sutikno Umum ICTChap003
3-1
Chapter
3
Software
3.1 System Software: The Power behind the Power
3.2 The Operating System: What It Does
3.3 Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities
3.4 Common Features of the User Interface
3.5 Common Operating Systems
3.6 Application Software
3.7 Word Processing
3.8 Spreadsheets
3.9 Database Software
3.10 Specialty Software
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights rese
System Software: The Power behind
the Power
Application Software
Software
developed to solve a particular problem for
users
Either
performs useful work on a specific task
Or provides entertainment
We
interact mainly with this software
System Software
Enables
application software to interact with the
computer
Helps the computer to manage its own internal and
external resources
3-3
System Software: The Power behind
the Power
System Software has 3 basic components
Operating
System (OS)
The principal component of system software
Low-level, master system of programs to manage basic computer
operations
Some hardware requires specific Operating Systems
Macintosh computers run Macintosh OS
PCs run Microsoft Windows, Linux, or BSD Unix
IBM Mainframes run MVS or VM
Cray supercomputers run COS or UNICOS
Device
Help the computer control peripheral devices
Utility
Drivers
Programs
Used to support, enhance, or expand existing programs in the
3-4
computer
The Operating System: What It Does
Booting
The process of loading an OS into the computer’s
main memory
The steps are:
1.
2.
3.
Turn the computer on
Diagnostic routines test main memory, CPU, and other
hardware
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) programs are copied to
main memory
4.
BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware
The computer needs those instructions to operate the
hardware and find a copy of the OS
Boot program obtains the OS and loads it into computer’s
main memory
3-5
The Operating System: What It Does
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management
Kernel
is the supervising software that manages CPU
Kernel
must remain in memory while the computer runs
If another program uses the kernel’s memory when the
kernel needs it, the computer will crash
Memory
Management
OS
keeps track of memory locations to prevent programs
and data from overlapping each other
Swaps portions of programs and data into the same
memory but at different times
Keeps track of virtual memory
Queues,
Buffers, Spooling
3-6
The Operating System: What It Does
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management
(continued)
Queues,
Buffers, Spooling
Queue:
First-in, First-out (FIFO) sequence of data or
programs that waits in line for its turn to be processed
Buffer: The place where the data or programs sit while they
are waiting
To Spool: The act of placing a print job into a buffer
Needed
because the CPU is faster than printers
The CPU can work on other tasks while the print jobs
wait
3-7
The Operating System: What It Does
File Management
A file is either a
The File System arranges files
in a hierarchical manner
Data File: a named collection
of data
Program File: a program that
exists in a computer’s
secondary storage
Top level is Directories (aka
Folders)
Subdirectories come below
Folders
Find files using their pathname
C:/MyDocuments/Termpaper/section1.d
oc
3-8
The Operating System: What It Does
Task Management
Required
for computers that accommodate multiple users
Required for computers that allow multiple simultaneous
applications
Methods of processing two or more programs
Multitasking
Multiprogramming
By multiple users concurrently on one processor
Time-sharing
By one user on one processor
By multiple users in round-robin fashion on one processor
Multiprocessing
By one or more users simultaneously on two or more processors
3-9
The Operating System: What It Does
Security Management
Operating
Systems permit users to control access to their
computers
Users gain access using an ID and password
You set the password the first time you boot up a new
computer
System Administrators can set up new accounts and
assign new passwords
3-10
Other System Software: Device
Drivers & Utilities
Device Drivers
Specialized
software programs that allow input and output
devices to communicate with the rest of the OS
When you get a brand-new printer or monitor, you may also
need to install the device driver for it
Device drivers come with new hardware, or download from the
manufacturer’s website, or sites like www.driverguide.com or
www.windrivers.com
Utilities
Service programs that perform tasks related to the control and
allocation of computer resources
Some come with the OS, others can be bought separately like
Norton SystemWorks, McAfee Utilities
3-11
Other System Software: Device
Drivers & Utilities
Practical Utility programs perform the following tasks
Virus
protection
Data compression
File defragmentation
Disk scanner & disk cleanup
Backup
Data recovery
Discussion Question: How many of you have lost important files
such as a term paper? Didn’t you wish you had made a backup
copy? ALL data media are subject to possible failure and data loss!
3-12
Common Features of the User Interface
User Interface
The
user-controllable display screen you use to interact
with the computer
Keyboard and Mouse
User
input devices that you use to interact with the
display screen
Both devices have special-purpose keys
Keyboard
Special-purpose keys: Esc, Ctrl, Alt, Del, Ins,
Home, End, PgUp, PgDn, Num Lock
Mouse special-purpose keys: left-click, right-click, and (on
some mice) scroll wheel or center click
3-13
Common Features of the User Interface
Keyboard
Function Keys – let you quickly perform specific tasks
Escape Key – lets you quit a task
Ctrl and Alt – use combination with another key to bypass using the
mouse – Ctrl + S will save a document, Alt + Tab will let you switch
between running applications
3-14
Common Features of the User Interface
Keyboard continued
Application
key – quickly displays the shortcut menu
for any item on your screen
Status lights – indicate if your Num Lock or Caps
Lock keys are on
Numeric Keypad – allows you to type in numbers
when the Num Lock light is on
3-15
Common Features of the User Interface
Mouse
Handy tool for dragging and dropping text, graphics
Useful for navigating menus on unfamiliar applications
3-16
Common Features of the User Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Allows
you to use a mouse or keystrokes to select icons
and commands from menus
Replaces command-driven interfaces used in earlier
programs
Three main features are: desktop, icons, and menus
Desktop:
The system’s main interface screen
Icon: Small pictorial figure that represents a program, data
file, or procedure
Rollover: A small text box that explains the icon when you roll
your mouse over it
Menus: A list
of built-in commands and/or options from
which to choose
3-17
Common Features of the User Interface
To start an application, pick one of 3 methods:
Click
on the Start button on the lower left corner of the
Windows desktop
Click on the My Computer icon on the desktop, find the
application executable on your hard disk, and click it
Click on the My Documents icon on the desktop, find the
document you want to open, and click it. It should
automatically open the application that created it, if you
have that application installed
3-18
Common Features of the User Interface
Most Operating Systems have the following:
Title
Bar: runs across the top of the display window
Menu Bar: shows the names of the pull-down menus
available
Toolbar: Displays menus and icons representing the
most-frequently used commands
Taskbar: The bar across the bottom of the Windows
screen that contains the Start button
A window: A rectangular frame on the computer screen
through which you can view a file of data or an
application
3-19
Common Operating Systems
Platform
The
particular processor model and operating system on
which a computer system is based
Operating Systems are platform-specific
PC (Wintel) platforms
Dell,
Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, IBM PCs
Originally ran Disk Operating System (DOS)
Currently run Linux, Unix, Windows
Apple (Macintosh) platforms
Run
Mac OS (System 9 was proprietary, OS X is Unixbased)
3-20
Common Operating Systems
Mac OS
The
OS that runs on Apple Macintosh computers
Pioneered the easy-to-use GUI
Proprietary OS
System
9 is OS from 1999, but still popular
Mac OS X is based on BSD Unix kernel
Tiger is 2005 release of Mac OS X; features include
Spotlight – a desktop search engine for locating files on local
hard disk
Dashboard – for creating desktop “widgets”
Automator – automatically helps users to script repetitive tasks
3-21
Common Operating Systems
Unix, Solaris, BSD
Developed
at AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1969 as
minicomputer operating system
Is a multitasking operating system with multiple users
that has built-in networking capability and a version for
every platform
Unix interface
GUI
– An optional shell program that starts after the kernel
Command interface – starts when kernel loads
3-22
Common Operating Systems
Linux
A flavor
(version) of Unix
A free, nonproprietary version of UNIX
May
legally be downloaded and used for free
May legally be modified for free, as long as modifications
aren’t copyrighted
In 2000, adopted by China as national standard OS
Linux
vendors produce Linux Distributions
Software
is distributed for free
Support services are sold for a profit
Many
PCs are set up to dual-boot Linux and Windows
3-23
Common Operating Systems
Operating Systems for Handhelds
Palm
OS
Dominant
handheld OS
Proprietary OS requires proprietary software
Windows
CE
Has
familiar Windows look and feel
Can be directly programmed using Visual Basic 2005
Symbian
OS
Symbian
is world’s largest producer of smartphone software
Software is open-source
3-24
Application Software
There are 5 ways to legally obtain software
1.
Commercial Software
2.
Public-domain software
3.
Copyrighted – download for free, then pay if you use it
Freeware
5.
Not copyrighted – legal to copy
Shareware
4.
Copyrighted – license must be purchased
Copyrighted – but available for free. Pay on honor system
Rentalware
Copyrighted – lease for a fee
3-25
Application Software
Software License Types
Site
licenses
Allow
software to be used on all computers at a specific
location
Concurrent-user
license
Allows
a specified number of copies to be used at one time
May require additional license-monitoring software
Multiple-user
Specifies
Single-use
Limits
license
the number of people who may use the software
license
the software to one user at a time
3-26
Application Software
Other software categories
Pirated
software
Software
obtained illegally in violation of copyright
Software & Industry Information Association Anti-Piracy
division prosecutes violators of software copyright laws
http://www.siia.net/piracy/
Don’t pirate software!!!
Abandonware
Software
that is no longer being sold or supported by its
publisher
Subject to copyright for 95 years from date of publication
3-27
Application Software
Importing files
Getting
data from another source and converting it into a
format for the application you are using
Allows you to edit files from other applications
Exporting files
Transforming
data into a format that can be used by a
different application, then transmitting it
Common export files end in the .rtf extension
3-28
Word Processing
Software that uses computers to create, edit, format,
print, and store text.
Microsoft
Word licensed for Windows and Mac OS
Lotus Smart Suite licensed for Windows
Sun Microsystems Star Office licensed for WindowsLinux- and Solaris-based systems (was free)
Corel Word-Perfect licensed for Windows
3-29
Word Processing
Tools for creating documents
Cursor
is on screen to show you where to enter text
Scrolling means moving quickly forward, up, down, or
sideways through document test display
Word wrap automatically continues text to next line when
you reach the right margin
Outline view puts tags on headings within a document to
organize it
Inserting is the act of adding text to documents
Deleting is the act of removing text from documents
3-30
Word Processing
3-31
Word Processing
Find & Replace
Find
lets you go straight to any text in your document
Replace lets you go to the text and automatically replace it with
something else
Cut, Copy, & Paste
Select the text you want to move
Copy to clipboard, then paste in new location
Or drag the text to the new location
Spelling Checker
Tests for incorrectly spelled words
Often shows them with a squiggly line underneath
You may choose to use the “Autocorrect” feature
3-32
Word Processing
Grammar Checker
Highlights
poor grammar, wordiness, sentence
fragments, and awkward phrases
Puts different-color squiggly line under suspect phrases
Thesaurus
Can
be called up on-screen
Offers suggestions for alternative words with the same
meaning
Discussion Question: How doze a spell-checker Handel different spellings
for the same word? Should ewe trust the spell-checker for everything?
3-33
Word Processing
Formatting Documents using Templates & Wizards
A template
is a preformatted document that provides
basic tools for shaping a final document
You
can customize a template with your company’s name,
address, etc, then save it and use it again and again
Use them when you have to repeatedly create the same
basic document
A wizard
is an interactive computer utility program that
leads the user through a task asking questions and using
the user’s answers to customize a solution
Letter
wizards create customized letters
Memo wizards help you to create memoranda
3-34
Word Processing
Formatting
Font
The
typeface, size, and color of your letters
Also lets you specify underlined, italic, or bold
Spacing
& Columns
Choose
how far apart the lines will be (single- or double-
spaced)
Choose single-column or multi-columned text for your
document
Margins
& Justification
Indicate
width of left, right, top, and bottom margins
Justify text left, right, or center
3-35
Word Processing
Headers, footers, page numbers
A header
is text printed at the very top of the page
A footer is text (like page number) at the page bottom
Other Formatting
You
can specify a border around a document or around a
paragraph – it can really highlight a point
You can also use shading, tables, and footnotes
Default Settings
These
are the settings automatically used by the program
unless you change them
3-36
Word Processing
Saving a document
Store
a document as an electronic file
File Save or click Floppy icon or Ctrl + S
Save often, and save in two places
Print
Print
individual pages, the whole document, or several
copies
File Print or click printer icon or Ctrl + P
Track Changes
Save as Web Document
3-37
Spreadsheets
Electronic spreadsheets were created in 1978 by
Daniel Bricklin at Harvard Business School and Daniel
Fylstra at M.I.T. and HBS as a study tool
Spreadsheets are organized into columns and rows
Cells
are where a row and a column meet
Cell address is the position of the cell
Range is a group of adjacent cells
Values are numbers or dates entered into a cell
Cell pointers or cursors are where the data is to be
entered
3-38
Spreadsheets
3-39
Spreadsheets
Formulas, Functions, Recalculation, What-If
Formulas
They
are instructions for calculations
define mathematically how one cell relates to another
cell
Example: =SUM(A5:A15) sums the values of the cells A5,
A6, A7, and so forth up through cell A15
Functions
are built-in formulas, such as SUM()
Recalculation is the process of recomputing values
What-If analysis allows users to see what happens to
totals when one or more numbers change in cells
This
is the powerful feature of spreadsheets over manual
calculations
3-40
Spreadsheets
Charting and Analytical Graphics
Spreadsheets
allow you to automatically create graphs
When the cells change, the graphs change too
Charts are a type of graph that include
Bar
charts
Column charts
Line graphs
Pie charts
Scatter charts
3-41
Database Software
A database is a structured collection of interrelated
files in a computer system with built-in data input and
retrieval methods.
In databases
Data
redundancy is minimized
Data is integrated and stored in a structured fashion
Data in databases has more integrity than does data
stored in separate files
Data is organized into tables, records, and fields
Data may include text, numbers, and graphics
3-42
Database Software
3-43
Database Software
Database features include
Linking
records using a key
Tables
that contain the same field are linked together by
fields, so the key can be updated just once
Key fields can also be used to sort data
Querying
Offer
Saving,
and displaying records
a quick way to locate records quickly
Formatting, Printing, Copying, Transmitting
Database
software allows you to create custom input forms,
custom reports, copy search results and paste them into
Word, print out addresses to mailing labels, or attach to
3-44
email
Specialty Software
Presentation Graphics
Desktop Publishing
Financial Software
Drawing and Painting Software
Project Management Software
Video-audio Editing Software
Animation Software
Web Page Design Software
3-45
Specialty Software
Presentation Graphics Software
Use
graphics, animation, sound, data, or information to
make visual presentations
For example, this presentation
Contains
Design
and content templates
Slide sorters
Outline view
Slide view
Notes Page View
3-46
Specialty Software
3-47
Specialty Software
Financial Software
Ranges
from personal-finance managers to entry-level
accounting programs to business financial-management
packages
Common features
Track
income and expenses
Allow checkbook management
Do financial reporting
Offer tax categories to assist with tax recordkeeping
May also offer financial-planning and portfolio-management
features
3-48
Specialty Software
Desktop Publishing
Involves
mixing text and graphics to produce high-quality
output for commercial printing
Uses a mouse, scanner, printer, and DTP software
Has the following features
Mix
of text with graphics
Offers varied type and layout styles
Allows import of files from other programs
Drawing programs
Graphics
software used to design and illustrate objects
and products
3-49
Specialty Software
Painting programs
Graphics
programs that allow users to simulate painting on-
screen
Produce bit-mapped or raster images
Also called image-editing software
Graphics file formats
.bmp (bit-map)
.gif (Graphic Interchange Format) – copyrighted format used in
web pages
.jpeg (Joint Photographic Experts Group)- high-resolution
.tiff (Tagged Image File Formats) – PC and Macs for highresolution images to print
.png (Portable Network Graphics) – public domain alternative to gif
3-50
Specialty Software
Video editing software
Allows
import to and editing of video footage on PC
Video editing examples include Adobe Premiere, Sony
Pictures Digital Vegas, Apple Final Cut Express, Pinnacle
Studio DV, and Ulead VideoStudio
Audio editing software
Allows
import to and editing of sound files on PC
Sound editing examples include Windows Sound
Recorder, Sony Pictures Digital Sound Forge, Audacity
(freeware), Felt Tip Software’s Sound Studio
(shareware), GoldWave, and WavePad.
3-51
Specialty Software
Animation Software
Simulates movement by rapidly displaying a series of
still pictures, or frames
GIF is the first format to catch on
3-52
Specialty Software
Multimedia Authoring Software
Combines
text, graphics, video, animation, and sound in
an integrated way to create stand-alone multimedia
applications
Requires fast computer, lots of memory, and good, fast
graphics card
Macromedia Director and Macromedia Authorware are
popular examples
Web Page Design Software
Used
to create web pages with sophisticated multimedia
features
Not required to create simple web pages
3-53
Specialty Software
Project Management Software
A program used to plan and
schedule the people, costs,
and resources required to complete a project on time
Shows project broken down into steps and tasks
Each task has a beginning and end date
Tasks can be scheduled concurrently or consecutively
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Programs intended for design
of products, structures,
civil engineering drawings, and maps
Provide precise dimensioning and positioning of design elements
Examples include AutoCAD, ProEngineer, CorelCAD, CATIA
To see an example, go to
http://www.3ds.com/flashgallery/discover-3d-xml/ for CATIA
3-54
Chapter
3
Software
3.1 System Software: The Power behind the Power
3.2 The Operating System: What It Does
3.3 Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities
3.4 Common Features of the User Interface
3.5 Common Operating Systems
3.6 Application Software
3.7 Word Processing
3.8 Spreadsheets
3.9 Database Software
3.10 Specialty Software
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights rese
System Software: The Power behind
the Power
Application Software
Software
developed to solve a particular problem for
users
Either
performs useful work on a specific task
Or provides entertainment
We
interact mainly with this software
System Software
Enables
application software to interact with the
computer
Helps the computer to manage its own internal and
external resources
3-3
System Software: The Power behind
the Power
System Software has 3 basic components
Operating
System (OS)
The principal component of system software
Low-level, master system of programs to manage basic computer
operations
Some hardware requires specific Operating Systems
Macintosh computers run Macintosh OS
PCs run Microsoft Windows, Linux, or BSD Unix
IBM Mainframes run MVS or VM
Cray supercomputers run COS or UNICOS
Device
Help the computer control peripheral devices
Utility
Drivers
Programs
Used to support, enhance, or expand existing programs in the
3-4
computer
The Operating System: What It Does
Booting
The process of loading an OS into the computer’s
main memory
The steps are:
1.
2.
3.
Turn the computer on
Diagnostic routines test main memory, CPU, and other
hardware
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) programs are copied to
main memory
4.
BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware
The computer needs those instructions to operate the
hardware and find a copy of the OS
Boot program obtains the OS and loads it into computer’s
main memory
3-5
The Operating System: What It Does
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management
Kernel
is the supervising software that manages CPU
Kernel
must remain in memory while the computer runs
If another program uses the kernel’s memory when the
kernel needs it, the computer will crash
Memory
Management
OS
keeps track of memory locations to prevent programs
and data from overlapping each other
Swaps portions of programs and data into the same
memory but at different times
Keeps track of virtual memory
Queues,
Buffers, Spooling
3-6
The Operating System: What It Does
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management
(continued)
Queues,
Buffers, Spooling
Queue:
First-in, First-out (FIFO) sequence of data or
programs that waits in line for its turn to be processed
Buffer: The place where the data or programs sit while they
are waiting
To Spool: The act of placing a print job into a buffer
Needed
because the CPU is faster than printers
The CPU can work on other tasks while the print jobs
wait
3-7
The Operating System: What It Does
File Management
A file is either a
The File System arranges files
in a hierarchical manner
Data File: a named collection
of data
Program File: a program that
exists in a computer’s
secondary storage
Top level is Directories (aka
Folders)
Subdirectories come below
Folders
Find files using their pathname
C:/MyDocuments/Termpaper/section1.d
oc
3-8
The Operating System: What It Does
Task Management
Required
for computers that accommodate multiple users
Required for computers that allow multiple simultaneous
applications
Methods of processing two or more programs
Multitasking
Multiprogramming
By multiple users concurrently on one processor
Time-sharing
By one user on one processor
By multiple users in round-robin fashion on one processor
Multiprocessing
By one or more users simultaneously on two or more processors
3-9
The Operating System: What It Does
Security Management
Operating
Systems permit users to control access to their
computers
Users gain access using an ID and password
You set the password the first time you boot up a new
computer
System Administrators can set up new accounts and
assign new passwords
3-10
Other System Software: Device
Drivers & Utilities
Device Drivers
Specialized
software programs that allow input and output
devices to communicate with the rest of the OS
When you get a brand-new printer or monitor, you may also
need to install the device driver for it
Device drivers come with new hardware, or download from the
manufacturer’s website, or sites like www.driverguide.com or
www.windrivers.com
Utilities
Service programs that perform tasks related to the control and
allocation of computer resources
Some come with the OS, others can be bought separately like
Norton SystemWorks, McAfee Utilities
3-11
Other System Software: Device
Drivers & Utilities
Practical Utility programs perform the following tasks
Virus
protection
Data compression
File defragmentation
Disk scanner & disk cleanup
Backup
Data recovery
Discussion Question: How many of you have lost important files
such as a term paper? Didn’t you wish you had made a backup
copy? ALL data media are subject to possible failure and data loss!
3-12
Common Features of the User Interface
User Interface
The
user-controllable display screen you use to interact
with the computer
Keyboard and Mouse
User
input devices that you use to interact with the
display screen
Both devices have special-purpose keys
Keyboard
Special-purpose keys: Esc, Ctrl, Alt, Del, Ins,
Home, End, PgUp, PgDn, Num Lock
Mouse special-purpose keys: left-click, right-click, and (on
some mice) scroll wheel or center click
3-13
Common Features of the User Interface
Keyboard
Function Keys – let you quickly perform specific tasks
Escape Key – lets you quit a task
Ctrl and Alt – use combination with another key to bypass using the
mouse – Ctrl + S will save a document, Alt + Tab will let you switch
between running applications
3-14
Common Features of the User Interface
Keyboard continued
Application
key – quickly displays the shortcut menu
for any item on your screen
Status lights – indicate if your Num Lock or Caps
Lock keys are on
Numeric Keypad – allows you to type in numbers
when the Num Lock light is on
3-15
Common Features of the User Interface
Mouse
Handy tool for dragging and dropping text, graphics
Useful for navigating menus on unfamiliar applications
3-16
Common Features of the User Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Allows
you to use a mouse or keystrokes to select icons
and commands from menus
Replaces command-driven interfaces used in earlier
programs
Three main features are: desktop, icons, and menus
Desktop:
The system’s main interface screen
Icon: Small pictorial figure that represents a program, data
file, or procedure
Rollover: A small text box that explains the icon when you roll
your mouse over it
Menus: A list
of built-in commands and/or options from
which to choose
3-17
Common Features of the User Interface
To start an application, pick one of 3 methods:
Click
on the Start button on the lower left corner of the
Windows desktop
Click on the My Computer icon on the desktop, find the
application executable on your hard disk, and click it
Click on the My Documents icon on the desktop, find the
document you want to open, and click it. It should
automatically open the application that created it, if you
have that application installed
3-18
Common Features of the User Interface
Most Operating Systems have the following:
Title
Bar: runs across the top of the display window
Menu Bar: shows the names of the pull-down menus
available
Toolbar: Displays menus and icons representing the
most-frequently used commands
Taskbar: The bar across the bottom of the Windows
screen that contains the Start button
A window: A rectangular frame on the computer screen
through which you can view a file of data or an
application
3-19
Common Operating Systems
Platform
The
particular processor model and operating system on
which a computer system is based
Operating Systems are platform-specific
PC (Wintel) platforms
Dell,
Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, IBM PCs
Originally ran Disk Operating System (DOS)
Currently run Linux, Unix, Windows
Apple (Macintosh) platforms
Run
Mac OS (System 9 was proprietary, OS X is Unixbased)
3-20
Common Operating Systems
Mac OS
The
OS that runs on Apple Macintosh computers
Pioneered the easy-to-use GUI
Proprietary OS
System
9 is OS from 1999, but still popular
Mac OS X is based on BSD Unix kernel
Tiger is 2005 release of Mac OS X; features include
Spotlight – a desktop search engine for locating files on local
hard disk
Dashboard – for creating desktop “widgets”
Automator – automatically helps users to script repetitive tasks
3-21
Common Operating Systems
Unix, Solaris, BSD
Developed
at AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1969 as
minicomputer operating system
Is a multitasking operating system with multiple users
that has built-in networking capability and a version for
every platform
Unix interface
GUI
– An optional shell program that starts after the kernel
Command interface – starts when kernel loads
3-22
Common Operating Systems
Linux
A flavor
(version) of Unix
A free, nonproprietary version of UNIX
May
legally be downloaded and used for free
May legally be modified for free, as long as modifications
aren’t copyrighted
In 2000, adopted by China as national standard OS
Linux
vendors produce Linux Distributions
Software
is distributed for free
Support services are sold for a profit
Many
PCs are set up to dual-boot Linux and Windows
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Common Operating Systems
Operating Systems for Handhelds
Palm
OS
Dominant
handheld OS
Proprietary OS requires proprietary software
Windows
CE
Has
familiar Windows look and feel
Can be directly programmed using Visual Basic 2005
Symbian
OS
Symbian
is world’s largest producer of smartphone software
Software is open-source
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Application Software
There are 5 ways to legally obtain software
1.
Commercial Software
2.
Public-domain software
3.
Copyrighted – download for free, then pay if you use it
Freeware
5.
Not copyrighted – legal to copy
Shareware
4.
Copyrighted – license must be purchased
Copyrighted – but available for free. Pay on honor system
Rentalware
Copyrighted – lease for a fee
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Application Software
Software License Types
Site
licenses
Allow
software to be used on all computers at a specific
location
Concurrent-user
license
Allows
a specified number of copies to be used at one time
May require additional license-monitoring software
Multiple-user
Specifies
Single-use
Limits
license
the number of people who may use the software
license
the software to one user at a time
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Application Software
Other software categories
Pirated
software
Software
obtained illegally in violation of copyright
Software & Industry Information Association Anti-Piracy
division prosecutes violators of software copyright laws
http://www.siia.net/piracy/
Don’t pirate software!!!
Abandonware
Software
that is no longer being sold or supported by its
publisher
Subject to copyright for 95 years from date of publication
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Application Software
Importing files
Getting
data from another source and converting it into a
format for the application you are using
Allows you to edit files from other applications
Exporting files
Transforming
data into a format that can be used by a
different application, then transmitting it
Common export files end in the .rtf extension
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Word Processing
Software that uses computers to create, edit, format,
print, and store text.
Microsoft
Word licensed for Windows and Mac OS
Lotus Smart Suite licensed for Windows
Sun Microsystems Star Office licensed for WindowsLinux- and Solaris-based systems (was free)
Corel Word-Perfect licensed for Windows
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Word Processing
Tools for creating documents
Cursor
is on screen to show you where to enter text
Scrolling means moving quickly forward, up, down, or
sideways through document test display
Word wrap automatically continues text to next line when
you reach the right margin
Outline view puts tags on headings within a document to
organize it
Inserting is the act of adding text to documents
Deleting is the act of removing text from documents
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Word Processing
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Word Processing
Find & Replace
Find
lets you go straight to any text in your document
Replace lets you go to the text and automatically replace it with
something else
Cut, Copy, & Paste
Select the text you want to move
Copy to clipboard, then paste in new location
Or drag the text to the new location
Spelling Checker
Tests for incorrectly spelled words
Often shows them with a squiggly line underneath
You may choose to use the “Autocorrect” feature
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Word Processing
Grammar Checker
Highlights
poor grammar, wordiness, sentence
fragments, and awkward phrases
Puts different-color squiggly line under suspect phrases
Thesaurus
Can
be called up on-screen
Offers suggestions for alternative words with the same
meaning
Discussion Question: How doze a spell-checker Handel different spellings
for the same word? Should ewe trust the spell-checker for everything?
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Word Processing
Formatting Documents using Templates & Wizards
A template
is a preformatted document that provides
basic tools for shaping a final document
You
can customize a template with your company’s name,
address, etc, then save it and use it again and again
Use them when you have to repeatedly create the same
basic document
A wizard
is an interactive computer utility program that
leads the user through a task asking questions and using
the user’s answers to customize a solution
Letter
wizards create customized letters
Memo wizards help you to create memoranda
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Word Processing
Formatting
Font
The
typeface, size, and color of your letters
Also lets you specify underlined, italic, or bold
Spacing
& Columns
Choose
how far apart the lines will be (single- or double-
spaced)
Choose single-column or multi-columned text for your
document
Margins
& Justification
Indicate
width of left, right, top, and bottom margins
Justify text left, right, or center
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Word Processing
Headers, footers, page numbers
A header
is text printed at the very top of the page
A footer is text (like page number) at the page bottom
Other Formatting
You
can specify a border around a document or around a
paragraph – it can really highlight a point
You can also use shading, tables, and footnotes
Default Settings
These
are the settings automatically used by the program
unless you change them
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Word Processing
Saving a document
Store
a document as an electronic file
File Save or click Floppy icon or Ctrl + S
Save often, and save in two places
individual pages, the whole document, or several
copies
File Print or click printer icon or Ctrl + P
Track Changes
Save as Web Document
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Spreadsheets
Electronic spreadsheets were created in 1978 by
Daniel Bricklin at Harvard Business School and Daniel
Fylstra at M.I.T. and HBS as a study tool
Spreadsheets are organized into columns and rows
Cells
are where a row and a column meet
Cell address is the position of the cell
Range is a group of adjacent cells
Values are numbers or dates entered into a cell
Cell pointers or cursors are where the data is to be
entered
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Spreadsheets
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Spreadsheets
Formulas, Functions, Recalculation, What-If
Formulas
They
are instructions for calculations
define mathematically how one cell relates to another
cell
Example: =SUM(A5:A15) sums the values of the cells A5,
A6, A7, and so forth up through cell A15
Functions
are built-in formulas, such as SUM()
Recalculation is the process of recomputing values
What-If analysis allows users to see what happens to
totals when one or more numbers change in cells
This
is the powerful feature of spreadsheets over manual
calculations
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Spreadsheets
Charting and Analytical Graphics
Spreadsheets
allow you to automatically create graphs
When the cells change, the graphs change too
Charts are a type of graph that include
Bar
charts
Column charts
Line graphs
Pie charts
Scatter charts
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Database Software
A database is a structured collection of interrelated
files in a computer system with built-in data input and
retrieval methods.
In databases
Data
redundancy is minimized
Data is integrated and stored in a structured fashion
Data in databases has more integrity than does data
stored in separate files
Data is organized into tables, records, and fields
Data may include text, numbers, and graphics
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Database Software
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Database Software
Database features include
Linking
records using a key
Tables
that contain the same field are linked together by
fields, so the key can be updated just once
Key fields can also be used to sort data
Querying
Offer
Saving,
and displaying records
a quick way to locate records quickly
Formatting, Printing, Copying, Transmitting
Database
software allows you to create custom input forms,
custom reports, copy search results and paste them into
Word, print out addresses to mailing labels, or attach to
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Specialty Software
Presentation Graphics
Desktop Publishing
Financial Software
Drawing and Painting Software
Project Management Software
Video-audio Editing Software
Animation Software
Web Page Design Software
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Specialty Software
Presentation Graphics Software
Use
graphics, animation, sound, data, or information to
make visual presentations
For example, this presentation
Contains
Design
and content templates
Slide sorters
Outline view
Slide view
Notes Page View
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Specialty Software
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Specialty Software
Financial Software
Ranges
from personal-finance managers to entry-level
accounting programs to business financial-management
packages
Common features
Track
income and expenses
Allow checkbook management
Do financial reporting
Offer tax categories to assist with tax recordkeeping
May also offer financial-planning and portfolio-management
features
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Specialty Software
Desktop Publishing
Involves
mixing text and graphics to produce high-quality
output for commercial printing
Uses a mouse, scanner, printer, and DTP software
Has the following features
Mix
of text with graphics
Offers varied type and layout styles
Allows import of files from other programs
Drawing programs
Graphics
software used to design and illustrate objects
and products
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Specialty Software
Painting programs
Graphics
programs that allow users to simulate painting on-
screen
Produce bit-mapped or raster images
Also called image-editing software
Graphics file formats
.bmp (bit-map)
.gif (Graphic Interchange Format) – copyrighted format used in
web pages
.jpeg (Joint Photographic Experts Group)- high-resolution
.tiff (Tagged Image File Formats) – PC and Macs for highresolution images to print
.png (Portable Network Graphics) – public domain alternative to gif
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Specialty Software
Video editing software
Allows
import to and editing of video footage on PC
Video editing examples include Adobe Premiere, Sony
Pictures Digital Vegas, Apple Final Cut Express, Pinnacle
Studio DV, and Ulead VideoStudio
Audio editing software
Allows
import to and editing of sound files on PC
Sound editing examples include Windows Sound
Recorder, Sony Pictures Digital Sound Forge, Audacity
(freeware), Felt Tip Software’s Sound Studio
(shareware), GoldWave, and WavePad.
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Specialty Software
Animation Software
Simulates movement by rapidly displaying a series of
still pictures, or frames
GIF is the first format to catch on
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Specialty Software
Multimedia Authoring Software
Combines
text, graphics, video, animation, and sound in
an integrated way to create stand-alone multimedia
applications
Requires fast computer, lots of memory, and good, fast
graphics card
Macromedia Director and Macromedia Authorware are
popular examples
Web Page Design Software
Used
to create web pages with sophisticated multimedia
features
Not required to create simple web pages
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Specialty Software
Project Management Software
A program used to plan and
schedule the people, costs,
and resources required to complete a project on time
Shows project broken down into steps and tasks
Each task has a beginning and end date
Tasks can be scheduled concurrently or consecutively
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Programs intended for design
of products, structures,
civil engineering drawings, and maps
Provide precise dimensioning and positioning of design elements
Examples include AutoCAD, ProEngineer, CorelCAD, CATIA
To see an example, go to
http://www.3ds.com/flashgallery/discover-3d-xml/ for CATIA
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