami in NAD.
Thanks go to :
Badan Rekonstruksi dan Rehabilitasi (BRR) NAD-Nias, Bapedalda Propinsi NAD, all the concerned Government Agencies and District (Kabupaten) Governments of NAD Province for the information they provided to the DCAC
National and International Non-Governmental Organisations for the information they provided to the DCAC
The donor, UNEP , for providing the funds to enable this project to be carried out.
All the staff of WI-IP in Bogor and Banda Aceh for their support, both administrative and technical, throughout the project.
Wendy Suryadiputra, for translating this report from Indonesian to English.
iv Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research ADB
Asian Development Bank
BAKORNAS PBP Badan Koordinasi Nasional (National Coordination Agency) Bakosurtanal
Badan Koordinasi Survey dan Pemetaan Nasional (National Survey and Mapping Coordination Agency)
BALITTANAH
Balai Penelitian Tanah (Soil Research Institute)
BAPEDALDA Badan Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan Daerah (Regional
Environmental Impact Control Agency)
BAPLAN Badan Planologi Kehutanan (Forestry Planning Agency) BAPPEDA
Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (Regional Development Planning Agency)
BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (National Development Planning Agency)
BKSDA Badan Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (Natural Resources Conservation Agency)
BPDAS Badan Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (Watershed Management Agency)
BPS
Biro Pusat Statistik (Central Bureau of Statistics)
BPTP Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (Institute for the Study of Agricultural Technology)
BRR Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi NAD-Nias (Agency for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Aceh and Nias)
CBO
Community Based Organization CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora (an international agreement among governments to regulate the trade in specimens of wildlife species in danger of extinction, so that it does not threaten their conservation in the wild.)
CZMP
Coastal Zone Management Plan
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in
Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
DAS
Daerah Aliran Sungai (Watershed)
Dephut
Departemen Kehutanan (Ministry of Forestry)
DKP Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan (Marine Affairs and Fisheries Office) Ditjen Pankim–Deptrans
Direktorat Jenderal Settlement Preparation Departemen Transmigrasi (Directorate General for Settlement Preparation, Ministry of Transmigration)
DPUP Departemen Pekerjaan Umum Provinsi (Provincial Department of Public Works)
Fatemeta Fakultas Teknologi Mekanisasi Pertanian (Faculty of Agricultural Mechanisation Technology)
Faperta
Fakultas Pertanian (Faculty of Agriculture)
GTZ Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit; (A corporation belonging to the German government, which is active in the field of international cooperation and operates across nations)
ICRAF
International Center for Research in Agroforestry
IPB Institut Pertanian Bogor (Bogor Agricultural University) IRRI
International Rice Research Institute
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUCN Red List
According to the IUCN Red List system, there are nine categories of threat: Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient, and Not Evaluated. A species is put onto the list of species threatened with extinction if it falls into the category Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable.
LAO PDR
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Leuser-SOCP Leuser-Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme LIPI
Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (Indonesian Institute of Sciences)
LSI
IPB Main Library
LSM Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat/LSM (Non Governmental Organization/NGO)
NAD
Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
vi Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
P2DT Proyek Penelitian Database Tanah (Soil Database Research Project) P3MT
Proyek Penelitian Pertanian Menunjang Transmigrasi (Project for Agricultural Research in Support of Transmigration)
PHKA Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam (Forest Protection and Nature Conservation)
PHPA Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelestarian Alam (Forest Protection and Nature Conservation), previous name of PHKA
PKSPL Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan (Centre for the Study of Marine and Coastal Resources)
PODES
Potensi Desa (Village Potential)
Puslitbangtannak Tim Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan Bogor (Team from the Bogor Centre for Food Crop Research and Development)
Puslittan
Pusat Penelitian Tanah (Soil Research Centre)
Satker Pesisir
Satuan Kerja Pesisir (Coastal Work Units)
Satkorlak
Provincial level co-ordinating unit of Bakornas
Satlak District or municipal level co-ordinating unit of Bakornas STIK
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kehutanan (Forestry Academy) SUSI
Survei Terintegrasi (Integrated Survey)
USU Universitas Sumatra Utara (University of North Sumatra) UNORC
United Nation Recovery Coordinator for Aceh and NIas WALHI
Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (Indonesian Forum for Environment)
WIIP
Wetlands International – Indonesia Programme
WWF
World Wildlife Fund for Nature
YAGASU Yayasan Gajah Sumatera (Sumatra Elephant Foundation)
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in
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Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
CD Contents
1. “Green” Environmental Data Assessment (UNEP-GDA) Project Technical Report
2. Data and Information on Coast, Wetlands and Fisheries
3. Data and Information on Soil and Agriculture
4. Data and Information on Forestry, Biodiversity and Protection Areas
5. Data and Information on Environmental Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Activities by Working Groups
6. Map: “Coastal Management”
7. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Workshop, 6-7 September 2006
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in
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Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
1. Introduction
1.1. BACKGROUND AND AIMS
The disastrous earthquake and tsunami of 26 December 2004 devastated almost the entire coastal region of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) Province and the neighbouring islands of Simeulue and Nias. This catastrophe not only took many thousands of lives but also caused enormous material (physical) and non-material (socio-economic) loss. To deal with the post tsunami conditions, the government embarked upon a three-phase restoration program: stage 1 emergency response, stage 2 rehabilitation and stage 3 reconstruction.
NAD Province is currently at the stage of rehabilitation; this applies to all aspects, including the environment. The many parties actively engaged in efforts to restore the environment (donors, NGOs and government) need data and information which is detailed, comprehensive and relevant to the environmental rehabilitation program to be undertaken. For this reason, it is essential to have an environment database which can be used in the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the environment in NAD Province.
To meet this need for environmental data and information (‘Green Data’), the UNEP – Post Tsunami ‘Green’ Environmental Data Assessment (UNEP-GDA) in the Province of Nanggroe Aceh
Darussalam project was undertaken, funded by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), during August-September 2006. The Green data thus obtained can also be accessed through the Online Document Repository (ODR), and comprises the following:
Data and information on environmental conditions before the tsunami,
Data and information on environmental conditions and rehabilitation after the tsunami, Data and information on the environmental rehabilitation and reconstruction activities
undertaken by the various stakeholders after the tsunami. All the data and information listed above was collected, compiled and analysed on the basis of the
following aspects:
Soil and agriculture,
Coastal areas and wetlands,
Inland and marine fisheries, Biodiversity,
Terrestrial and coastal forests and protection areas,
Environmental rehabilitation and reconstruction by stakeholders. The aim of the project was to obtain data and information describing the environmental conditions
prevailing in NAD Province before and after the tsunami, and the activities for its rehabilitation. In addition, it is hoped that the results of this project can be used as an environmental ‘Green’ Database to support current and future rehabilitation programs.
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in
Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
1.2 IMPLEMENTATION
1.2.1 Location
The project encompassed the entire province of NAD, especially those areas impacted by the tsunami.
1.2.2 Time
The project lasted from August to October 2006. In brief, the UNEP-GDA Team’s tasks were to draw up a work plan, coordinate the team, collect and compile Green data. Table
1 below presents an outline of DCAC ( Data Collecting and Assessment Consultant) activities from August to October 2006.
Table 1. List of DCAC activities August – October 2006
No. Activity
Time
Location
Description
1 Coordination of UNEP- August 2006,
• Draw up a work plan for DCACs and GDA Team
WI-IP
office,
weeks I-III
the UNEP-GDA Team as a whole.
Bogor
• Coordinate the whole UNEP-GDA Team, both DCACs from Bogor and DCACs from Aceh, with regard to who will collect and need which data, where, when, and how it will be obtained.
• Visits to institutions implementing green projects (Annex 1).
Output : maps, secondary data, etc • Coordinate Team for visit to Banda
Aceh to collect data.
2 Trip I to Banda Aceh
WI-IP Aceh • For their trip to Banda Aceh the and surrounding area,
August 2006,
DCACs from Bogor were divided into to collect data
office,
weeks II-IV
Banda
2 contingents: Week II (1 person) and
Aceh
Week III (3 persons). • Coordination with Aceh DCACs
concerning what data had already been obtained and what data had not
• Visits to institutions implementing green projects (Annex 1).
Output: digital mapping from GTZ, latest report from BPTP NAD, working groups’ activities from BRR, etc.
• Coordination with UNORC Aceh representative and related institutions/organisations.
2 Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
No. Activity
Time
Location
Description
3 Input Green data
September
WI-IP
• DCACs attend ICZM Workshop held
office,
by GTZ in Banda Aceh (6-7
Bogor
September 2006). Output: data on mangrove, coral
reefs, inland fisheries, from stakeholders.
• Compile Green data. • Enter Green data into ODR • Write Progress Report
4 Final Report
October 2006 WI-IP
• Write Final Report
office, Bogor
• Submit Final Report
1.2.3 Personnel
The data were collected and compiled by the Data Collecting and Assessment Consultants (DCAC), including:
1. I Nyoman Ngurah Suryadiputra
Project Manager
2. Novana Sari Team Coordinator
3. Fadia Miralka Fisheries and Wetlands Consultant
4. Ferry Hasudungan Biodiversity and Forestry Consultant
5. Lili Muslihat Soil and Agriculture Consultant
6. Ita Sualia Data Collector (in Banda Aceh)
7. Eko Budi Prihanto Data Collector (in Banda Aceh)
8. Sulfianto Data collector (in Simeulue)
9. Dody Permadi
WI-IP Librarian
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in
Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
2. Method
Green data consists of observation/survey results and secondary data, both qualitative and quantitative, classified according to previously determined categories or aspects. These are:
a. Environmental activities undertaken by working groups
b. Agriculture and the physical & chemical conditions of soil and water
c. Terrestrial and coastal forestry, biodiversity and protection areas
d. Wetlands, inland and marine fisheries The time-line for the Green data is from before until after the disastrous earthquake and tsunami,
i.e. 1999-2006. Data were obtained through the internet, visits to relevant institutions, and from WI- IP’s reference collection. Material came in a wide range of formats, including hardcopies, softcopies, research reports, project proposals, papers, leaflets, maps, scripts and articles.
Data on physical & chemical soil conditions, biodiversity (fish, vegetation, birds and mammals) was obtained from the assessment carried out by WI-IP with reference to the book “ Kajian Kondisi Lingkungan Pasca Tsunami di Beberapa Lokasi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Nias” (A Study of the Post Tsunami Environmental Conditions at Several Locations in Aceh and Nias). Data and information on each of these is given in Annex 2.
4 Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 GENERAL CONDITIONS IN NANGGROE ACEH DARUSSALAM PROVINCE
Aceh is situated between latitudes 2 o -6 North and longitudes 95 - 98 East and is approximately 125 m above sea level. Most of the province has a humid tropical climate, with the exception of the
northern part of Aceh. Rainfall ranges 2000-4000 mm/year with a high air and soil temperature regime (>22 O
C) throughout most of the year. NAD Province covers a total of 59,950.77 km 2 , comprising 17 ‘ kabupaten’ districts, 4 municipalities,
241 ‘ kecamatan’ sub-districts and 5,985 villages (including ‘kelurahan’). Forest covers 33,356.13
2 2 km 2 , wet ricefields 3,565.10 km , and dry land 23,029.54 km (Bappeda, 2005). Based on Presidential Regulation No. 30 for year 2005, the length of the north-east coast is 761 km and the
west-south coast 706 km.
Figure 1. Map of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province
A large part of Aceh’s terrain is mountainous with slopes of >30%. Approximately 2,564,000 ha or 45% of Aceh’s total area is mountainous, while 23% is undulating to hilly (slope >15-30%), and 32% is flat to undulating (slope <15%). Terrain best suited to agriculture, specifically food crops, is land with slope <15%, that for annual crops and plantations is land sloping 15-30%, while terrain having a slope greater than 30% should be used for silviculture or nature conservation.
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in
Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Topography of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province
a rea 1,000
Figure 2. Topography of NAD Province.
Histosol (peat), Entisols and Inceptisols are found in flat to undulating regions in alluvium and/or sedimentary geological formations. Molisols and Alfisols are found in karst hills, Ultisols and Oxisols in sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock formations, while Andisols occur in mountainous regions with volcanic rock formations.
Figure 3. Soil Map of NAD Province
6 Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Kabupaten Simeulue
Kabupaten Simeulue District is a group of 41 large and small islands situated between longitudes 95° 45’ 23” and 96° 26’ 41” East, and latitudes 2° 19’ 3” and 2° 26’ 41” North. Administratively, it is
part of the province Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). Its capital is Sinabang on Pulau Simeulue island. The whole of the Kabupaten Simeulue District extends across a total of ±187,277.62 Ha,
has 264 km of coastline, and 9,851.796 km 2 of waters. It is subdivided into 8 kecamatan sub- districts, 16 bano/mukim and 135 villages.
P. Ina
U. Dewak P. lafulu # Lameureum
Lewak Tl. Lewak
Lhok Makmur Tl. Lhok Makmur #
TG. Sangiran
0 0 P. Tepi U. Bodeh #
0 Sanggiran
KABUPATEN SIMEULUE
PROVINSI N A D
Amabaan
D. SIBOGA
Lhok Pauh
Amabaan
P. ITITIK
P. ALAWAN
Tl. Lhok Pauh
P Panjang
P. VENU
P. Lho SaraFon Paparas #
P. PAnjang
D. LAULO
TL. Sibigo
P. Perak
Langi
Sibigo
P. GALA KHALA
Lamamek # Tg. Sigulai
Simpoint.shp
# Lubuk Baik KEC. ALAFAN
Sigulai # U. Sembilan
% ñ q Lhok Dalam Bandara_poin.shp # Ibukota.shp Efilan
KEC. SIMEULUE BARAT
Bahagia U. Sembilan
P . Asu
Btskec.shp
Tl. Lunggung
SA MU
DE
D. ETUTUK
Layabaung P. Gambacang P. Nyamukek
P. Mantan sinasah
HIN JalanKab
JalanDesa
Tl. Baram
RA
0 Lafakha #
P. UJUNGTAUHEK P Falu P BATU
Tl. Baram
DIA
3 0 0 0 0 P. HARAPAN
Tl. Silingar U. Suakawa
Detimon #
KEC. SALANG
Lugu Sekbahak
U. Sibarui Tl. Aceh Babussalam
Tl. Silokan Tl Entung
P. Langeni
Dengko
Tl. Makkasim #
Tl. Sibesan P. Dara U. Gunung Putih
Tl. Aluayan Padang Anoi
Ujung Padang
Tl. Ratuk # Kuala Bakti P. Toko P. Simanam
Tl. Aiai Tl. Natnat Meunafa #
Sebulu KEC. SIMEULUE TENGAH #
Selave
Tl. Tirama P. Simanam Tl Itam
Tl. Dalam
Tl Lok Legang Tg. Idung Kerbau P. Pinang
Tl. Dalam Tl Lok Legang # Tg. Idung Kerbau
Sambai Tl. Luan Balu
P. LIMAU
P. SIUMAT
Tl. Bahai
Nasreuhe
Lamayang
Tl. Tirama
P. Toko
Tl. Duk Duk Bulu Hadik Tl. Duk Duk Tl Itam
Luan Balu
Tl. Luan Balu
P. TALAM
Kuala Baru
U. Aluayan U. Menggelo
U. Laluntok
P. LINGGAM
Tl. Nasreuhe
U. Nasreuhe Bunga #
Borengan
Tg. Kuala Baru Tl. Tanjung Raya Latitik # Lauhe Tg. Kuala Baru
Tl. Tanjung Raya
Tl. Galai
Tl. Galai Latak Ayah
Tl. Araban # # #
# Tl. Lembaya Amarabu # % Kampung Aie #
Wel-Wel
KEC. TELUK DALAM
Air Pinang
Ujung Tinggi U. Tinggi
Tl. Araban Bubuhan
Lambaya
Kota Padang U. Lembayan
Lakubang
U Lauke #
U. Lambayan
U. Lamalek # Lauhe
Putra Jaya
KEC. SIMEULUE TIMUR
Kuala Makmur Tg. Sibau # Ganting U. Ganting
Tg. Tiram
Dihit
Tg. Pertandang
0 0 Lamalik #
Tl. Arun P. Sabu # P. Benar
8 0 2 0 P. SIMEULU CUT
Silengas
Tl. Angkeo Bunon # # Angkeo
Sefoyan
Tg. Cakar BAhar
Tl. Seroyan Selat Babaharu P. Kubangan # Tl. Linngi P. Padan P. Panjang
Linggi Lugu
U. Bambang Kota Batu
Tg. La' yon # Laayon
Tl. Angkeo
KEC. TEUPAH BARAT
# U Gading P. Delapan #
Sinabang Tl. Sinabang TELUK SINABANG Inor Tl. Bangkala # P. Batu
Suka Karya
P. Bengkok
U. Gunung Bambang
Naibos Maudil #
Suka Maju
U. Niona Bungsu Air Dingin Tl. Sinabang # Suka Jaya U. Kuala Tujuh # Air Terjun Kolok Bura
P. Batu
# Tl. Bangkala Bangkalak U. Lataling
% Salur #
Nancala
Tl. Panerusan Lataling U. Tuabing
Tl. Nancala
Tg. Salur # Lantik
SAMUDERA HINDIA
Awe Kecil
Leubang # # # Sital
Suak Buluh
P. Simpeda
Tl. Lasikin # #
Labuah
P. BATU BELAYAR
Awe Seubal
Situbuk
# Batu-Batu Sua-Sua
Anao
Lasikin ñ q # # # Lanting
Tl. Lasikin
# Tl. Limau
Simpang Abail
U. Tauche
U. Matanurung #
Mata Nurung Tl. Selatu #
KEC. TEUPAH SELATAN Busung Labuan Bajau % # Tl. Selatu
0 0 6 0 6 12 Kilometers
P. MINCAU
U. Kahat
Balla Sektai
P. TEUPAH
U. Defayan Seneubuk TL. Defayan #
Suak Lamatan
Latiung #
Alus-Alus
Ulul Mayang # #
Batu Ralang
Figure 4. Map of Kabupaten Simeulue District
As regards climate, this district has an average temperature range 25.5 0 C – 26.3 0 C with an annual average of 25.8 0
C. The highest temperature occurs in May and the lowest in August, November and December. Atmospheric humidity ranges from 88.8 % to 91.0 %, the highest humidity being in September and December and the lowest in January.
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in
Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
3.2 SOIL AND AGRICULTURE
The tsunami at the end of 2004 in NAD province caused considerable damage to agricultural land. Efforts to rehabilitate it have begun but are generally still at the level of evaluation and monitoring of land resources, although some trials have also been carried out. Rehabilitation has been limited to making physical improvements to the land, so an effort is needed to improve the fertility of its soil, including washing out its salinity, sodicity, and high pH. Urgent repairs need to be made to the supporting infrastructure in order to speed up the land rehabilitation process and to overcome the difficulties the farmers are experiencing. The farmers’ economic capacity needs to be restored by providing them with the means of production, working capital, and technical guidance on farming which is oriented toward business and environment. Coordination among the various parties concerned in land rehabilitation needs to be made more effective.
3.2.1 Soil
For the assessment by WI-IP, the chemical and physical properties of soils were obtained by analysing soil samples taken from a number of selected locations throughout those parts of NAD province affected by the tsunami.
Chemical Properties
Soil fertility was studied by assessing the chemical properties of the soil samples. Substances tested for included: organic C, phosphate, total N content, potassium, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation, aluminium, and soil reaction. The soils’ chemical properties can be seen in Annex 3 and their criteria in Annex 4.
Physical Properties
The physical properties of soil are important to the interrelationship between soil, water and vegetation. The most important factors are aeration and the availability of water in the soil. Aeration depends on the soil’s structure (the number of pores) and permeability. Soil with sufficient pores does not necessarily have good aeration if some of the pores are filled with water.
The results of the analysis of physical soil properties in Annex 5 shows that in lowland tidal swamp plains or alluvial basins the soil does not (yet) possess structure, the number of aeration pores is low, and permeability moderate. This is because the land is saturated with water. In land with sandy texture, the development of soil structure is still low with a moderate to high number of aeration pores and high permeability.
3.2.2 Agriculture Agricultural land in Aceh comprises wet ricefields, dry fields, mixed plantation and gardens.
Ricefields consist of irrigated and rain-fed fields, planted with rice, secondary crops and vegetables. Gardens take the form of back-yard farms nearby the house, containing fruit trees. Dry fields and mixed plantation are on specially managed land further away from the home, usually growing a variety of fruit trees and annual crops such as cacao, coffee, durian, etc.
8 Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
The characteristics and types of agricultural land in Aceh Province tend to differ according to whether it is in lowland, which marks the transition from shore to hills, or in the uplands. Lowlands are more often used for food and secondary crops, while the uplands are usually for plantations.
Agricultural Land Area and Production Before and After the Tsunami
As can be seen from Annex 6, the total area of agricultural land used for food crops (rice and secondary crops) in 2004 was around 1,578,380 ha, which consisted of 356,397 ha ricefield, 983,389 ha dry field, and 240,594 ha gardens. This land provided a source of livelihood for the community and had a strategic value in improving the economy in NAD Province.
The tsunami devastated approximately 61,816 ha of the land for food crops and horticulture, comprising 37,471 ha wet ricefield and 24,345 ha dry upland fields (FAO, 2005). According to data from the National Disaster Management Team of the Ministry of Agriculture, however, the area of land damaged was wet ricefield 20,206 ha, plantation 102,461 ha and dry fields 31,265 ha, together adding up to a total of 153,932 ha, as well as the loss of 1,904,587 head of livestock.
Prior to the earthquake and tsunami disaster, agricultural land resources, comprising wet ricefield and dry fields, had experienced considerable improvement both as regards the increase in area and the increase in yield. The pattern of crops planted in irrigated ricefield (technical, semi-technical and rural) was rice–rice–secondary crop; that for rain-fed ricefields was rice–secondary crop. Productivity was 4.02 kw/ha for wet ricefield and 22.02 kw/ha for dryland rice ( Dinas Tanaman Pangan & Hortikultura, NAD). Figures reported by the Institute for the Study of Agricultural Technology (BPTP) recorded pre-tsunami productivity of wet ricefields as 4.31 – 5.90 ton/ha with an average of 4.7 ton/ha dry hulled rice. Two months after the tsunami, farmers tried to replant the wet ricefields they had already cleaned out; their first post-tsunami crop showed a 20-40% decrease in yield.
Rice production from 1999 to 2001 decreased from 1,478,602 ton to 1,246,614 ton, then increased during 2002-2004 to 1,552,083 ton (Figure 5). Agricultural production, specifically rice and secondary crops, for 1990 -2005 is presented in Annex 7.
Rice Production in NAD Province (1999-2005)
(t on) 1,000,000
e c on
Ri ti 800,000
P 400,000
Year
Figure 5. Rice Production (1999-2005) in NAD Province
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in
Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Following the tsunami, the degradation of 20,000 30,000 ha of farmland caused rice production to fall from 1,522,083 ton in 2004 to 1,403,139 ton in 2005, a drop of about 148,944 ton (9.6%). Maize production, which had risen steadily from 36,642 ton in 2000 to 94,427 ton in 2005, did not appear to be affected by the tsunami. Soybean production, which had been high in 1999 (106,480 ton), showed a very worrying decline during 2000 to 2003 plummeting to a low of only 18,698 tons, then rising again in 2004 and 2005 to 31,170-31,076 ton. The production of other crops, such as peanuts, mung beans, cassava and sweet potato, fluctuated from 2002 with a rise in 2004 followed by a slight decrease in 2005 (Figure 6).
Besides staple food crops, horticulture supplied the community with fruit and vegetables. In 2004, the area under cultivation for vegetables was 34,392 ha, of which 31,252 ha was harvested , yielding a total of 1,976,774 kw, a productivity rate of 63 kw/ha (Figure 7). For fruit, the total area harvested was 13,505 ha, production 268,356 ton and productivity 19 ton/ha (54.61 kg/tree/year). After the tsunami, there was an increase in the area put under cultivation for horticulture but an overall decrease in harvested area, production and productivity. For vegetables, the cultivated area rose to 35,189 ha and harvested area to 32,710 ha, while production fell to 1,824,796 kw and productivity to 55.6 kw/ha (Annex 8).
Production of Secondary Crops in NAD Province (1999-2005)
oduct s Pr
Year
Mung beans
Cassava
Sweet potato
Figure 6. Production of Secondary Crops (1999-2005) in NAD Province.
10 Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Vegetables Cultivation in NAD Province:
Area Cultivated and Area Harvested
Area Cultivated
Area Harvested
Figure 7. Vegetable Crops: Area under Cultivation and Area Harvested in NAD Prov. (2004 – 2005)
3.2.3 Plantations Plantation Area and Production Before and After the Tsunami
The estate crops sub sector plays an important role in mobilising the regional economy. In 2003, plantations contributed 6.66% to the regional income of NAD Province, and provided new jobs for 13,935 people. However, prolonged conflict caused the economy of both community-owned and large-scale plantations to deteriorate.
Based on 2004 figures, plantations in NAD Province cover a total of 726,103 ha, which is made up of 199,956 ha large-scale plantations and 526,147 ha community-owned.Records show that 254,666 ha of community-owned plantations, i.e. 48.41% of the total, were abandoned and became degraded because their owners were too afraid to work on them. With the conflict still unresolved, another disaster – the tsunami – struck, causing further loss and degradation to plantation assets, affecting 22,305 ha (4.24% of total plantation area).
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in
Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Table 2. Plantations: area and production
Large-scale
Community
Total
Plantations
Plantations
726,103 Production (ton) in 2004
Area (ha) in 2004
922,611 Tsunami Conflict Maintained
Plantations damaged 22,305 254,666 249,176
Source :
Dinas Perkebunan Propinsi NAD (2000 - 2005)
The main commodities for plantation are coconut, rubber, oil palm, cacao, coffee, cloves and nutmeg. Total production is 922,611 ton, of which 244,346 ton is from large-scale plantations and 678,265 ton from community-owned (Annex 9). Plantation affected by the tsunami tended to be situated all along the coast (22,305 ha), the most heavily affected being the communities’ coconut plantations (10,281 ha). Other plantations affected were rubber (4,282 ha), oil palm (2,346 ha), cacao (1,230 ha) and clove (997 ha) (Figure 8). Nevertheless, the communities’ estate crop production did not fall after the tsunami but, on the contrary, rose from 678,265 ton in 2004 to 721,302 ton in 2005, an increase of about 43,074 ton or 6.35%.
Plantation hit by Tsunami
oil palm
clove
cacao
commodity
Figure 8. Plantation Damaged by Tsunami in 2004.
12 Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Damage Caused by the Tsunami
Soil has high levels of salinity and sodium
Marine mud deposits
Debris and wreckage of buildings
Damaged irrigation and drainage ditches
Salinity indicates the content of elements and organic compounds such as Na + , Mg ,K ,
Cl 2 , SO
4 , HCO 3 , NO 3 and CO 3 - in a solution. In the context of soil, salinity indicates the level of salt dissolved in the soil. High salinity and sodicity levels occur because the sea
- 2- -
water and sediment, which are saline and contain exchangeable Na, reached far inland: 1-
2 km from the shoreline (east coast) and 4-5 km (west coast). Na+ compounds have the effect of breaking up the soil structure, giving rise to a reaction that renders the nutrients unavailable to the plants. Such conditions disturb plant growth.
Results from a survey conducted by a Team from FAO (in collaboration with the Agricultural Research and Development Agency Badan Litbang Pertanian and the Directorate General for Food Crops, Ministry of Agriculture) during 29 January 8 February 2005, showed that the salinity of surface water and sediment was still high, as indicated by electrical conductivity (EC) readings of 5 10 mS/cm (Pidie), 0.16.5 mS/cm (Bireuen) and
44 >100 mS/cm (Aceh Utara). By March 2005, salinity levels had begun to decline, as indicated by EC ranges of 0.2 2 mS/cm (Pidie), 0.13.2 mS/cm (Bireuen), and 717 mS/cm (Aceh Utara), with the result that part of the tsunami affected area could start to be replanted (BPTP-NAD 2006).
Sediment along Aceh’s east coast was found to be 5 20 cm thick and saline. In dry conditions, this clayey soil will become hard, cracked and difficult to work. Moreover, the debris and wreckage from buildings together with the damage to irrigation channels will obstruct the hydrology, the land will flood resulting in high levels of iron and aluminium which could poison the vegetation.
Land rehabilitation
Efforts made to rehabilitate the land are as follow:
Civil Engineering Work. The first step is to clear away the debris and rubble. Repair irrigation/drainage channels and roads so that salt can be washed away more effectively, and construct drainage channels on land where none previously existed.
Desalination. Land is washed at intervals of 1 or 2 weeks using either rainwater or river water. Drainage channels must be dug for this so that the water flows away quickly from the land.
Repair soil fertility. Land with high sodicity should be treated with gypsum (CaSO 4 2H 2 SO 4 depending on exchangeable Na content), sulphur, calcium and organic matter.
Work the soil to repair permeability and soil structure, and monitor salinity.
Select species of vegetation that tolerate saline conditions.
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in
Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
3.3 WETLANDS AND FISHERIES
The aspect of fisheries and wetlands is divided into ten areas: fisheries, mangrove, lakes, rivers, swamps and reservoirs, sandy beach, brackish water aquaculture ponds (tambak), freshwater aquaculture, coral reefs, and lagoons. Data were obtained on area, production, species of biota, etc. The data came from a variety of government institutions, such as the Marine Affairs and Fisheries Office (Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan), Water Resources Office (Dinas Sumber Daya Air) and Central Bureau of Statistics (Biro Pusat Statistik), and from local and international NGOs such as the Indonesian Coral Reef Foundation (Yayasan Terumbu Karang Indonesia (Terangi)), WIIP, WCS, UNESCO. Data was received in a variety of formats, with some parts left blank, which made analysis difficult.
3.3.1 Inland and Marine Fisheries
Fisheries comprises both marine and inland fisheries, supported by a fishing fleet which includes both unmotorised boats and boats powered by an outboard motor or engine. Prior to the tsunami, the condition of the fishing sector tended to fluctuate and differed from place to place, depending on the size of the fishing fleet. Fish production would rise following an increase in the number of boats and fall following a decrease.
After the tsunami, the assistance generally given by stakeholders, i.e. government as well as foreign and community NGOs, was to repair and build boats and fishery facilities such as fish auction places, harbours and the like. In view of the pre-tsunami trends, it can be expected that an increase in the size of the fishing fleet will lead to a similar increase in fish catches (Annex 10).
3.3.2 Coral Reefs
Prior to the tsunami, the condition of coral covering the reefs was relatively good (Annex 11), although in some places it was poor as a result of bombing and tourist activities. After the tsunami, the percentage of living coral cover along the east and west coasts of NAD ranged from 1 to 64.8% and consisted of Acropora and Non Acropora.
Referring to Forestry Ministerial decree ( SK Menteri Kehutanan) No. 928/Kpts/Um/1982 dated 22 December 1982, the coral reef ecosystem at Pulau Weh Marine Park ( Taman Laut Pulau Weh) covered an area of approximately 2,600 Ha, concentrated around Pulau Rubiah island. In the Aceh Singkil district, coral reef in the Pulau Banyak Recreation Park ( Taman Wisata Pulau Banyak) covered about 227,500 Ha. Much of these coral reef ecosystems was already degraded: 50-75% at Pulau Banyak and 38-44.25% at Pulau Rubiah, Sabang. The total coral reef area along the west coast of Aceh (including Pulau Simeulue) covered approximately 89,652 Ha, as shown in Table 3. According to data from the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Pulau Simeulue’s coral reef covered 23,776
ha, of which 2,640 ha is calculated to have experienced uplift.
14 Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Table 3. Coral Reef: Location and Damage
Post-tsunami
Total Area of
Pre-tsunami Level
No. Location
Coral Reef (ha)
of Degradation (%)
Condition of Coral Reef
1 Kepulauan Weh (Pulau 2,600* 38-44.25% Little change Rubiah)
2 Pulau Banyak
50-75%
No Data
3 West coast of NAD
No Data
Thought to be destroyed
- LhokNga-Banda Aceh
No Data
Thought to be destroyed
- Aceh Singkil
No Data
Thought to be destroyed
- Lamno-Calang-Meulaboh
No Data
Thought to be destroyed
4 Simeulue
No Data
Thought to be destroyed
5 Pulo Aceh
Source :
* Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan NAD, in Bappenas 2005, Pulau Weh National Park, Sabang, Nangro Aceh
Darussalam Yuni Ikawati, Puji S. Hanggarawati, Hening Parlan, Hendrati Handini and Budiman Siswodihardjo, 2001. Terumbu Karang di Indonesia. MAPPITEK-Jakarta;
The tsunami overturned and damaged coral in shallow water but did not have a big impact in deep water. Its effect on coral reef took the form of sedimentation for less than a week and uplift like that which occurred at Pulau Simeulue, where a 100m width of reef was exposed to the air to a height of 50-200m as a result of which the coral died. If the length of Pulau Simeulue’s coastline is 264km, it can be estimated that 2640 ha of coral was damaged due to uplift. Such uplift of coral reef leads to a drop in fish production. This is because of the reduction in fish habitat, i.e. the coral reef that provides spawning and feeding grounds for fish.
Coral reef is distributed mostly along NAD’s west coast and is not seen on the east coast (Figure 9). All the coral reef on the west coast is thought to have been destroyed by the impact of the tsunami, whereas coral reefs in Pulau Weh are in good condition. The island groups of Pulo Aceh (15,791 ha of coral reef) and Pulau Simeulue were the island groups struck hardest by the tsunami. These conditions lead to a strong belief that the whole coral reef ecosystem, spawning and feeding grounds might have been totally destroyed.
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in
Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Figure 9. Map of coral reef distribution in NAD Province
Note: Coral reef (purple) is distributed along the whole of Aceh’s west coast, around Pulau Sabang, and a little on the north coast. Mangrove (green) is distributed evenly along the whole of the east coast. Area of coral reef detected by satellite imaging is 89,652 ha.
3.3.3 Wetlands
As defined by WIIP, wetlands are areas of swamp, brackish water, peatland, and permanent or transient waters, with standing or flowing water that is fresh, brackish or salt, including marine areas that are no more than six metres deep at low tide (Annex 12). An analysis of these areas is described below.
Mangrove Forest
The area covered by mangrove has decreased over time. Approximately 50.3% of mangrove forest was impacted by the tsunami, but the figures vary from one institution to another. BRR, for example, estimates that 164,000 ha of mangrove were lost, WIIP 84,000
ha, the World Bank Consultative Group 25,000 ha and the FAO less than 20,000 ha. On Aceh’s east coast, mangrove forest can be found in Aceh Timur, Aceh Tamiang, Aceh
Utara and Bireun, and on the west coast in Aceh Jaya, Aceh Barat and Aceh Singkil. There is also a large area of mangrove on the east coast of Pulau Simeulue island, and a moderate amount of mangrove forest on the eastern shores of Pulau Banyak. According to data obtained from the Marine Affairs and Fisheries Office ( Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan) the Kabupaten Simeulue district has 2,779.97 ha of mangrove. (Figure 10).
16 Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Figure 10. Map of mangrove distribution in NAD Province
Data on the extent and distribution of mangrove damaged by the tsunami varies considerably. The data from Bappenas (2005; Annex 12) estimates that 25,000 ha of NAD’s mangrove forest were damaged, while Lapan (2005) puts the figure higher at 32,003 ha. From this, the Forestry Office ( Dinas Kehutanan) states that the area of mangrove with rehabilitation potential in NAD is 24,950 ha (see Table 4).
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in
Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Table 4. Area of mangrove forest with rehabilitation potential & area damaged by tsunami, in NAD Province
No
District/Town
Area (Ha)*
Area (Ha)**
1 Banda Aceh
2 Lhoksumawe
3 Aceh Jaya
4 Aceh Selatan
5 Aceh Singkil
6 Aceh Tamiang 2,550 16,095.0
7 Aceh Timur 1,900 10,453.6
8 Aceh Utara
9 Aceh Bireun
10 Nagan Raya
11 Pidie
12 Aceh Barat Daya
13 Aceh Barat
14 Aceh Besar
15 Simeulue
16 Langsa
- Total
17 Sabang
Source : data obtained from several sources *
Area with rehabilitation potential, Provincial & District Forestry Office ( Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi & Kabupaten);
** Area of mangrove forest damaged by tsunami LAPAN, 2005
From the interpretation of volunteers’ photographs of the coast and a variety of other information, it can be estimated that the level of tsunami damage to mangroves was as follows:
1. Aceh Besar 100% (approximately 26,823 ha)
2. Banda Aceh 100% (< 500 ha)
3. Pidie 75 % (17,000 ha)
4. Aceh Utara and Bireun 30% (26,000 ha)
5. Aceh Barat 50% (14,000 ha)
6. P. Weh 60% (44,000 ha)
18 Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
The tsunami not only devastated the mangrove forests by uprooting the trees from the substrate, it also lifted the substrate with the result that the mangrove were no longer inundated or reached by the tides. Field orientation in Tibang village revealed that all of the mangrove forest on the coast had been totally destroyed. However, the young mangrove that the community had planted around their tambak aquaculture ponds had escaped serious damage.
Lakes
Lakes in NAD are the Laut Peneng Suasa, Lincier, Bungara, Laut Bangko, Laut Tawar and Aneuk Laot. During pre-tsunami conditions, Laut Tawar had increased in size from 5,472
ha in 2000 to 5,782 ha in 2004. Vegetation around the lake comprised Cyperus, Nympahae alba, Colocasia esculenta, Phragmites karka. For the other lakes, no comparative data is available. Post-tsunami lake conditions cannot be described as too little data was obtained.
Lagoons
Six lagoons were formed as a result of the tsunami on the west coast of NAD. Previously, these had been estuaries, fish ponds and ricefields that faced the sea. About 11 species of fish inhabit these lagoons: Kakap ( Lates carcarifer), Bayam (Lutjanus argentimaculatus), Merah mata ( Caranx sp.), Kerape (Ephinephelus spp.), Kirung (Mesopristes argentus), Saridin ( Ambassis sp.), Ciri (Leiognathus equlus), Kapur-kapur (Gerres acinaces), Cabeh ( Scatophagus arguna), Marang (Siganus javus) and Belanek (Mugil cephalus) (Based on assessment by Wetlands International-Indonesia Programme).
Figure 11. Lagoon between Meusanah and Pulot village in Kecamatan Leupung sub-district, Aceh Besar, NAD. (Source : Cahyo Wibisono, I.T. & Suryadiputra, I N.N. 2006)
Rivers
NAD’s largest watershed (302,202.35 ha) is the Krueng Jambo Aye in Aceh Tengah, and its smallest (2,134.67 ha) is in the Krueng Peusangan area (upper, middle and lower reaches) of Aceh Barat. Watershed deterioration due to the tsunami was considerable, ranging from 4.83% to 85.47%. Insufficient data is available, however, to assess deterioration that had occurred prior to the tsunami.
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in
Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Swamps-Reservoirs
The biggest swamp forest is in Aceh Singkil and covers 38,141.78 ha. NAD’s swamp area has shrunk rapidly, from 132,988.41 ha in 2002 to only 68,079 ha in 2004. Vegetation commonly found are Ketepeng ( Senna alata), ki kebo (Mimosa pigra), Scirpus spp., Spaghnum spp., Hymenachne pseudointerupta.
From the interpretation of satellite images by LAPAN in 2005, it is known that 9,448.5 ha of swamp were affected by the tsunami. The district with the greatest area of swamp damage was kabupaten Aceh Jaya (3126.8 ha), and that with the least was kabupaten Aceh Utara (0.3 ha). Further details are given in Table 5 below.
Table 5. Area of Swamp impacted by Tsunami
No
District/Town
Area (ha)
1 Banda Aceh 797.0
2 Lhokseumawe 120.1
3 Aceh Jaya 3,126.8
4 Aceh Selatan
5 Aceh Singkil 633.4
6 Aceh Tamiang 325.5
7 Aceh Timur 1,558.0
8 Aceh Utara
9 Bireuen 623.1
10 Nagan Raya -
11 Pidie 708.1
12 Aceh Barat Daya
13 Aceh Barat 274.6
14 Aceh Besar 945.9
15 Simeulue 103.1 TOTAL NAD
Source: Lapan, 2005
Sandy beach
There is very little data describing sandy beach conditions in NAD. According to Cahyo Wibisono, I.T. & Suryadiputra, I N.N. (2006), observations and information from the local community indicate that just before the tsunami the sandy beaches along Aceh’s west coast supported a variety of vegetation, dominated by Sea pine Casuarina equisetifolia, Waru Hibiscus tilaceus, Malapari Pongamia pinnata, Ficus septica, Timonus compressicaulis, Bayur Pterospermum diversifolium, Bintaro Cerbera manghas, Putat Barringtonia asiatica, and several other coastal species.
20 Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Formations found on sandy beaches are pes-caprae and Barringtonia. Pes-caprae formations are dominated by the herb Ipomea pes-caprae, known locally as galaran or katang-katang. Starting from the back of the beach, this herb slowly creeps towards the front and sides. Barringtonia formations are usually found behind Pes-caprae. Soil conditions are usually sandy but mixed with ordinary mineral soil (Cahyo Wibisono, I.T. & Suryadiputra, I N.N., 2006). Approximately 300 km of coast were hit by the tsunami. Coconut and sea pine are usually found in this area.
Brackish water aquaculture
It can be seen from the data for 2003 to 2005 that the area devoted to brackish water aquaculture decreased in 2004 then increased in 2005, but that production decreased throughout the period 2003 – 2005. In 2003, brackish aquaculture ponds ( tambak) covered 44,882.8 ha in 2003, decreasing to 40,077.7 ha in 2005 (Figure 12). Species of biota generally cultivated in these ponds included jumbo tiger prawns ( udang windu), white shrimp ( udang putih), milk fish (bandeng) and crabs.
Brackishw ater Aquaculture Ponds
a) 40000
h 30000 20000
rea (
A 10000
Year
Brackishw ater Aquaculture Ponds
) 25000 ton 20000
on 15000 ti 10000
uc 5000
rod P
Year
Figure 12. Area (left) and production (right) of brackish aquaculture ponds during 2003-2005.
Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in
Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Freshwater aquaculture
Freshwater aquaculture includes fish farming in ponds and floating net cages, in public waters and in wet rice fields ( mina padi). Data from BPS for 2003-2004 and from the Marine Affairs and Fisheries Office ( Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan) for 2005 show a decrease in area for ricefield fish ( mina padi), floating nets and public waters. However, fishpond production increased during 2003-2005, whereas ricefield fish production fell sharply, and production from floating net cages and open waters fluctuated.
Freshw ater Aquaculture
Ricef ields Float ing
Open
f ish
net cages
wat er s
Freshw ater Fishponds
Ricef ields Float ing
Open
f ish
net cages
wat er s
Figure 13. Area (left) and production (right) of freshwater aquacultur during 2003-2005.
22 Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment in Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
3.4 FORESTRY AND BIODIVERSITY
Collection of data on forest cover, conservation area and biodiversity commenced in the second week of August 2006. At the time of writing, efforts are still under way to obtain more information.
Forest Cover