Adjacency Pair Politeness Strategy

12

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The researcher provides two parts in this section. The first part is the theoretical description. The second part is the theoretical framework. Some theories are needed as a basic requirement to solve the problem statements of the research. The theories discussed in this chapter are sociolinguistics, pragmatics, conversational analysis CA, speech acts, context, adjacency pair, and politeness strategy. In the first part, the research will discuss all the theories. Then, in the second part, the theoretical framework is used by the researcher to synthesize all the theories elaborated in the theoretical description in order to correlate the theories to the current research.

A. Theoretical Description

The researcher presents seven parts, namely are sociolinguistics, pragmatics, conversational analysis CA, speech acts, context, adjacency pair, and politeness strategy. Sociolinguistics is presented to make a clear understanding of the topic discussed. Pragmatics is necessary because it is related to the relation between language and context. So, it will deal with the utterance of Sydney White movie’s characters. Conversational analysis is important since it is a part of sociolinguistics which studies conversation. It will closely relate to the 13 conversation that is produced by Sydney White movie’s characters. Speech acts as the part of pragmatics focus on language as a tool for communication. Context is necessary included the situation which a conversation happens. Adjacency pair and politeness strategy theories are used as the basic theories of the research.

1. Sociolinguistics

Much of the fields of sociolinguist has been concerned with the relationship between social and linguistic variables, or more formally, the study of language in relation to society Hudson, 1996, p. 1. Holmes 2000, p. 1 tells that sociolinguistics study about the relationship between language and society. By studying sociolinguistics people can see clearly that language cannot be separated from social interaction. Moreover, the study is interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts, and they are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. There are so cial contexts which exist in people’s interaction, for example, it can be found when people speak differently with others, either in their own groups or in other groups. Sociolinguistics also help to identify that language has social functions and how it carries messages and delivers different meaning of social messages that are brought by the speakers. Another sociolinguist who attempts to find the relationship between language and society is Wardaugh. He investigates the relationships between language and society to create a better understanding of the structure of language and also to figure out how language function in communication 2006, p. 10. In 14 different terms, Spolsky 1998, p. 3 says that sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. In other words sociolinguistics is the study of the ways people use language in social interactions. From the definitions of sociolinguistics above, the researcher can conclude that sociolinguistics deals with the study of language in society. It shows the people speak differently in different social context. It discusses the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. All of the topics provide a lot of information about the language works, as well as about social relationship in a community and the way people signal the aspects of their identity through their language. We should consider to the sociolinguistics rules who speaks to whom, in what situation, when, and where the conversation happens.

2. Pragmatics

Levinson 1983, p. 24 states that “pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with contexts in which they would be appropriate.” It implies that pragmatics cannot be separated from context and principles of language usage. In the different terms, Cruse 2006, p. 136 says that pragmatics deals with non-truth conditional aspects. Pragmatics deals with aspects where context must be taken into account. Context is understood here in a broad sense that includes previous utterances discourse context, participants in the speech event, their interrelations, knowledge, and goals, and the social and