A STUDY OF FRIENDSHIP AS REFLECTED IN THE CHARACTER OF HASSAN AS SEEN IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S THE KITE RUNNER

  A STUDY OF FRIENDSHIP AS REFLECTED IN THE CHARACTER OF HASSAN AS SEEN IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S THE KITE RUNNER A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

  By Yeni Oviana Mamanua

  051214107

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

  Proverbs 23: 18 For surely there is an end; and thine expectation shall not be cut off.

  

Dedicated to:

  My Beloved Lord, Jesus Christ My beloved late Dad, Yonas Otto Mamanua

  My beloved Mom, Endang Tri Sumbarini My beloved Brother, Yopi Christhano Mamanua

  Myself, Yeni Oviana Mamanua

   

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  I praise my Lord Jesus Christ for His great blessing and gift by giving me this beautiful life and also for His love. I thank Him for being my true friend who is always by my side to face this life. I thank Him also for giving me those people around me who always love me and support me. Therefore I would like to express my gratitude to them.

  First, I would like to thank Drs. L. Bambang Hendarto Y.,M.Hum., who has guided me patiently in the writing process of this thesis and has given me the time for consultation on this thesis until it is done. I also thank Sister Margaret and Father Lucianus Suharjanto for being my language consultants.

  I thank Sanata Dharma University, mostly the English Language Education Study Program, for giving me a nice place to study. I also express my gratitude to all my lecturers who have shared their knowledge and experiences with me. I thank all the staff of Teachers Training and Education Faculty for the services given since I began studying in this university.

  With lots of love, I thank my beloved parents, Yonas Otto Mamanua and Endang Tri Sumbarini for the great love and the great support they have given me every single day of my life. I thank them for the remarkable efforts they made in order to educate me. My gratitude also goes to my brother Yopi Christhano Mamanua for his prayer and for always asking about the progress of my study and also supporting me in finishing my thesis. thank all my classmates in English Language Education of 2005, especially Mami Dini, Teteh Dita, Tim Tim, Mas Dudung, Cik Patrice, Andreas Aris, Rooma, Delfin, Anis, and Galuh. I thank them very much for giving me their support and friendship during my study time in PBI and for giving me motivation so I can finish my duty. I also thank them for the laugher, memories and togetherness that have colored my life.

  My special thanks go to my dearest friend, Adi Prasetyo, who always stayed by my side through my ups and down and for the times we have shared together, for being patient with me, for every kindness that sometimes I am not aware of and for everything he has given to me and he has never take them back. Without his support, this thesis would be different.

  Last but not least, I would like to thank everyone that I cannot mention one by one, who has given me support and attention in the process of writing this thesis. May God bless them all.

  Yeni Oviana Mamanua

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………...... i

PAGES OF APPROVAL …………………………………………………………… ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ……………………………………. iv

PAGE OF DEDICATION ………………………………………………………...... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………… vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………… viii

ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………. xii

ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………………. xiii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………...

  1 1.1 Background of the Study…………………………………………………..

  1 1.2 Problem Formulation……………………………………………………...

  4

  1.3 Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………

  5

  1.4 Benefits of the Study………………………………………………………

  5 1.5 Definition of Terms………………………………………………………..

  5 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………………………….

  7 2.1 Review of Related Theories……………………………………………….

  7 2.1.1 Critical Approaches……………………………………………..

  7 2.1.2 Character…………………………………………………..

  8

  2.1.3.2 Characters as seen by Others………………………

  11 2.1.3.3 Speech……………………………………………...

  11

  2.1.3.4 Past Life……………………………………………

  12 2.1.3.5 Conversation of Others…………………………….

  12 2.1.3.6 Reactions…………………………………………...

  12

  2.1.3.7 Direct Comment……………………………………

  12

  2.1.3.8 Thoughts……………………………………………

  12

  2.1.3.9 Mannerism…………………………………………

  12

  2.1.4 Motivation…………………………………………………

  13 2.1.5 Friendship………………………………………………….

  15

  2.2 Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………

  17 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY……………………………………………….......

  19 3.1 Object of the Study……………………………………………………......

  19 3.2 Approaches…………….………………………………………………......

  20

  3.3 Procedures…………………………………………………………………

  20 CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………

  23 4.1 The Description of Hassan and Amir……………………………………...

  23 4.1.1 Hassan…………………………………………………………...

  24 4.1.1.1 Dilligent……………………………………………….

  25 4.1.1.2 Loyal…………………………………………………..

  25

  4.2 Amir……………………………………………………………….

  31

  4.1.2.1 Rich……………………………………………………

  31

  4.1.2.2 Nerd……………………………………………………

  32

  4.1.2.3 Cowardly………………………………………………

  33 4.1.2.4 Childish………………………………………………..

  34 4.2 The Meanings of Friendship for Hassan…………………………………..

  36 4.2.1 Reasons for Regarding Amir as His Friend………………..

  36 4.2.1.1 Showing His Gratitude………………………………..

  36 4.2.1.2 Keeping His Status…………………………………….

  37 4.2.1.3 Amir as His Only Friend……………………………....

  39 4.2.2 The Ways of Maintaining His Friendship with Amir…………...

  40 4.2.2.1 Honesty and Trust……………………………………..

  41 4.2.2.2 Emotional Respect…………………………………….

  42 4.2.2.3 Service and Loyalty…………………………………...

  43 4.2.3 The Meanings of Friendship for Hassan..…………………….....

  45 4.2.3.1 Loyalty………………………………………………...

  46

  4.2.3.2 Understanding…………………………………………

  46 4.2.3.3 Caring………………………………………………….

  47 4.2.3.4 Sacrificing……………………………………………..

  47 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGESTIONS……………………………..

  49 5.1 Conclusions………………………………………………………………..

  49

  Process………………………………………………………………...

  52

  5.2.2 The Implementation of Teaching Prose II Using Literary Work …………………………………………………………………………

  53 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………

  56 APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………..

  58 APPENDIX 1 Summary of the Novel………………………………... -1- APPENDIX 2 Biography of Khaled Hosseini……………………….. -5- APPENDIX 3 Lesson Plan to teach Prose II………………………… -11- APPENDIX 4 Questions for Discussions in Prose II………………… -14- APPENDIX 5 Picture of Khaled Hosseini…………………………… -16-

  

ABSTRACT

  Mamanua, Yeni. 2009. A Study of Friendship as reflected in the Character of

  

Hassan as seen in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner. Yogyakarta: English

  Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

  This thesis analyses The Kite Runner, a novel written by Khaled Hosseini. The novel takes friendship as its main issue. The story is about friendship between Hassan, a Hazara servant and Amir. The problem arises when Amir wants to gain his father’s love. Feeling insecure in his placement in his father’s affection for Hassan, Amir creates a way to discredit Hassan and have him removed from the household, hoping that his father’s affections will turn to him alone. Amir accuses Hassan of stealing his watch and cash. After that incident, they are separated for twenty-six years. However, until his death, Hassan remains faithful to Amir and is never angry with him. He maintains his friendship with Amir.

  The goal of writing this thesis was to know more deeply about the meanings of friendship for Hassan. To attain the goal, this thesis focused on two questions, namely: (1) How are Hassan and Amir described in The Kite Runner? (2) What are the meanings of friendship for Hassan?

  The method which was applied to this thesis was desk study. The primary source was the novel itself, The Kite Runner. The secondary sources were obtained from several books on literature. I combined some theories of character, characterization, motivation and friendship.

  This thesis employed the psychological approach which was aimed to describe the character of Hassan and Amir, to find out Hassan’s reasons for regarding Amir as his best friend, to find out his ways of maintaining his friendship with Amir and to understand the meanings of friendship for Hassan. Hassan’s behavior which remains the same after being betrayed by Amir contained certain motivation.

  From the analysis I have found that Hassan is characterized as a diligent, loyal, caring and skillful. While Amir is characterized as a rich, nerd, coward and childish. The most important character from Hassan is loyalty. Since Hassan is a servant, he has always shown his loyalty to Amir. His loyalty is also reflected in his friendship with Amir. The meanings of friendship for Hassan cover three main points. They are reasons for regarding Amir as his best friend, the ways of maintaining his friendship with Amir and the meaning of friendship for Hassan. Reasons for regarding Amir as his best friend are Amir as his master, keeping his status and Amir as his only friend. Each of those reasons contained certain motivation and belongs to hierarchy of needs. The ways of maintaining his friendship with Amir reflects characteristics of friendship which are honesty and trust, emotional respect and service and loyalty. At last, the meanings of friendship for Hassan are showing loyalty, understanding, caring and sacrificing.

  This thesis also provides suggestions for the implementation of teaching Prose II using literary work.

  

ABSTRAK

  Mamanua, Yeni. 2009. A Study of Friendship as reflected in the Character of

  

Hassan as seen in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan

  Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Ilmu Keguruan dan Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Skripsi ini menganalisa novel The Kite Runner yang ditulis oleh Khaled Hosseini. Novel ini mengangkat tema persahabatan yang bercerita tentang persahabatan antara Hassan, seorang budak Hazara dan Amir. Permasalahan muncul ketika Amir ingin memperoleh kasih sayang ayahnya. Merasa tidak aman dengan keadaan ayahnya yang begitu mengasihi Hassan, Amir merencanakan untuk mengusir Hassan dari rumahnya, dengan harapan kasih sayang ayahnya hanya akan tertuju padanya. Amir menuduh Hassan mencuri jam tangannya dan uang tunai. Setelah kejadian tersebut, mereka terpisah selama dua puluh enam tahun. Meskipun begitu, sampai pada kematiannya, Hassan tetap setia kepada Amir dan tidak pernah sedikitpun marah terhadapnya. Hassan menjaga persahabatannya dengan Amir.

  Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut mengenai arti persahabatan. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, skripsi ini menitikberatkan pada dua pertanyaan, yaitu: (1) Bagaimana Hassan dan Amir dikarakterisasikan? (2) Apa saja arti persahabatan bagi Hassan?

  Untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan tersebut, metode yang diterapkan adalah studi pustaka. Sumber utama dalam skripsi ini adalah novel itu sendiri, The Kite Runner. Sumber-sumber lain yang juga saya gunakan dalam skripsi ini diperoleh melalui buku- buku tentang karya sastra. Saya juga menggabungkan beberapa teori karakter, pengkarakteran, motivasi dan persahabatan.

  Skripsi ini menerapkan pendekatan psikologis yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan karakter Hassan dan Amir, untuk menemukan alasan-alasan Hassan menganggap Amir sebagai teman baiknya, dan untuk memahami arti persahabatan bagi Hassan. Sikap Hassan yang tidak berubah meskipun telah menerima penghianatan dari Amir menunjukkan beberapa motivasi.

  Berdasarkan analisis saya menemukan bahwa Hassan dikarakterisasikan sebagai seorang yang rajin, setia, penuh perhatian dan cekatan. Karakter yang paling menonjol dari Hassan adalah kesetiaannya. Sejak dia menjadi seorang budak, dia telah menunjukkan kesetiaanya kepada Amir. Kesetiaanya juga terlihat dari persahabatannya dengan Amir. Arti persahabatan bagi Hassan mencakup tiga poin utama, yaitu alasan-alasan mengapa Hassan menganggap Amir sebagai teman baiknya, usaha-usaha Hassan untuk menjaga persahabatannya dengan Amir, dan arti persahabatan bagi Hassan. Alasan-alasan mengapa Hassan menganggap Amir sebagai teman baiknya adalah karena Amir adalah majikannya, untuk menjaga statusnya dan Amir adalah satu-satunya temanya. Masing-masing alasan tersebut mengandung motivasi dan termasuk dalam hirarki kebutuhan. Usaha-usaha Hassan menjaga persahabatannya dengan Amir merefleksikan karakteristik persahabatan yaitu, kejujuran dan kepercayaan, hubungan emosional, pelayanan dan kesetiaan. Pada akhirnya, arti persahabatan bagi Hassan adalah kesetiaan, pengertian, perhatian dan pengorbanan.

  Skripsi ini juga memberikan saran bagi pelaksanaan mengajar Prose II menggunakan karya sastra.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of background of the study, objectives of the study,

  problem formulation, and definition of terms. The background of the study provides information of the topic of the study and the reasons for choosing the topic. The objectives of the study state the focus of the study. The problem formulation describes the problems formulated to make this study more directed. The last is definition of terms. It defines some crucial terms in order to avoid misunderstanding.

1.1 Background of the study

  In one side of life, friendship can bring us so many life experiences. It means that friendship is a relationship which involves mutual knowledge, esteem, affection and respect along with a degree of providing a service to friends in times of need or crisis. A friend is someone who may often demonstrate reciprocating and reflective behaviors. For many people friendship is nothing more than the trust that someone or something will not harm them. Friendship is considered to be closer than association, although there is a range of degrees of intimacy in both friendship and association. The most important thing to maintain a good and healthy friendship is trust and honesty. Some of the characteristics of friendship are openness to our close friends, sharing what we want to share and giving support whenever it is needed.

  Whether we realize it or not, we need friends to help us actualize our Unfortunately, although every relationship has its capacity to grow into a self- actualizing third self, many do not realize their full potential. If fear or anxiety enters a relationship, there is often a retreat to every relationship has its capacity to grow into a self-actualizing third self, many do not realize their full potential. If fear or anxiety enters a relationship, there is often a retreat to safety needs and old pattern of relating.” (James and Savary 106). Thus, one needs a friend to help him develop himself because a good friend will give us an honest opinion and support based on what he sees as an outer person who realizes our potential. Friends can help us give a second opinion in developing ourselves. However if a friend feels hurt because of our honest opinion he may stay away from us.

  In their book entitled The Heart of Friendship, James and Savary say that close friends like to save prime time for being together and that friendship brings out best and worst in people (140-160). We can also see that sometimes we really need a friend, to whom we could share our love, our feelings, our goodness or badness, our sorrow or happiness, and our thoughts or dreams. It is not easy to maintain a good friendship. If friendship was easy, there would be a lot more of it in the world. It touches almost every feeling and emotion; it calls forth imagination, will, power and action; it can challenge values, test ideas, nurture ideals. In short, we can say that friendship has a significant role in our life.

  Everyone needs a best friend to support their life. With a best friend we build together a deeper relationship than with others as close friendship requires intimacy.

  People, who regard friendship as a vital and important thing, need to focus their friend to us. This often takes courage and risk. In friendship, there is no insurance against failure, pain or disappointment. Friendship requires a candid person-to-person relationship of openness and trust, without exploitation and without the psychological games that people usually play (James and Savary 140-155).

  In carrying out our friendship in life, the first important thing to understand is that every choice which leads to a certain action will cause consequences. It means that if we choose to build a close friendship and do an action of openness and trust to each other, then, we have to be prepared for the consequences as our openness or honest opinion may hurt our friends. However, as long as our openness and honesty are sincere and dedicated to support our friends’ potential development, presumably everything will be alright.

  Paul Peterson states on his website that friendship has some characteristics which differentiate it from any other relationship. They are honesty and trust, emotional respect, and service and loyalty (Peterson 1). Firstly, honesty and trust are the most important since an honest affirmation to a friend can help him to be better.

  Secondly, emotional respect which deals with love, receiving, and understanding will give forth in the sense of understanding of each character, ways of thinking, emotional atmosphere and behavior. Thirdly, it concerns service and loyalty which refers to some helping action that we can do to our friend and be faithful.

  A literary work like novel can portray such issue described above. As we know, the story in the novel reflects life experiences such as friendship. According to Milligan (3-4) a work of literature is close to reality in life. It can help the readers to thinking, opinions, expressions, even experiences in life. As a result, a novel can give the readers the knowledge about life or how people face the problem using their feeling and rationale.

  The Kite Runner which is written by Khaled Hosseini is one of the novels that takes friendship as its main issue. The story is about friendship between Amir as the main character and Hassan, a Hazara slave. The problem arises when Amir wants to gain his father's love. After the death of his mother in child birth, he and his best friend, playmates and slaves are raised together, often almost like brothers with his father having a special interest in Hassan by providing him with gifts and special opportunities. Insecure in his placement in his father's affections, Amir decides to create a way to discredit Hassan permanently and have him removed from the household, hoping that his father's affections will then turn to him alone. One evening when defending Amir from a threat from Amir’s enemy, Hassan is sodomized by the enemy. Surprisingly, not long after that Amir accuses Hassan of stealing his expensive new watch. After those cruelties, Hassan and his father move back to Hazara’s town.

  Until his death, Hassan remains faithful to Amir and is never angry with him. He maintains his friendship with Amir.

  The Kite Runner is interesting to discuss because Hassan, as one of the main

  characters in that novel who has developed friendship, love and faithfulness, touches me deeply and gives me a special meaning. What Hassan does to Amir makes the novel more valuable. This novel teaches us the values of friendship that last till the end of life. Based on those points, I have a strong desire to analyze this novel. The

  1.2 Problem Formulation

  Based on the previous description, there are three problems that can be formulated as follows

  1.2.1 How are Hassan and Amir described in The Kite Runner?

  1.2.2 What are the meanings of friendship for Hassan?

  1.3 Objectives of the Study

  This study aims to analyze the character of Hassan and the meaning of friendship for him as he always shows to Amir. Besides, this study is also to find out the reasons why he still regards Amir as his best friend after receiving some betrayal and the way he maintains his friendship till the end of his life, including what friendship means for him.

  1.4 Benefits of the Study

  The benefits of the study are to provide some beneficial information for everybody who reads this study especially for the readers and for the students who take the same study. First for the readers, they can learn many things about friendship including how to build good and healthy friendships and how to maintain them.

  Second is for the students who intend to have a study in literature, especially who have the same study. They can use this study as a reference.

  1.5 Definition of Terms

  There are some terms in this study that need some clarification to avoid misunderstanding. They are defined as follows:

  1.5.1 Character Character is the person, in a dramatic or narrative work, endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialog- and what they do-the action (Abrams 20)

  1.5.2 Characterization Henkel defines characterization as central to the fictional experience. The principle objective of the creation of the characters in novels is to enable the reader to understand and experience people (86). Thus in this study, characterization means the way the author presents the character.

  1.5.3 Motive Worchel and Shebilske define motive in their book Psychology Principles and

  

Applications as the condition that energizes and directs the behavior of an organism

  (373). Thus, motive is something behind the action. Someone has a motivation in doing an action. In another word, there is no action without motivation.

  1.5.4 Friendship In The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Psychology , friendship is defined as a special, familiar and highly valued type of human social relationship (Manstead and Hewstone 250). In line with the word friendship, Saint Augustine (Ed. Sister Marie Aquinas 219) states the meaning of friendship as follows: Friendship is a union between persons who, loving God with their whole hearts, souls, and minds, and loving each other as themselves, are joined for all eternity to each other.

  1.5.5 Hazara The Hazara are an ethnic group who reside mainly in the central region of Afghanistan, called Hazarajat or Hazaristan. They are predominantly Shia

  Muslims and speak the Hazaragi dialect of the Persian language (Musawi 1).

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE The discussion is divided into two parts namely the review of related theories

  and theoretical framework. Review of the related theories gives brief explanation of the theories of critical approaches and the theories of literature such as theory of character, theory of characterization, and theory of friendship. Theoretical framework provides an explanation of how those theories are applied in analysis.

2.1 Review of Related Theories

  This part presents the theoretical review which contains critical approach, theories of character, theories of characterization, theories of motivation and theories of friendship.

2.1.1 Critical Approaches

  According to Rohrberger and Woods (6-15) there are 5 kinds of critical approaches. First is the formalist approach that searches only on the work based on its aesthetic value. Secondly, the biographical approach is an approach in understanding a work of art through the biography of the author. Third is the sociocultural-historical approach that sees a work of literature which is referenced on sociocultural-historical background. Fourth is the mysthopoeic approach that uses myth beyond the work of art as the reference. Fifth is the psychological approach works which is based on the psychological theories. The psychological approach explores a work of art by using

  From those five approaches, the psychological approach is chosen to reveal the meaning of friendship for a person despite some betrayal that he has received. In Khaled Hosseini The Kite Runner, a friendship is presented by Amir and Hassan. They have different characters and personality that lead them into a peer relationship. This solid relationship drives Hassan to maintain his friendship with Amir. Therefore, some theories on friendship and character and characterization are needed.

  The psychological approach employs theories of human psychology. People are developing from birth to death. People experience many things at certain ages and stages. As the framework of this study, the meaning of friendship is emphasized on seeing the reasons why the main character of The Kite Runner, Hassan, still maintains his friendship with Amir after twenty-six years and received some betrayals.

2.1.2 Character

  In order to understand how a character in literary work is described, we need to understand the theory of character. Through this theory we will understand the character which is created in a work of literature.

  Characters are crucial in the novel. They play an important role to determine the unity and sense of art of the story. Abrams defines characters as the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral and disposition qualities that are expressed in what they say (the dialog) and by what they do (the action). He adds that the characters have some characteristics like real human beings. They have temperament, moral and social values that eventually become the motivation of their speech and actions. Characters things that could influence their thoughts, ideas, judgments about life and society (Abrams 20).

  E.M Foster in Aspects of The Novel (46-51) says that character can also be categorized as flat or round. Flat character is introduced from the beginning until the end of the story in the constant condition and unchanged environment. The author can express the flat character just by one sentence and describes him completely. The advantage of this character is that the readers are able to recognize the character easily whenever he comes out. Since this character does not experience changes, it makes him easily to remember. While round character is more complex in temperament and motivation. Thus, an author will describe the character like real people who can give unpredictable actions.

  Characters can mainly be categorized as major and minor characters. Henkle (88-97) states that major character is created to carry out ideas or messages in a story to readers through the character’s feelings, thoughts, actions, and reactions. Minor or secondary characters are those who appear in a certain setting as the background to support the major characters. He also says that we should pay our fullest attention to the major characters in order to comprehend the focal experiences of the novel. He adds that we build expectations and desires upon them to establish our values and to present convincing dramatizations of the human issues of the book. If they fail in their role then the book essentially fails.

  A major character plays an important role in the story supported by one or more minor characters. Though as a supporter, minor characters are considered may be introduced for some special purpose – to provide comic relief, to act as a mouthpiece for author, or to provide a foil through which some quality of the major character is emphasized (412).

  In addition, Henkle (95-99) says that minor characters interact or have conflict with major characters in order to support the crucial roles of the major characters in the story. He also states that the minor characters are limited in ways that the major characters are not. They are generally less complex, or less intense, and drawn in shallower relief. Hence, their responses to the experience are less complex and interesting. Because of their limited human flexibility and range and of their eccentric mold of behavior, their function is to construct a composite picture of the human condition issued in the novel.

  Each character in a story has its own characteristics. They have their own personalities and physical appearances that differentiate them from another character.

  Timmer and Sommers (411) say that a character is used in two senses in literature. First, is to identify the people who appear in the story, play, or poem; and second is to describe the personality of any of these people, especially those traits that affect the development of the work.

2.1.3 Characterization

  In order to give a clear understanding of character’s personality and physical attributes that make them have some differences, we need to know the ways the author characterizes their characteristics and personalities. Therefore, characterization is also an important part that creates the existence of characters in a novel. Characterization is There are two things to be characterized, physical appearance and personality. A character’s physical appearance can be described directly. While a character’s personality can be conveyed through dialogs or actions.

  Characterization can be applied into both direct and indirect ways. Each of them serves to show the reader the quality of the character told physically or psychologically. This quality will bring to the reader an image of the character that the author creates. Therefore the reader will have a figure of a character that the author creates and a figure of a character in his mind as to what the author wants.

  Barnet, Berman, and Burto (71) in their book Literature for Composition state some important factors that must be considered when we want to see the characters involved in the story. Those are what the character says, what the character does, what other characters say about the character, and what others do.

  What character says can give us a clue how the author describes him, for instance, whether he is a kind or bad person, educated or uneducated person, etc. It is different from what the character does which means by seeing what the character does, we are able to know whether he is from upper or lower class, he is a kind or bad person, etc. While what other characters say about the character is needed to get additional information and clear description about his character in the story. Whereas the action of others may help to indicate what the character could do but he does not do. It is very important to know this character such as lazy, wicked, careless person, etc.

  According to Murphy (161-173) there are nine methods in which the readers

  2.1.3.1 Personal Description The author describes the character by a person’s appearance and clothes. Most of the time the way a person appears determines his character. Readers can recognize whether he is neat or sluggish, an executive or beggar, even when he is confident or feel inferior.

  2.1.3.2 Character as seen by others The author describes the character of the person through the other’s eyes and opinion. Here the opinion may come from people around the person about his personality and daily life which can also determine his characteristics.

  2.1.3.3 Speech The character is described by the author through what the person says in his or her conversation and in giving his opinion. What the person speaks is the clue of his character.

  2.1.3.4 Past Life The author shows the person’s past life events that help the person in shaping his character. It is because some unforgettable moments in past life can cause some effects to the person’s future life even may change his character.

  2.1.3.5 Conversation of others The character is also described by the author through other people’s conversation and the things they say about him. What other people say and the things they say often describe the character of the person they talk about.

  2.1.3.6 Reactions The author also describes the character through the person’s reactions to various situations and events. Here readers can get a clue whether the person is temperamental or patient, or whether he is a smart or slow thinker.

  2.1.3.7 Direct Comment The author describes the character by giving direct comment on the person’s character. However, the author will not give a lot of direct comment other wise the novel will be boring and not interesting to read.

  2.1.3.8 Thoughts The author directly gives what the person is thinking about to give a clue to the reader about the person’s character.

  2.1.3.9 Mannerism It is the way how an author described the character through the person’s mannerism or habit which may tell the reader something about the character.

  An author does not employ only one of the methods; rather he or she mixes one with the other methods in order to describe the characters’ traits. Therefore the reader will consider the characters that are described by the author as real people.

  This knowledge of methods of characterization may help the readers to understand the characters. Moreover, by knowing the methods the readers can hopefully appreciate the literary work especially a novel (Murphy 173).

2.1.4 Motivation There are many terms or definitions of motivation given by psychologists.

  person to do something continually toward the goal to achieve. “Motivation is broadly concerned with the temporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior (Beck 24).

  Motivation appears when people want to fulfill their needs, for example, having friends. Stanton (17) states that a character has ‘reason for behaving or motivation’. This motivation is divided into two types, specific motivation and basic motivation. Specific motivation is the immediate reason, perhaps unconscious, for any particular speech or act. Basic motivation is an aspect of his general character.

  To sum up, motivation is divided into two types, specific motivation and basic motivation. Specific motivation is only spontaneous motivation and basic motivation is a deeper motivation which is a mixture of some specific motivations. Specific motivation appears to support basic motivation, which has a deeper influence on the person to act.

  To act one needs to have motivation either specific or basic one. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a good model for understanding human motivation which drives him to act. Maslow as quoted in Wikipedia proposes a hierarchy of human needs based on five basic aspects of life. Those five aspects are psychological needs, security needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs (Wikipedia).

  Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs states that we must satisfy each need in turn, starting with the first, which deals with the most obvious needs for survival. Only when the lower order needs of physical and emotional are satisfied we move to the higher order needs of influence and personal development. air, food, and sleep. Maslow believes that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met.

  After physiological needs are fulfilled, the motivation will rise to the next level called security needs. These include needs for safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Security needs include a desire for security of body, steady employment, health, safe neighborhoods, and security of family.

  The next level after security needs concerns social needs. These include needs for belonging, love, and affection from family, friend or people around us. Maslow considers these needs to be less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments and families help fulfill these needs for companionship and acceptance.

  After the first three needs are satisfied, esteem needs become increasingly important. These include the need of confidence, achievement, respect of others and respect by others, and self-esteem. Then, the next needs are self-actualization needs.

  Self-actualization needs are the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. If people respect us, we have greater power. Self-actualizing people are concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others, and interested in fulfilling their potential.

  From the previous explanation it can be summed up that the lower the needs in the hierarchy, the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to

2.1.5 Friendship

  A friendship means relation among people based on love, care, and affection between two or more people. We need friends in our life to help us to reach our dreams. We need to have good friends to be healthy emotionally in the process of maturing (Lund 9). Aristotle as quoted in Becker (388) divides friendship into some categories. They are a friendship based on utility, a friendship based on pleasure and a perfect friendship based on goodness.

  Friendship based on utility is the worst friendship. It is because utility is an impermanent thing: it changes according to situations. So if the utility which becomes the ground of the friendship disappears, then the friendship will also break up.