SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF ADULT AND IMMATURE AEDES AEGYPTI (L.) IN JAKARTA
Vol. I V No. 1 & 2
Bulletin Penelitian Kesehatan
Health Studies in Indonesia
1976.
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF ADULT AND IMMATURE AEDES AEGYPTI (L.)
IN JAKARTA
M.J. Nelson', Salim ~ s l n a n C.P.
~ , Pant3
and L.S. Self4
Dan bulan Mei 19 73 sampai bularz Juni 1974 telah dilak~tkanpengamatan nyamuk Aedes aegypti
'tadium dewasa darz larva di keeinpat daerah kota yang berpenduduk padat di Jakarta Raya.
Pngamatan dikerjakan 2 kali dalam satu bularz Daya tarik nyamuk terhadap manusia rata-rata 1.2
intuk betirza dan 1.6 untuk nyamuk jarztan tiap orang tiap janz Dalam 100 rumah diketemukan
nta-rata 180 buah bejana berisi air, dimana 58 buah positifi Container index (persentasi bejana yang
msitif) 32 perserL IIouse index (persentasi rumah yang positif) adalah 47 persen dan Breteau index
iunzlah bejana positif dalarn 100 rumah) adalalz 58. Kepadatan nyamuk baik larva maupunciewasa
ata-rata lzainpir sanm sepavzjaizg tahun. (tidak ada perbedaan pada musim hujan darz musim panas).
%mperafurdan kelembaban juga rata-rata hampir sama sepanjang tahun.
tampir senzua tempat perindukan terdapat didalam rumah, hingga sedikit sekali bejana diluar rumah
Iang terisi ole11 air hujarz dalarn rnusinz hujan.
Since the discovery in 1901 of its role as
he vector of yellow fever in the Americas and
ifrica, extensive research has been done on
he biononlics of the mosquito Aedes aegypti
L.) (Christophers, 1960). In Southeast Asia,
(here yellow fever does not occur, another
lisease, dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) has
lecome a problem since the 1950's, first in
he Plullipines (1954), then in Thailand
1958), Singapore (1960), Vietnam (1961),
lalaysia (1962), India (1963) and most reently in Indonesia (Hammon, 1973): In Jaarta 'cases of DHF have been reported for
ach year since 1968 (Kho et al., 1969;
ndonesia Directorate of Communicable
)isease Control iieports). All evidence points
Aedes aegvpti as the inlportant vector of
IHF, this mosquito being the only species
apable of transmitting dengue virus occuring
I the crowded slums fro111 whence inany of
Ecologist, 4 ~ r o j e c t Leader, WHO Vector and
Lodent Control Research Unit, National Institute of
Iealth Research Development, Jakarta.
Chief. Division of Entomology. National Institute
f Health Research and ~ e v e l o p m e n t .Jakarta.
Scientist/Entomologist, Vector Biology and Control,
IHO. Geneva.
eceived 2 1 Anril 1 9 7 6
the cases are reported.
Because the incidence of DHF is usually
lughest during the rainy season, it is important
for an understanding of the epidemiology of
the disease to assess any corresponding seasonal fluctuations in the n~osquitopopulation.
Two previous studies of seasonal abundance of
Acdes aegypti have been done in Jakarta. Van
Peenen et al. (1972) made weekly collections
of resting adult mosquitoes inside houses in
four localities in Jakarta for a full year during
1970-197 1. They found no seasonal pattern of
abundance. The National Institute of Health
Research and Development did one-larva-percontainer surveys in 100 houses in each of 26
subdistricts (kecamatan) of Jakarta once
during the rainy season of 1972-73. No significant difference was found in larval indices
between the two seasons (I-iarijani and
Immnler, unpublished data). In the study reported herein, simultaneous surveys of both
adult and immature populations were done in
four localities in Jakarta.
STUDY AREAS
Four widely separated villages (kelurahan),
Tanah Tinggi, Karang Anyar, Grogal and Pasar
Mannmis, were chosen from among the &t
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF ADULT A N D IMMATURE AEDES AEGYPTI (L.)
IN JAKARTA.
villages reporting the highest number of cases
of DHF in Jakarta (up to 16 cases per year)
from 1969 until 1972. From each village a
crowded section of about 200 houses was
ielected as a study locality. A survey of 182
houses showed that the four localities were
quite similar to one another with regards to
crowding and construction. The mean are per
house was only 27.5 m2 and the surrounding
garden containing very little vegetation, was
only 7.9 m2. An average of 6.2 people lived
in each house. The mean number of people
per 100 m2 was 17.6. One half of the people
were under 16 years old. Other potential hosts
for the mosquitoes, such as dogs, cats or
live-stock were uncommon. Precipitin tests t o
determine host preference were not done.
Houses were made of various combinations of
cement, wood and that with tile or metal
roofs and cement or earthen floors. In general
the bedrooms and kitchens were very poorly
illuminated.
The major mosquito breeding sources were
earthenware water jars in most kitchens, and
large cement water reservoirs (bak mundi) in
many bathrooms. These containers, as well as
large 200-liter metal drums were found both
indoors and outdoors. Other sources indoors
were glass flower vases and small plastic and
metal buckets for temporary water storage.
Outdoors, discarded tin cans and tires were
frequent sources.
siologicd age-grading was not done, as msu
cient numbers of females were collected e
month to establish reliable parous rates.
During the first three months of the stu
standard NCM: oviposition traps, consis
of black glass jars (13 cm x 7.5 cm dia
filled part way with water and employin
pressed fibre-board paddle (2 cm x 13 cm
an oviposition surface clipped upright to
inside, were deployed every two weeks ins
18 houses in each of the four study locali
and recovered after 48 hours. In the lab0
tory the paddles were examined under
dissecting microscope and the presence
absence of eggs and the number of eggs
paddle were recorded. A sample of the e
was reared for species determination.
Daily weather data were kindly provi
by the Jakarta Observatory of The Meteor0
gical and Geophysical Center of the Dep
ment of Communication.
Analysis of the mosquito population d
was done with an Olivetti Programme 1
desk computer employing programs written
the senior author. Results for the two-w
analysis of variance, without replicates,
zxpressed as F (variance ratio) and p (proba
lity of the difference occurring by chan
alone). Results from correlation tests are
pressed as r (correlation coefficient).
RESULTS
METHODS
From May 1973 until June 1974 all four
licalities were surveyed twice per month. Six
collectors each visited six houses for twenty
minutes per house from about 08:30 until
10:30 hrs, resulting in a sample of 36 houses
and 12 man-hours for each collection day.
The workers sat in an undisturbed room and
collected all mosquitoes landing on their bared
lower legs with a sucking tube. Two other
workers simultaneously examined all containers with water in. 100 houses, and recorded the presence or absence of Aedes
l p a e . In the laboratory all specimens were
,&,A
,.-A
-,A,A
L..
.,,,:,,
,-A
,
,
,
DL..
Adults
The adult data are summarized in table
and the figure.
Seasonal abundance. ~ r oconsistent seaso
pattern of population density became evid
in the four localities. However, density w
high in three localities in July, and in th
localities (not the same three) in Decemb
When the twa-way analysis of variance w
done wi$ females for all localities a
months,. variances were found to be hig
significant both among months (F = 3.560
< 0.01) and among localities ( F = 17.148
< 0.001). The monthly variance of males w
nnt e i n n ; t % ~ n t
/P = 3 n17
\ A A
Bulletin Penelitian Kesehatan
Health Studies in Indonesia
1976.
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF ADULT AND IMMATURE AEDES AEGYPTI (L.)
IN JAKARTA
M.J. Nelson', Salim ~ s l n a n C.P.
~ , Pant3
and L.S. Self4
Dan bulan Mei 19 73 sampai bularz Juni 1974 telah dilak~tkanpengamatan nyamuk Aedes aegypti
'tadium dewasa darz larva di keeinpat daerah kota yang berpenduduk padat di Jakarta Raya.
Pngamatan dikerjakan 2 kali dalam satu bularz Daya tarik nyamuk terhadap manusia rata-rata 1.2
intuk betirza dan 1.6 untuk nyamuk jarztan tiap orang tiap janz Dalam 100 rumah diketemukan
nta-rata 180 buah bejana berisi air, dimana 58 buah positifi Container index (persentasi bejana yang
msitif) 32 perserL IIouse index (persentasi rumah yang positif) adalah 47 persen dan Breteau index
iunzlah bejana positif dalarn 100 rumah) adalalz 58. Kepadatan nyamuk baik larva maupunciewasa
ata-rata lzainpir sanm sepavzjaizg tahun. (tidak ada perbedaan pada musim hujan darz musim panas).
%mperafurdan kelembaban juga rata-rata hampir sama sepanjang tahun.
tampir senzua tempat perindukan terdapat didalam rumah, hingga sedikit sekali bejana diluar rumah
Iang terisi ole11 air hujarz dalarn rnusinz hujan.
Since the discovery in 1901 of its role as
he vector of yellow fever in the Americas and
ifrica, extensive research has been done on
he biononlics of the mosquito Aedes aegypti
L.) (Christophers, 1960). In Southeast Asia,
(here yellow fever does not occur, another
lisease, dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) has
lecome a problem since the 1950's, first in
he Plullipines (1954), then in Thailand
1958), Singapore (1960), Vietnam (1961),
lalaysia (1962), India (1963) and most reently in Indonesia (Hammon, 1973): In Jaarta 'cases of DHF have been reported for
ach year since 1968 (Kho et al., 1969;
ndonesia Directorate of Communicable
)isease Control iieports). All evidence points
Aedes aegvpti as the inlportant vector of
IHF, this mosquito being the only species
apable of transmitting dengue virus occuring
I the crowded slums fro111 whence inany of
Ecologist, 4 ~ r o j e c t Leader, WHO Vector and
Lodent Control Research Unit, National Institute of
Iealth Research Development, Jakarta.
Chief. Division of Entomology. National Institute
f Health Research and ~ e v e l o p m e n t .Jakarta.
Scientist/Entomologist, Vector Biology and Control,
IHO. Geneva.
eceived 2 1 Anril 1 9 7 6
the cases are reported.
Because the incidence of DHF is usually
lughest during the rainy season, it is important
for an understanding of the epidemiology of
the disease to assess any corresponding seasonal fluctuations in the n~osquitopopulation.
Two previous studies of seasonal abundance of
Acdes aegypti have been done in Jakarta. Van
Peenen et al. (1972) made weekly collections
of resting adult mosquitoes inside houses in
four localities in Jakarta for a full year during
1970-197 1. They found no seasonal pattern of
abundance. The National Institute of Health
Research and Development did one-larva-percontainer surveys in 100 houses in each of 26
subdistricts (kecamatan) of Jakarta once
during the rainy season of 1972-73. No significant difference was found in larval indices
between the two seasons (I-iarijani and
Immnler, unpublished data). In the study reported herein, simultaneous surveys of both
adult and immature populations were done in
four localities in Jakarta.
STUDY AREAS
Four widely separated villages (kelurahan),
Tanah Tinggi, Karang Anyar, Grogal and Pasar
Mannmis, were chosen from among the &t
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF ADULT A N D IMMATURE AEDES AEGYPTI (L.)
IN JAKARTA.
villages reporting the highest number of cases
of DHF in Jakarta (up to 16 cases per year)
from 1969 until 1972. From each village a
crowded section of about 200 houses was
ielected as a study locality. A survey of 182
houses showed that the four localities were
quite similar to one another with regards to
crowding and construction. The mean are per
house was only 27.5 m2 and the surrounding
garden containing very little vegetation, was
only 7.9 m2. An average of 6.2 people lived
in each house. The mean number of people
per 100 m2 was 17.6. One half of the people
were under 16 years old. Other potential hosts
for the mosquitoes, such as dogs, cats or
live-stock were uncommon. Precipitin tests t o
determine host preference were not done.
Houses were made of various combinations of
cement, wood and that with tile or metal
roofs and cement or earthen floors. In general
the bedrooms and kitchens were very poorly
illuminated.
The major mosquito breeding sources were
earthenware water jars in most kitchens, and
large cement water reservoirs (bak mundi) in
many bathrooms. These containers, as well as
large 200-liter metal drums were found both
indoors and outdoors. Other sources indoors
were glass flower vases and small plastic and
metal buckets for temporary water storage.
Outdoors, discarded tin cans and tires were
frequent sources.
siologicd age-grading was not done, as msu
cient numbers of females were collected e
month to establish reliable parous rates.
During the first three months of the stu
standard NCM: oviposition traps, consis
of black glass jars (13 cm x 7.5 cm dia
filled part way with water and employin
pressed fibre-board paddle (2 cm x 13 cm
an oviposition surface clipped upright to
inside, were deployed every two weeks ins
18 houses in each of the four study locali
and recovered after 48 hours. In the lab0
tory the paddles were examined under
dissecting microscope and the presence
absence of eggs and the number of eggs
paddle were recorded. A sample of the e
was reared for species determination.
Daily weather data were kindly provi
by the Jakarta Observatory of The Meteor0
gical and Geophysical Center of the Dep
ment of Communication.
Analysis of the mosquito population d
was done with an Olivetti Programme 1
desk computer employing programs written
the senior author. Results for the two-w
analysis of variance, without replicates,
zxpressed as F (variance ratio) and p (proba
lity of the difference occurring by chan
alone). Results from correlation tests are
pressed as r (correlation coefficient).
RESULTS
METHODS
From May 1973 until June 1974 all four
licalities were surveyed twice per month. Six
collectors each visited six houses for twenty
minutes per house from about 08:30 until
10:30 hrs, resulting in a sample of 36 houses
and 12 man-hours for each collection day.
The workers sat in an undisturbed room and
collected all mosquitoes landing on their bared
lower legs with a sucking tube. Two other
workers simultaneously examined all containers with water in. 100 houses, and recorded the presence or absence of Aedes
l p a e . In the laboratory all specimens were
,&,A
,.-A
-,A,A
L..
.,,,:,,
,-A
,
,
,
DL..
Adults
The adult data are summarized in table
and the figure.
Seasonal abundance. ~ r oconsistent seaso
pattern of population density became evid
in the four localities. However, density w
high in three localities in July, and in th
localities (not the same three) in Decemb
When the twa-way analysis of variance w
done wi$ females for all localities a
months,. variances were found to be hig
significant both among months (F = 3.560
< 0.01) and among localities ( F = 17.148
< 0.001). The monthly variance of males w
nnt e i n n ; t % ~ n t
/P = 3 n17
\ A A