Hubungan Antara Kadar Leukosit, Monosit, Dan Procalcitonin Dengan Risiko Terjadi Infeksi Pada Stroke Fase Akut Dan Outcome Fungsional

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Adeoye, O., Walsh, K., Woo, J.G., Haverbusch, M., Moomaw, C.J.,
Broderick, J.P., et al. 2014. Peripheral Monocyte Count is
Associated with Case-Fatality after Intracerebral Hemorrhage.
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease. 23(2):107-111.
Agnihotri, S., Czap, A., Staff, I., Fortunato, G., and

McCullough, L.D.

2011. Periferal Leukocyte Counts and Outcomes after Intracerebral
Hemorrhage. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 8:160.
Alchuriyah, S., dan Wahjuni, C.U. 2016. Faktor Risiko Kejadian Stroke
Usia Muda Pada Pasien Rumah Sakit Brawijaya Surabaya. Jurnal
Berkala Epidemiologi. 4(1):62-73.
Amantea, D., Nappi, G., Bernardi, G., Bagetta, G., and Corasaniti, M.T.
2008. Minireview: Post-ischemic brain damage: pathophysiology
and role of inflammatory mediators. The FEBS Journal. 276:13-26.
Baratawidjaja, K.G., dan Rengganis, I. 2009. Imunologi Dasar. Balai
Penerbit FK UI. Jakarta.
Boehme, A.K., Kumar, A.D., Lyerly, M.J., Gillette, M.A., Siegler, J.E.,

Albright, K.C., et al. 2014. Persistent Leukocytosis-Is this a
Persistent Problem for Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke?.
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 7(23):pp19391943.

9090
Universitas Sumatera Utara

Buck, B.H., Lieberkind, D.S., Saver, J.F., Bang, Y., Yun, S.W., Starman,
S., et al. 2008. Early Neutrophilia is Associated With Volume of
Ischemic Tissue in Acute Stroke. Stroke AHA.39:355-360.
Burhanudin, M., Wahiduddin., and Jumriani. 2013. Faktor Risiko Kejadian
Stroke Pada Dewasa Awal (18-40 tahun) di Kota Makasar Tahun
2010-2012. Di unduh dari http://repository.unhas.ac.id.
CDC/NHSN Protocol Clarifications. 2013. CDC/NHSN Surveillance
Definitions

for

Specific


Types

of

Infections.

Available:

http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/protocol-clarification.pdf
Chamorro, A., Amaro, S., Vargas, M., Obach, V., Cervera, A., Torres, F.,
et al. 2006. Interleukin 10, Monocytes and Increased risk of early
infection in ischemic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.
77:1279-81.
Chamorro, A., Meisel, S., Planas, A.M., Urra, X., Van De Beek, D., and
Veltkamp, R. 2012. The Immunology of Acute Stroke. Nature
Review Neurology. 8:401-410.
Chiba, T., and Umegaki, K. 2013. Pivotal Roles of Monocytes/
Macrophages in Stroke. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. p.1-10.
Christ-Crain, M., and Müller, B. 2005. Procalcitonin in bacterial infections hype, hope, more or less?. Swiss Med Wkly.135:451-460.
Deng, W.J., Shen, R.L., Li, M., and Teng, J.F. 2015. Relationship Between

Procalcitonin Serum Levels and Functional Outcome in Stroke
Patients. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 35:355-361.

91
Universitas Sumatera Utara

Dirnagl, U., Ladecola, C., and Moskowitz, M.A., 1999. Pathobiology of
ischemic stroke: an integrated view. Trends Neurosci. 22:391-397.
Dirnagl, U., Klehmet, J., Braun, J.S., Harms, H., Meisel, C., Ziemssen, T.,
et al. 2007. Stroke-Induced Immunodepression: Experimental
Evidance and Clinical Relevance. American Heart Association.
38:770-773.
Emsley, H.C.A., and Tyrrell, P.J. 2002. Inflammation and Infection in
Clinical Stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.
22:1399-1419.
Farida dan Amelia. 2009. Mengantisipasi Stroke. Jogjakarta. Penerbit
Buku Biru.
Fluri, F., Morgenthaler, N.G., Mueller, B., Christ-Crain, M., and Katan, M.
2012. Copeptin, Procalcitonin and Routine Inflammatory MarkersPredictors of Infection after Stroke. Plos One; 7(10):48309l:1-7.
Fuentes, B., Castillo, J., Jose, B.S., Leira, R., Serena, J., Vivancos, J.,et

al.

2009. The Prognostic Value of Capillary Glucose Levels in

Acute Stroke. Stroke. 40:562-568.
Furlan, J.C., Vergouwen, M.D.I., Fang, J., and Silver, F.L. 2013. White
blood cell count is an independent predictor of outcomes after acute
ischaemic stroke. European Journal of Neurology. 10:1-8.
Ganong W.F. 2003. Review of Medical Physiology. 21th edition. Lange
Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Divisio. USA.

92
Universitas Sumatera Utara

Goldstein, L.B., Adams, R., Alberts, M,J., Alberts, M.J., Appel, L.J., Brass,
L.M., et al. 2006. Primary Prevention of Ischemic stroke: A Guidline
from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association
Stroke Council. Stroke. 37:1583-1633.
Gu, L., Jian, Z., Stary, C., and Xiong, X. 2015. T Cells and Cerebral
Ischemic Stroke. Neurochem Res. 40:1786-1791

Hallenbeck, J., Zoppo, G., Jacobs, T., Hakim, A., Goldman, S., Utz, U., et
al. 2006. Immunomodulation Strategies for Preventing Vascular
Disease the Brain and Heart Workshop Summary. Stroke. 37(12):
3035-3042.
Harms, H., Halle, E., and Andreas, M. 2010. Post-Stroke Infections –
Diagnosis, Prediction, Prevention and Treatment to Improve Patient
Outcomes. European Neurological Review;5(1):39–43.
Hatzistilianou, M. 2010. Diagnostic and Prognostic Role of Procalcitonin in
Infections. The Scientific World Journal.10:1941-1946.
Hertog, H.M., Rossum, J.A., Worp, H.B., Gemert, H.M., Jonge, R.,
Koudstaal, P.J., et al. 2009. C-reactive protein in the very early
phase of acute ischemic stroke: association with poor outcome and
death. J Neurol. 256:2003-2008.
Iranmanesh, F., Zia-Sheykholeslami, N., Vakilian, A., and Sayadi, A.,
2012. Relationship between White Blood Cell Count and Mortality in
Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Zahedan Journal of Research
in Medical Sciences. 16(6):16-19.

93
Universitas Sumatera Utara


Jood, K., Redfors, P., Rosengren, A., Blomstrand, C., and Jern, C. 2009.
Self-perceived psychological stress and ischemic stroke: a casecontrol study. BMC Medicine. 7:53-60.
Kaito, M., Araya, S.I., Gondo, Y., Fujita, M., Minato, N., Nakanishi, M., et al
2013. Relevance of Distinct Monocyte Subsets to Clinical
Course of Ischemic Stroke Patients. Journal Pone. 8(8):69409.
Kammersgaard, L.P., Jorgensen, H.S., Nakayama, H., Reith, J.,
Raaschou, H.O., and Olsen, T.S. 1999. Leukocytosis in Acute
Stroke: Relation to Initial Stroke Severity, Infarct Size, and
Outcome: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Journal of Stroke and
Cerebrovascular Diseases. 8(4):259-263.
Kibe, S., Adams, K., and Barlow, G. 2011. Diagnostic and Prognostic
Biomarkers of Sepsis in Critical Care. Journal of Antimicrobial
Chemotherapy. 66 (2): Ii33-Ii40
Kumar, A.D., Boehme, A.K., Siegler, J.E., Gillette, M., Albright, K.C., and
Martin-Schild, S. 2013. Leukocytosis in Patients with Neurologic
Deterioration after Acute Ischemic Stroke is Associated with Poor
Outcomes. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 22(7):e111-e117.
Kwan, J., Jenkinson, D., Vassallo, M., Englyst, N., and Perry, V.H. 2008.
Systemic infection after acute stroke. Aging Health. 4(1):1-10.

Meisel, A., Meisel, C., Harms, H., Hartman, O., and Ulm, L. 2012.
Predicting Post-Stroke Infections and Outcome with Blood-Based

94
Universitas Sumatera Utara

Immune and Stress Markers. Cerebrovascular Diseases. 33:580588.
Misbach, J. 2009. Stroke : Aspek Diagnostik, Patofisiologi, Manajemen.
Balai penerbit FK-UI. Jakarta.
Misbach, J., Lamsudin, R., Aliah, A., Basyiruddin., Suroto., Alfa, AY., dkk.
2011. Guidline Stroke. Pokdi Stroke PERDOSSI. Diterbitkan oleh:
Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Saraf Indonesia (PERDOSSI).
Jakarta.p.1.
Miyakis,

S.,

Georgakopoulos,

P.,


Kiagia,

M.,

Pefanis,

A.,

and

Mountokalakis, T.D. 2004. Serial serum procalcitonin changes in
the prognosis of acute stroke. Clinica Chimica Acta. 237-239.
Miyakis, S., Bergmann, A., Hartmann, O., Hein, F., and Muller, B. 2012.
Procalcitonin for The Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections and
Guidance of Antibiotic Treatment in Patients with Acute Stroke of
Transient Ischemic Attack. United States Patent.1-11.
Nardi, K., Milia, P., Eusebi, P., Paciaroni, M., Caso, V., and Agnelli, G.
2012. Admission


Leukocytosis

in

Acute

Cerebral

Ischemia:

Influence on Early Outcome. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular
Disease. 21(8):819-824.
Nikanfar, M., Shaafi, S., Hashemilar, M., Oskouii, D.S., and Goldust, M.
2012. Evalluating Role of Leukocytosis and High Sedimentation
Rate as Prognostic Factors in Acute Ischemic Cerebral Strokes.
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 15(8):386-390.

95
Universitas Sumatera Utara


Painthakar, M.M., and Dabhi, R.D. 2003. Functional Recovery in Ischemic
Stroke. Neurol India. 51:414-6.
Peng, Y., Wang, D., Zhang, J., Xue, X., Wang,Z., Tomg, W., et al. 2011.
Relationship between white blood cell count at admission and short
term outcome in patients with acute cerebral infarction. Clin Invest
Med. 34(4):249-254.
Popovic, N.MD., Stefanovic-Budimkic, M., Mitrovic, N.MD., Urosevic,
A.MD., Milosevic, B,MD., Pelemis, M.MD., et al. 2013. The
Frequency of Poststroke Infections and Their Impact on Early
Stroke Outcome. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases.
4(22):pp424-429.
Purba, J.S., dan Misbach, J. 2011. Biomolekuler Stroke. Dikutip dari:
Stroke : Aspek Diagnostik, Patofisiologi, Manajemen. Balai
Penerbit FK - UI. Jakarta. p:41-52.
Sacco, R.L., Kasner, S.E., Broderick, J.P., Caplan, L.R., Culebras, A.,
Elkind, M.S.V., et al. 2013. An Udate Defenition of Stroke for the
21st Century: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the
American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke.
44:2064-2089.
Sacher, R.A., dan McPherson,


R.A. 2005. Tinjauan klinis hasil

pemeriksaan laboratorium. Alih bahasa: BU. Penerbit D. Wulandari.
Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. Jakarta.

96
Universitas Sumatera Utara

Sen, S., Hinderliter A., Sen, P.K., Simmons, J., LeGrys, V.A., Beck J., et
al. 2007. Association of Leukocyte Count With Progression of Aortic
Atheroma in Stroke/transient Ischemic Attack Patients. American
Heart Association.38:2900-2905
Sherwood, L. 2012. Fundamentals of Human Physiology, Fourth Edition.
Brooks/Cole 20 Davis Drive Belmont; USA.
Sjahrir, H. 2003. Stroke Iskemik. Yandira Agung. Medan.
Su, L., Han, B., Liu, C., Liang, L., Jiang, Z., Deng, J., et al. 2012. Value of
soluble TREM-1, procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein serum levels
as biomarkers for detecting bacteremia among sepsis patients with
new fever in intensive care units: a prospective cohort study. BMC
Infectious Disease.12(157):1-10
Urra, X., Villamor, N., Amaro, S., Choco, M.G., Obach, V., Oleaga, L., et
al. 2009. Monocyte subtype predict clinical course and prognosis in
human stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.
29:994-1002.
Vogelgesang, A., Grunwald, U., Langner, S., Jack, R., Broker, B.M., et al.
2008. Analysis of Lymphocyte Subsets in Patients With Stroke and
Their Influence on Infection After Stroke. Stroke. 39: 237-241
Wang, P.Y., Kao, C.H., Mui, M.Y., and Wang, S.J. 1993. Leukocyte
Infiltration in Acute Hemisphere Stroke. Stroke. 24:236-240.

Wartenberg, K.E., Stoll, A., Funk, A., Meyer, A., Schmidt, J.M., and
Berrouschot, J. 2011. Infection after Acute Ischemic Stroke: Risk

97
Universitas Sumatera Utara

Factors,

Biomarkers,

and

Outcome.

Stroke

Research

and

Treatment. p.1-9.
Westendorp, W.F., Nederkoom, P.J., Vermeij, J.D., Dijkgraaf, M.G., and
Beek, D. 2011. Post-stroke infection: A systematic review and
meta-analysis. BMC Neurology. 11:110.
Whiteley, W., Jackson, C., Lewis, S., Lowe, G., Rumley, A., Sandercock,
P., Wardlaw, J., et al. 2009.

Inflammatory Markers and Poor

Outcome after Stroke: A Prospective Cohort Study and Systematic
Review of Interleukin-6. Plos Medicine. 6:1-10.
Zeller, J.A., Lenz, A., Eschenfelder, C.C., Zunker, P., and Deuschi,G.
2005. Platelet Activation in Acute Stroke With and Without
Preceding Infection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.25(15):15191523.

98
Universitas Sumatera Utara