Politeness strategies applied by the characters in Having Adjacency Pairs in The Movie Sydney White.

viii ABSTRAK

Lisa, Agatha. (2015). Politeness Strategies Applied by the Characters in Having Adjacency Pairs in the Movie Sydney White. Yogyakarta: Program Studi

Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Dalam berkomunikasi, kesantunan menjadi aspek utama untuk menjaga keharmonisan dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. Penutur harus mampu membuat lawan tutur merasa nyaman dan juga tidak menyinggung perasaannya. Namun, para pelajar Bahasa Inggris masih menemukan beberapa kesulitan untuk berbicara Bahasa Inggris secara santun dan sepantasnya. Sebagai hasilnya, mereka sering berbicara Bahasa Inggris dengan cara yang aneh. Berdasarkan fenomena yang terjadi, maka dilakukanlah sebuah studi untuk menganalisa penggunaan kesantunan. Penelitian ini menganalisa film Sydney White yang berkisah tentang seorang gadis yang berjuang untuk mendapatkan posisi yang sama di kampusnya. Sydney juga berkeinginan untuk mengikuti jejak langkah ibunya yaitu menjadi salah satu anggota di asrama putri terkenal bernama Kappa Phi Nu. Namun di dalam perjalanannya, dia menghadapi berbagai masalah yang pada akhirnya dia mendapatkan posisi tertinggi di kampusnya. Film ini menggambarkan contoh nyata dari penggunaan kesantunan melalui ucapan para karakter. Dengan demikian, peneliti memiliki tujuan untuk menganalisa fenomena kesantunan yang terjadi dalam film Sydney White.

Pertanyaan-pertanyaan penelitian kemudian dapat dirumuskan sebagai: 1) Pasangan bersesuaian yang mana yang digunakan para karakter dalam film Sydney White? Dan 2) Bagaimana strategi kesantunan digunakan para karakter dalam menggunakan pasangan bersesuaian?

Peneliti meenggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif melalui analisis dokumen untuk menjawab kedua rumusan masalah tersebut. Data utama penelitian ini diambil dari naskah film Sydney White dan ucapan para karakter menjadi sumber data dalam penelitian. Peneliti menganalisa ucapan para karakter untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis pasangan bersesuaian dan strategi kesantunan yang digunakan para karakter.

Hasil penelitian yang ditemukan peneliti menunjukkan bahwa yang pertama, jenis-jenis pasangan bersesuaian yang digunakan para karakter dalam film Sydney White adalah question-answer/non-answer, request-acceptance/refusal, offer or invitation- request-acceptance/refusal, assessment-agreement/disagreement, blame-denial/admission, greeting-greeting, summons-answer, and apology-acceptance/refusal. Pasangan bersesuaian yang ditemukan tersebut berjumlah 182 pasang. Yang kedua, para karakter menggunakan empat jenis strategi kesantunan, yaitu Bald-on-record (langsung), kesopanan positif, kesopanan negatif, dan Off-record (tidak langsung). Strategi kesantunan yang digunakan para karakter tersebut berjumlah 171.

POLITENESS STRATEGIES APPLIED

BY THE CHARACTERS IN HAVING ADJACENCY PAIRS

IN THE MOVIE

SYDNEY WHITE

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By Agatha Lisa

Student Number: 111214130

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

i

POLITENESS STRATEGIES APPLIED

BY THE CHARACTERS IN HAVING ADJACENCY PAIRS

IN THE MOVIE

SYDNEY WHITE

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By Agatha Lisa

Student Number: 111214130

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

iv

“It always seems impossible until it is

done.”

(Nelson Mandela)

“Optimism is the faith that leads to

achievement. Nothing can be done without

hope and confidence.” (Helen Keller)

This research is proudly dedicated to:

1. My adored parents, Mr. Bawono and Mrs. Lis, who have given endless love, support and affection in my life.

2. My dearest brother, Fransciscus Buwana, who always motivates and accompanies me in happiness and sadness.

v

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, May 15, 2015

The Writer

Agatha Lisa 111214130

vi

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Agatha Lisa

Nomor Mahasiswa : 111214130

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

POLITENESS STRATEGIES APPLIED

BY THE CHARACTERS IN HAVING ADJACENCY PAIRS

IN THE MOVIE

SYDNEY WHITE

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 15 Mei 2015

Yang menyatakan

vii ABSTRACT

Lisa, Agatha. (2015). Politeness Strategies Applied by the Characters in Having Adjacency Pairs in the Movie Sydney White. Yogyakarta: English Language

Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

In communication, politeness becomes a major aspect to keep harmony in society. The speaker should make others feel comfortable and avoid offending others. However, English learners still find some difficulties to speak English politely and properly. As a result, they often speak English in a peculiar way. Considering that phenomena, a study of politeness strategies was conducted. This study analyzed Sydney White movie, an American teenage movie which told about the life of the students in campus. The movie revolved around Sydney White as a struggling girl who wanted to get an equal position in campus. She wanted to follow the legacy of her mother to enter Kappa Phi Nu sorority in campus. However, in the way to get it, she faced some problems until she got position in campus as the president of student council. The movie portrays the real example of politeness among characters’ utterances. Thus, the researcher intended to analyze the phenomena found in Sydney White movie.

The research questions then were formulated as: 1) Which adjacency pairs are used by the characters in the movie Sydney White? And 2) How are politeness strategies employed in having adjacency pairs among the characters?

The researcher used a qualitative research method by using a document analysis to answer both research questions. The primary research data were taken from Sydney White movie’s script and the characters’ utterances became the data

source of this research. The researcher analyzed the characters’ utterances in order

to know which adjacency pairs were used by the characters in the movie. Then, the researcher analyzed them into four types of politeness strategies.

The research results showed that first, the adjacency pairs used by the characters in the movie Sydney White were question-answer/non-answer, request-acceptance/refusal, offer or invitation- request-acceptance/refusal, assessment-agreement/disagreement, blame-denial/admission, greeting-greeting, summons-answer, and apology-acceptance/refusal. The total number of the adjacency pairs were 182 pairs. Second, the characters in the movie employed the types of adjacency pairs by using four types of politeness strategies, namely Bald-on-record (direct), Positive politeness, Negative politeness, and Off-Bald-on-record (indirect). The researcher found 171 utterances in having adjacency pairs which applied four politeness strategies in the movie.

viii ABSTRAK

Lisa, Agatha. (2015). Politeness Strategies Applied by the Characters in Having Adjacency Pairs in the Movie Sydney White. Yogyakarta: Program Studi

Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Dalam berkomunikasi, kesantunan menjadi aspek utama untuk menjaga keharmonisan dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. Penutur harus mampu membuat lawan tutur merasa nyaman dan juga tidak menyinggung perasaannya. Namun, para pelajar Bahasa Inggris masih menemukan beberapa kesulitan untuk berbicara Bahasa Inggris secara santun dan sepantasnya. Sebagai hasilnya, mereka sering berbicara Bahasa Inggris dengan cara yang aneh. Berdasarkan fenomena yang terjadi, maka dilakukanlah sebuah studi untuk menganalisa penggunaan kesantunan. Penelitian ini menganalisa film Sydney White yang berkisah tentang seorang gadis yang berjuang untuk mendapatkan posisi yang sama di kampusnya. Sydney juga berkeinginan untuk mengikuti jejak langkah ibunya yaitu menjadi salah satu anggota di asrama putri terkenal bernama Kappa Phi Nu. Namun di dalam perjalanannya, dia menghadapi berbagai masalah yang pada akhirnya dia mendapatkan posisi tertinggi di kampusnya. Film ini menggambarkan contoh nyata dari penggunaan kesantunan melalui ucapan para karakter. Dengan demikian, peneliti memiliki tujuan untuk menganalisa fenomena kesantunan yang terjadi dalam film Sydney White.

Pertanyaan-pertanyaan penelitian kemudian dapat dirumuskan sebagai: 1) Pasangan bersesuaian yang mana yang digunakan para karakter dalam film Sydney White? Dan 2) Bagaimana strategi kesantunan digunakan para karakter dalam menggunakan pasangan bersesuaian?

Peneliti meenggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif melalui analisis dokumen untuk menjawab kedua rumusan masalah tersebut. Data utama penelitian ini diambil dari naskah film Sydney White dan ucapan para karakter menjadi sumber data dalam penelitian. Peneliti menganalisa ucapan para karakter untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis pasangan bersesuaian dan strategi kesantunan yang digunakan para karakter.

Hasil penelitian yang ditemukan peneliti menunjukkan bahwa yang pertama, jenis-jenis pasangan bersesuaian yang digunakan para karakter dalam film Sydney White adalah question-answer/non-answer, request-acceptance/refusal, offer or invitation- request-acceptance/refusal, assessment-agreement/disagreement, blame-denial/admission, greeting-greeting, summons-answer, and apology-acceptance/refusal. Pasangan bersesuaian yang ditemukan tersebut berjumlah 182 pasang. Yang kedua, para karakter menggunakan empat jenis strategi kesantunan, yaitu Bald-on-record (langsung), kesopanan positif, kesopanan negatif, dan Off-record (tidak langsung). Strategi kesantunan yang digunakan para karakter tersebut berjumlah 171.

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Foremost, all praises are forwarded to Jesus Christ and Mary, the most

Gracious and the most Merciful who have given me inspiration, strength, blessing, spirit, hopes and guidance in accomplishing this thesis.

First of all, I would like to extend my deepest gratitude and appreciation to the best advisor Bapak Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed,. Ph.D. His guidance,

suggestions, corrections, comments, and criticism can become the improvement of this research. Moreover, his support and inspiration make me struggle with all the obstacles during the completion. I would also like to thank Bapak Paulus Kuswandono, Ph.D., for being the best chairperson of ELESP, and Ibu Yuseva Ariyani Iswandari, S.Pd., M.Ed., for being the best academic advisor of my

class C batch 2011 in ELESP, and Ibu Laurentia Sumarni, S.Pd., M.Trans.St.,

for kindly giving me ideas and some references to support my thesis.

For everything, I thank Babe Drs. Al. Wahyu Bawono, B.Sc., mami MM. Listiyani Darmayanti, S.Pd., and kakak Fransciscus Buwana. As my family,

they have done their best to me. They always support me emotionally and materially with effort, prayer, love, and patience.

For every support, I would like to thank Vitha Ama Matuate and Josephine Fanny Damayanti for the thesis discussion, precious time spent

together in everywhere (library, café, restaurant), and help in understanding theories. I also thank Stevan Arta Risajaya as my special friend who always

x

who has helped to check the grammatical mistakes and the technical of writing. I also thank Katharina Vika, Sonia Alexandra Pereira, Nurita Sekar Asri, Priska Tyas Ayu Wardhani, Nadia Gitya, Tusita Maina Dewi, Arum Galih Rahayu, and all my friends of PBI batch 2011 for all the fun we had in the last

four years. For every support and togetherness, I thank all my best friends in

Kelompok 3 MESTAKUNG – Candi I KKN XLIX.

Finally, I would like to thank all people whom I could not mention for their unforgotten contribution during the thesis writing process. Hopefully this thesis will be beneficial for everyone.

xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL PAGES ii

DEDICATION PAGE iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI vi

ABSTRACT vii

ABSTRAK viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS xi

LIST OF TABLES xiii

LIST OF FIGURE xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES xv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Research Background 1 B. Research Problems 7 C. Problem Limitation 8 D. Research Objectives 8 E. Research Benefits 9 F. Definition of Terms 10 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 12 A. Theoretical Description 12 1. Sociolinguistics 13

2. Pragmatics 14

3. Speech Acts 15

4. Conversational Analysis 21

5. Context 22

6. Adjacency Pair 24 7. Politeness Strategy 28 a) Bald on Record 30 b) Positive Politeness 34 c) Negative Politeness 40

d) Off Record 43

xii

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 50 A.Research Method 50 B.Research Setting 51 C.Research Subjects 52 D.Instrument and Data Gathering Technique 52 E.Data Analysis Technique 54 F. Research Procedure 54 CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 58 A. Adjacency Pairs in Sydney White 58 B. Politeness Strategies in Sydney White 77 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS 96

A.Conclusions 96

B.Implications 98

C.Recommendations 101

REFERENCES 103

xiii

LIST OF TABLES

Table

1.0 Correlation of content and format in adjacency pairs …...…………. 25 2.0 The Example List of Adjacency Pairs Produced by the Characters

of Sydney White Movie ………. 56

3.0 The Example List of Politeness Strategy Produced by the Characters

of Sydney White Movie ………. 57

4.0 The form of Data Sheet for Adjacency Pairs by the Characters

in the Movie Sydney White. ………. 76

5.0 The form of Data Sheet for Politeness Strategies in Having

Adjacency Pairs Found in the Data by the Characters

xiv

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure

1.0. Super-strategies of politeness ordered against estimated

xv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Types of Adjacency Pairs Found in the Data

by the Characters in the Movie Sydney White ……… 106 APPENDIX B Types of Politeness Strategies in Having Adjacency Pairs

Found in the Data by the Characters

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents and discusses the introduction of the research. It consists of 6 sections. The first section is the Research Background. It provides background information related to the issues and concerns, which trigger the researcher to explore, develop, design, analyze or improve the subject matter. In the second section is the Research Problem. It contains questions to be answered in this research. The third section is the Problem limitation which limits the scope and the focus of the research. The fourth is the Research Objectives, which presents the expected outcomes of the research. The fifth is the Research Benefits which contains the advantages of this research. The sixth section is the Definition of Terms. It explains the terms used in this research to avoid misinterpretation. Each section is presented as follows.

A. Research Background

Everyone has various activities every day. One of them is communication. People communicate to build a good relationship with others. However, communication will not run well without any media. One of communication media is language. Language has an important role in human interaction. People must use it when they interact with others in society at anytime and anywhere.

2

Besides, it is used as a tool for human to express the idea in people’s mind. People need a language to convey their messages to others and figure out what is inside the conversation. Without a language, they will find some difficulties when they do their activities towards the others such as expressing their ideas, thoughts, and wishes. Chaer and Agustina (1995, p. 19) say that without language, it is impossible for people to communicate with others in daily life because language can express people’s feeling, willing, thinking, and soon. There are three basic types of communication: verbal, non-verbal, and written. People usually use language in two forms. The first form is spoken form and the second form is written form. People usually use spoken form while doing the conversation and people usually use written form while writing a letter or making a research report. Each person has his or her own language style to express their thought. In this research, the researcher only focuses on the verbal language.

There are many factors influencing people while communicating with others. One of them is social factors. Social factors will lead them not to speak in the same way for all of the time. Holmes (1995, p. 12) mentions that there are four components of social factor that influence a communication process, i.e. participants, setting or social context of the interaction, topic, and function of the speaking. It means that people will speak differently in different social contexts. In addition, Holmes also discusses the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. Social meaning can be interpreted in many ways, including a social status, social identity, and soon. Along the social meaning above, it cannot be denied that people do say something in order to

deliver a message during a conversational exchange in the form of adjacency pairs and the exchanges are built in the presence of adjacent utterances (Holtgraves, 2002, p. 92). As said that message is delivered to the addressee, it is unavoidable that responses appear to reply the message.

There are many kinds of responses which may occur based on how the addressee understands and interprets the meaning of the delivered message. The stated message which is posted by the addresser to the addressee is called a statement, whereas the reply which is posted by the addressee to the addresser is called a response. A statement which is responded with a response and a response which appears after a statement are called adjacency pairs. Adjacency pairs is a pragmatic approach to analyze the two related utterances by the two different speakers, in this case the speakers are the addresser who delivers a statement and the addressee who respond the statement.

Moreover, although an adjacency pair is the smallest structural unit in a conversation, it cannot be underestimated since it is a fundamental structure in forming a conversation. Every part in an adjacency pair usually relates one to another. Coulthard (2002) gives the simplest and the most common pair which can be found in a daily conversation, greeting-greeting pair. The example is when A greets B by saying “Hi”, there then B will greet A too by saying “Hello”. The preceding example is an example of the adjacency pair when people greet their neighbor, just say hello to others, or meet their friends.

However, in social interaction, to be polite is very important because politeness is commonly interpreted as the practical application of good manner

4

(the idea of polite social behavior or etiquette, within a culture). People use it in order to get their conversation run well and go smoothly. As stated by Brown and Levinson (1987), politeness is defined as the strategies to save the hearers’ “face”

employed by the speakers to achieve a variety of goals, such as promoting or maintaining harmonious relationship. Face refers to the respect that an individual has for himself or herself, and maintaining that “self-esteem” in public or in

private situations. The speakers need to consider their speaking politeness to avoid offending others, embarrassing the other person, or making others feel uncomfortable.

When people study other languages, as an example is English, they also must study about its culture because language cannot be separated from society. They must learn and understand first about the culture in order to avoid some misunderstanding when they talk to foreign people. Indonesians as EFL learners often speak in a peculiar ways which is uncommon in English society and is considered such an impolite response. They are still influenced by their first language. For instance, when a native speaker gives compliment and say, “You are a beautiful girl”, Indonesians will likely show their denial and answer “No, I am not.” By considering that phenomena, as a polite person, the speaker should be able to produce the appropriate politeness strategies in her or his society. On the other hand, as an English teacher in the future, applying the concept of politeness in the target language is important besides speaking English fluently.

Sydney White movie encompasses aspects belonging to politeness. According to Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 92), there are four politeness

strategies in society; they are Bald-On record, Positive Politeness, Negative Politeness, and Off-record/Indirect Politeness. Rachel asks Sydney, for instance,

to answer her question about the colors of Kappa Phi Nu sorority’s house. Rachel says, “Sydney, the Kappa Phi Nu colors?” This utterance refers to Negative

Politeness because the speaker use an address term as ‘you’ avoidance.

The researcher chooses the Sydney White movie in reason that it serves a great deal of politeness phenomena among the characters which the researcher seeks to analyze. Also, the movie has various utterance which can be the main source and object to be analyzed. The researcher focuses on the characters’

utterances in the forms of social behavior involving language. It is interesting to

find and reveal the different ways among the characters’ interaction by means of

communication, in particular is the use of politeness strategies in having adjacency pairs.

Politeness in English society can also be used in Indonesian society although it is different as the Indonesian language politeness. However, people can learn from the English society about how one’s attitude in uttering his or her speaking, respect the other person by keeping the eye contact, distance-spoken, and sincere smile without coercion. The researcher analyzes the use of politeness applied by the characters in having adjacency pairs of Sydney White movie because movie can ultimately be a good mediator to study other language even culture. The actors and actresses show their habits and cultures of the places and people where the movie taken place. Also, the movie can be a good medium to

6

study sociolinguistics, especially politeness because language cannot be separated from society.

Based on the explanation above, the researcher finds out that adjacency pair and politeness are very interesting and important to be explored. In this research, the researcher decides to analyze the types of adjacency pairs and politeness strategies in the movie entitled Sydney White.

This research focuses on a movie entitled Sydney White. Sydney White is an American teenage movie which tells about the life of the students in campus. The movie revolved around Sydney White as a struggling girl to get equal position in campus. She wants to follow the legacy of her mother to enter Kappa Phi Nu sorority in campus. However, in the way to get it, she got some problems until finally she gets position in campus as the president of student council (Missiles, S. 2007. New day’s dawning. Retrieved on Monday, August 26, 2014 at

4.48 P.M., from http://www.veryabc.cn/movie/uploads/script/sydneywhite.txt.) Within this movie, the researcher found some types of adjacency pairs which are realized by politeness strategies of Brown and Levinson (1987). The following example may be useful to clarify the background of the research.

Dinky : Yeah, you know what. Why don’t you wear something of

mine to the first rush party?

Sydney : Oh, ok yeah. That might be best.

The type of adjacency pair in the conversation above is offer-acceptance. An offer is used when the speaker wants to provide something to the hearer as the speaker thinks that the hearer wants his or her help. The sentence typed in bold

character “Why don’t you just wear something of mine to the first rush party?”

showed that Dinky uttered an offering expression. In addition, Dinky asked Sydney to accept something, to wear one of her dresses. In expressing the offer, Dinky employed positive politeness particularly applied the strategy of attending

the hearer’s need. According to the context, Dinky understood that Sydney actually needed a feminine dress for attending the party while she did not have the dress.

Based on the example above, the researcher is interested to study and analyze the types of adjacency pairs and also the politeness strategies in having adjacency pairs. For the benefit of this research, it can help English learners especially as the English Department students who study sociolinguistics and pragmatics. This research tries to help them to get further understanding in the study of adjacency pairs and politeness strategies. Moreover, by acquiring the concept of politeness, this research can be a benefit for English language learners in order to speak politely and appropriately in different social context. In this way, they can avoid a peculiar English language which might lead to misunderstanding conversation.

B. Research Problems

Based on the research background, the problems of this research are formulated as follows.

8

2. How are politeness strategies employed in having adjacency pairs among the characters?

C. Problem Limitation

The research is only limited to the use of adjacency pairs and also the politeness strategies of the adjacency pairs by Sydney White movie’s eighteen characters, namely Sydney white, Tyler, Rachel, Dinky, Sydney’s friends in the

Vortex (Gurkin, Spanky, Jeremy, Terrence, Lenny, Embele, and George),

Sydney’s father, Katy, Christy, Alicia, Moose, Big Ron, Professor Carlton, and Alicia. It is chosen because they play the important roles in the movie. Also, the characters chosen experienced more frequent appear than others main characters and others character dealing with adjacency pairs and politeness through their remarks. The first research problem: “Which adjacency pairs are used by the characters in the movie Sydney White?” deals with adjacency pair theory of

Levinson (1983). The second research problem: “How are politeness strategies employed in having adjacency pairs among the characters?” deals with politeness strategies, in which Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory is applied to analyze the data.

D. Research Objectives

The objectives of this research are:

1. To find out the adjacency pairs which are used by the characters in the movie entitled Sydney White.

2. To know how politeness strategies are employed in having adjacency pairs among the characters.

E. Research Benefits

The researcher believes that the research gives benefits that will be useful for:

1. English Learners

It can help English learners especially the English Department students who study sociolinguistics and pragmatics. This research tries to help them to get further understanding in the study of adjacency pairs and politeness strategies.

2. Readers

The readers of this research may get more understanding about adjacency pairs dealing with politeness strategies in the field of socio-pragmatics study. This research will also help English learners to be able to apply English expressions in the form of conversations appropriately and politely.

3. Future Researchers

The other researchers can use the result of this research as an additional reference for their research relating to the study of adjacency pairs dealing with politeness strategies.

10

F. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid misinterpretation of some words and the concept that used in this research, the researcher presents the definition of terms. The terms which are going to be described are the adjacency pair, politeness strategy, and character.

1. Adjacency Pair

Levinson (1983, p. 303) gives brief explanation about adjacency pair. He sees it as prototypical paired utterances with a basic form in conversational organization. Schegloff and Sacks in Stephen C. Levinson (1983) state:

… the adjacency pair: a sequence of two utterances, which are adjacent, produced by different speakers, ordered as a first part and a second part,

typed, so that a particular requires a particular second or range of second parts – e.g. offer require acceptances or rejections, greetings require greetings. (p. 303).

In this research, the researcher will present the conversation types among the characters in Sydney White movie in a form of adjacency pair during a conversational exchange. The adjacency pair types will be used to figure out the politeness strategy which is uttered by the characters.

2. Politeness Strategy

Politeness is an expression of concern for the feelings of others. In

discussing politeness, people deal with ‘face’ which means public self-image of a person. It refers to the emotional and social sense of self that every person has and expects everyone to recognize (Yule, 1996, p. 60). There are four types of

politeness strategies, described by Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 92) to face

“threatening face”. They are Bald-On Record, Negative Politeness, Positive Politeness, and Off-record. Those types of politeness are develop in order to save

the hearer’s face. The main concern in this research is the characters’ utterances

described as a part of politeness strategies. This research will present the speaking politeness of the characters of Sydney White movie.

3. Character

A character is described by Abrams (1999, p. 32) as the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it—the dialogue and from what they do—the action. The term character in this research refers to individual who describes her or his own behavior’s qualities, traits, and

12

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The researcher provides two parts in this section. The first part is the theoretical description. The second part is the theoretical framework. Some theories are needed as a basic requirement to solve the problem statements of the research. The theories discussed in this chapter are sociolinguistics, pragmatics, conversational analysis (CA), speech acts, context, adjacency pair, and politeness strategy. In the first part, the research will discuss all the theories. Then, in the second part, the theoretical framework is used by the researcher to synthesize all the theories elaborated in the theoretical description in order to correlate the theories to the current research.

A. Theoretical Description

The researcher presents seven parts, namely are sociolinguistics, pragmatics, conversational analysis (CA), speech acts, context, adjacency pair, and politeness strategy. Sociolinguistics is presented to make a clear understanding of the topic discussed. Pragmatics is necessary because it is related to the relation between language and context. So, it will deal with the utterance of Sydney White movie’s characters. Conversational analysis is important since it is a part of sociolinguistics which studies conversation. It will closely relate to the

conversation that is produced by Sydney White movie’s characters. Speech acts as the part of pragmatics focus on language as a tool for communication. Context is necessary included the situation which a conversation happens. Adjacency pair and politeness strategy theories are used as the basic theories of the research.

1. Sociolinguistics

Much of the fields of sociolinguist has been concerned with the relationship between social and linguistic variables, or more formally, the study of language in relation to society (Hudson, 1996, p. 1). Holmes (2000, p. 1) tells that sociolinguistics study about the relationship between language and society. By studying sociolinguistics people can see clearly that language cannot be separated from social interaction. Moreover, the study is interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts, and they are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. There are social contexts which exist in people’s interaction, for

example, it can be found when people speak differently with others, either in their own groups or in other groups. Sociolinguistics also help to identify that language has social functions and how it carries messages and delivers different meaning of social messages that are brought by the speakers.

Another sociolinguist who attempts to find the relationship between language and society is Wardaugh. He investigates the relationships between language and society to create a better understanding of the structure of language and also to figure out how language function in communication (2006, p. 10). In

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different terms, Spolsky (1998, p. 3) says that sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. In other words sociolinguistics is the study of the ways people use language in social interactions. From the definitions of sociolinguistics above, the researcher can conclude that sociolinguistics deals with the study of language in society. It shows the people speak differently in different social context. It discusses the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. All of the topics provide a lot of information about the language works, as well as about social relationship in a community and the way people signal the aspects of their identity through their language. We should consider to the sociolinguistics rules who speaks to whom, in what situation, when, and where the conversation happens.

2. Pragmatics

Levinson (1983, p. 24) states that “pragmatics is the study of the ability of

language users to pair sentences with contexts in which they would be

appropriate.” It implies that pragmatics cannot be separated from context and

principles of language usage. In the different terms, Cruse (2006, p. 136) says that pragmatics deals with non-truth conditional aspects. Pragmatics deals with aspects where context must be taken into account. Context is understood here in a broad sense that includes previous utterances (discourse context), participants in the speech event, their interrelations, knowledge, and goals, and the social and

physical setting of the speech event. Also, pragmatics deals with aspects of

meaning that are not ‘looked up’ but which are ‘worked out’ on particular

occasions of use. Pragmatics deals with the uses made of the description of meanings.

According to Cutting (2002, p. 3), pragmatics is the study of language which focuses in interactional sociolinguistics, which combines the conversation analysis approach. In that, it studies the structural patterns of conversation, with a pragmatic approach, study socio interaction and giving importance to context, function and social norms, conventions and principles.

From some definitions of pragmatics above proposed by some linguists, the researcher can conclude that pragmatics is a subfield of sociolinguistic concerned with speech acts, and how communication is achieved in a given instance of language use. There are also about the study on how the transmission of meaning not only depends on the sociolinguistic knowledge (grammar and lexicon) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and so on. In this respect, pragmatic is the study of how the meaning of sentence (or other linguistic unit) changes depending on how and where it is expressed or on the structural ambiguity in language.

3. Speech Acts

Speech acts cannot be separated from the speakers’ intention to utter

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communication cannot be successful when hearers recognize the linguistic

meaning of the utterance, but when they infer the speaker’s meaning. Jerrold Shock describes that speech acts is acts done in the process of speaking. It is concerned with acts that are not completely covered under one or more of the major divisions of grammar (as cited in Laurence R. H., & Gregory W., 2006, p. 76). It implies that speech acts is not completely described in grammar such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, or semantics also some formal features of the utterance. Furthermore, people do not only produce utterance containing grammatical structures and word when they communicate with others, but they also performs actions. Yule (1996b, p. 47) states that actions performed via utterances are generally called speech acts.

A speech act is the idea that ‘words’ have meaning. The theory was first proposed by a philosopher Jane Austin in 1962 and further developed by Searle in 1981. It means every words that we produce always have meaning, so speech act is very important to be learnt by us. Meanwhile, Cohen says that Searle (1962) gives brief theory about utterance which have three kinds of meaning:

a. Propositional meaning (Locutionary meaning): The basic literal meaning of the

utterance.

b. Illocutionary meaning (Illocutionary force): The social function of the utterance.

c. Perlocutionary force: The result or effect that is produced by the utterance. (as cited in McKay & Hornberger, 1996, p. 384).

Yule (1998, p. 25) describes speech act is the basic unit of linguistic communication and an action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate (as cited in Nhan, 2012, p. 2). When people try to express themselves, they do not only produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words, but also perform actions via those utterances such as inviting, leave taking and accusing. For instance, the utterance “Would you like a cup of coffee?” performs an act of inviting.

Hurford and Heasley (2003) state that on any occasion the action performed by producing an utterance is composed of three related acts: the locutionary act, the perlocutionary act (the perlocution), and the illocutionary act (the illocution) (as cited in Nhan, 2012, p. 2). The perlocution of an utterance is often quite different from its illocution. Generally, the illocution performed by means of an utterance is intended by the speaker and under his control, while the perlocution is not always intended by the speaker and is not under his full control. For instance, a speaker may intend or try to carry out an illocutionary act of inviting by making an utterance, but the perlocution may be out of this speaker’s

control because the invitee can refuse the invitation instead of accepting it.

Searle (1987, p. 23) mentions that locutionary act contains the way people

produce an utterance and mean they say literally. The utterance, “The weather is too hot” could be perceived as its literal meaning that the weather or the

temperature is really hot. In the contrary, Cruse (2000, p. 332) states that Illocutionary acts are acts which are appropriate, once the lucotionary act has been performed, so has the illocutionary act. It refers to what speakers intend to say

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from the utterance they produce in such a way that the addresses understand the meaning. Act of stating, promising, apologizing, threatening, predicting, complaining, ordering, refusing, and requesting are included in illocutionary act.

If speaker says, “The room is too dark” that means he wants the addressee to turn

on the light.

A speech act is a sentence or utterance which has both propositional meaning and illocutionary meaning. A speech act which is performed indirectly is sometimes known as an indirect speech act, such as the speech act of requesting, which is something felt more polite. Searle (1979) classifies five kinds of speech act, namely commisive, declarative, directive, expressive, and assertive. The descriptions are as follow.

a. Commisive

A commisive allows the speakers to do a certain act in the future. Language is used to contract an obligation on the part of the speaker to act in a certain way in the future such as warning, promising, threatening, guaranteeing, intending, vowing or an offering. Its function is less competitive because it focuses on the interest of the addressee. The speaker of a commissive is attempting to alter the world in some way; commissive thus reflect a

world-to-words fit. Unlike directives, however, it is the speaker’s (rather than the hearer’s)

subsequent actions that will alter the world.

e.g : (a) “If you keep screaming, I’ll hit you” (Promise) (b) “Will you come to my birthday?” (Offer)

In (a) the speaker promises to the hearer if the hearer keeps screaming, the speaker will hit her or him. In (b) the speaker asks for offering to the hearer whether the hearer will come to the speaker’s birthday or not.

b. Declarative

A declarative is a speech act which changes the state of affairs in the world such as decrees or declarations. The acts include passing sentence, blessing, firing, bidding, and excommunicating. The relationship between the world and a

speaker’s words is bidirectional; declaratives have a double direction of fit (both

words-to-world and world-to-words). For example, during the wedding ceremony or in the court the act of marriage or sentence are performed:

e.g : (a) “Now I pronounce you husband and wife” (Declarative) (b) “The court decide you guilty” (Declarative) In (a) the speaker states that he or she pronounces the hearers are a husband and a wife. In (b) the speaker states that the court decides the hearer’s guilty. After the utterances are produced, the status of the audience (the world) is changed.

c. Directive

A directive counts as an attempt to get the hearer to perform some future action. Directive is a speech that has the function of getting the listener to do something, such as ordering, suggesting, requesting, challenging, defying or commanding. This act focuses on the speaker’s behavior. A speaker is attempting

to alter the world in some way with words. Hence, directives represent a world-to-words fit: the speaker is attempting to bring the world in line with world-to-words.

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e.g : (a) “Why don’t you do the task?” (Suggestion) (b) “May I borrow your pencil?” (Request) (c) “Come here!” (Command)

In (a) the speaker asks for reason in form of giving suggestion to the hearer why he or she does not do the task. In (b) the speaker asks for request to the hearer

whether the speaker may borrow the hearer’s pencil or not. In (c) the speaker

commands the hearer to come there. d. Expressive

An expressive counts as an attempt to express a psychological state. An expressive is a speech act in which the speaker expresses feeling and attitudes about something, such as thanking, appreciating, complaining, greeting, apologizing, and congratulating. For expressive, there is no fit between words and

the world. Instead, the point of an expressive is simply to express the speaker’s

inner psychological state or to express a particular attitude that is represented by the propositional content of the utterance.

e.g : (a) “Thank you!” (Thank) (b) “The food is delicious!” (Appreciate)

In (a) the speaker thanks to the hearer. In (b) the speaker appreciates the speaker that the food is delicious.

e. Assertive

An assertive counts as an attempt to represent an actual state of affairs, to commit the speaker to something being the case. With assertive a speaker is attempting to depict the nature of the world such as stating of fact, asserting,

concluding, informing, predicting, and reporting. Assertive represent a words-to-world fit.

e.g : (a) “Yamaha is made in Japan” (Information) “This is a Japanese motorcycle” (Information)

In (a) the speaker gives an information to the hearer that Yamaha is made in Japan. In (b) the speaker also gives an information to the hearer about the Japanese motorcycle.

In Speech acts and second language learning, Schmidt and Richards (1980,

p. 156) conclude that speech acts are not comparable across cultures‖ and each

culture defined a certain conventionalized norm for interpreting each speech act. From theory above the researcher can conclude that speech act is a sentence or utterance which has both propositional meaning and illocutionary force. To have a brief way of distinguishing what a speaker means by uttering words, sentences, and expressions, on the one hand, and what the words, sentences, and expressions mean.

4. Conversational analysis (CA)

Conversational analysis is a part of sociolinguistic which studies conversation. The first linguist who develops this notion are Sacks, Schegloff, Jefferson, Pomerants, and Levinson. In their opinion, conversational analysis is an empirical approach which demands a thorough analysis and it studies the interactional and inferential consequences (Sacks, Schegloff, Jefferson, Pomerants, & Levinson as cited in Levinson, 1983, pp. 286-289).

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Levinson adds the most common pairs in conversational analysis based on his investigation. They are turn-taking, adjacency pair, and repair (1983, p. 296). Conversational analysis is interested to explore in the sociological aspects of a language rather than its linguistic features. It also analyzes the basic aspects of the way people communicate and interact in the society.

5. Context

Context is considered as the relevant aspects of physical or social setting utterances (Leech, 1983, p. 13). There are seven criteria of context proposed by Hymes (1972a, pp. 58-71) of setting, participants, purpose, key, channels, message content and message form as cited in http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/documents/college-artslaw/cels/essays/csdp/geoff-sinha-spoken-discourse.pdf.

a. Participant

Participant refers to those who participate in communication. The participant are classified into three roles; addressor, addressee, and audience. The addressor or role is as the producer of the massage, addressee role is as the receiver of the message, and the audience contributes to the specification of the speech event (Halliday & Hasan, 1983, pp. 38-39).

b. Message content

Message content refers to ‘topic and…change of topic’ (Gumperz &

Hymes, 1972, p. 60). Topics refers to what being talked about in the conversation. The functions are to express the ideas, feelings, and thoughts.

c. Key

Key connotes the atmosphere of a speech event, which can be realized by verbal and non-verbal cues, or possibly by combinations of these (Coulthard, 1985, pp. 48-49). In the different term, Halliday and Hasan (1983, pp. 38-39) explains that key or a tone in which a communicative act is done refers to the mood feeling, condition, and attitude of the communicator in conversation. Key affects and produces the meaning of massage.

d. Purpose

Purpose refers to the final outcome of a lesson, or ‘speech event’, which is achieved through the completion of smaller individual goals, termed ‘speech acts’

(Brazil, 1995, p. 120; Gumperz & Hymes, 1972, p. 61). e. Setting

Setting is defined as ‘the time and place of a speech event and, in general,

to the physical circumstances’ (Gumperz & Hymes, 1972a, p. 60). f. Channel

Hymes (1972a, p. 63) defines channel as the ‘choice of oral, written,

telegraphic, semaphore, or other medium of transmission of speech’. g. Message form

Message form relates to the notions of negative and positive face and the

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self-image that every member wants to claim for himself or herself (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 61).

6. Adjacency Pair

Adjacency pair is two successive utterances by different speakers, where the second is of a type required or expected by the first (The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics, 1997). The example is a question followed by an answer; a greeting followed by a greeting in return.

Adjacency pair is a part of conversational analysis. It refers to

“conversational sequences” in which an utterance by one speaker depends upon

an utterance made by another speaker. It is a sequence of two related utterances by two different speakers. The second utterance is always response to the first. While Cook (1997, p. 1) said adjacency pair is a pair of discourse moves that often go together, e.g. question and answer. According to Pridharm (2001, p. 26) the definition of adjacency pair is pairs of utterances that usually occur together. Schegloff and Sacks in Stephen C. Levinson (1983) have described about adjacency pair:

… the adjacency pair: a sequence of two utterances, which are adjacent, produced by different speakers, ordered as a first part and a second part,

typed, so that a particular requires a particular second or range of second parts – e.g. question-answer, offer require acceptances or rejections, greetings require greetings, summons leads to answer (p. 303).

It shows that they arranged special characterization for adjacency pair. The first is that an adjacency pair must have at least two utterances which is the

sequence of two utterances is very near or next to. The second is about the speakers. Then the last is an adjacency pair has two parts. It is namely first part and second part. The first part of the adjacency pair will get the response from the second part. The following Table 1.0 shows the correlation of content and format in adjacency pair described by Levinson (1983, p. 336).

Table 1.0. Correlation of content and format in adjacency pair seconds

First part _{Request Offer Invitation Assessment Question Blame} Second part

Preferred Acceptance Acceptance Acceptance Agreement Expected _answer Denial Dispreferred Rejection Refusal Refusal Disagreement Unexpected answer or

non-answer Admittance

Table 1.0 shows the correlation of content and format in adjacency pair seconds. There are two parts, namely first part of adjacency pair and second part of adjacency pair. The first part of the adjacency pair will get the response from the second part. For the second part as the response, it is divided into two types of responses which are preferred response and dispreferred response. For the first part, the types of adjacency pair are request, offer, invitation, assessment, question, and blame. For the preferred responses, they are acceptance, agreement, expected answer, and denial. While for the dispreferred responses, it is rejection, refusal, disagreement, unexpected answer, and admittance.

According to Tracy (2002, p. 114) there are many kinds of adjacency pairs. Some pairs involve similar acts like greetings and goodbye, while others involve different acts, like invitations or offers followed by acceptances or refusals, and question followed by answer.

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Below are two examples of common adjacency pairs in English taken from Tracy (2002, p. 114). These adjacency pairs involve different acts. Example (1) accepts an invitation, and example (2) refuses an invitation.

1. Taryn : How about some lunch? Invitation Jjay 1 : Sound good. (stand up) Acceptance 2. Taryn : How aout some lunch ? Invitation Jay : (pause) Uhh, better bot. Refusal I’ve got to get this done by 2:00.

Thanks though. How’s tomorrow?

In offer, invitation or request, accepts are conversationally preferred to refusals. So, acceptances is a preferred action, and refusal in a dispreferred action.

Talking about adjacency pair, it cannot be separated from the first part and the second part of a conversation. The first part is deal with the utterances from the speaker intended to the hearer while the second part is deal with the response

from the hearer to response the speaker’s utterances. A response has two possibilies. They are preferred and dispreferred response. Ronald Wardhaugh

(2002) states that certain kinds of adjacency pairs are marked by a preference for a particular type of second part. For example, requests, questions and invitations have preferred and dispreferred answer. Compare the following interactions, in which (1) has a preferred (positive) second part and (2) has a dispreffered (negative) second part:

(1) Speaker 1 : I really enjoyed the movie last night. Did you? Speaker 2 : Yeah. I thought it was pretty good.

(2) Speaker A : I really enjoyed the movie last night. Did you? Speaker B : No. I thought it was pretty crummy, though I can

In (1) the speaker 1 assessed about the movie which was watch by the speaker 2 in the previous night. In order to get the response, the speaker 1 asked a question to the speaker 2 whether she or he agreed or not. As the response, the speaker 2 showed her or his agreement that she or he really enjoyed the movie in the previous night. While in (2) with the same example of assessment, the speaker B as the response showed his or her disagreement. The speaker B thought that the movie was pretty crummy and he or she could see how the speaker A could have liked certain parts of it. To an assessment also, the preferred second part is agreement:

(1) Speaker 1 : I think Ralp’s a pretty good writer.

Speaker 2 : Yeah. I think so too.

(2) Speaker A : I think Ralp’s a pretty good writer.

Speaker B : Well, I can see how you’d find his imagery interesting, but apart from that I don’t really think

he writes well at all.

In (1) the speaker 1 assessed that Ralp was a pretty good writer. As the response, the speaker 2 showed her or his agreement by saying yeah. The word yeah had the same meaning with the word yes which expressed an agreement. In contrast, in (2)

the speaker B showed her or his disagreement about the speaker A’s assessment.

The speaker 2 thought that Ralp did not write well at all.

Dispreferred second parts tend to be preceded by a pause and to begin with a hesitation particle such as well or uh. Preferred second parts tend to follow the first part without a pause and to consist of structurally simple utterances.

(1) Speaker 1 : Would you like to meet for lunch tomorrow? Speaker 2 : Sure!

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Speaker B : Well, hmm. Let’s see…. Tomorrow’s Tuesday, right? I told Harry I’d have lunch with him. And I

told him so long ago that I’d feel bad canceling.

May be another time, okay?

In (1) the speaker 1 requested the speaker 2 to meet him or her for lunch tomorrow in politely way. As the response, the speaker 2 showed the acceptance by saying sure. It indicated that the speaker 2 without any doubt would meet the speaker 1 for lunch on the day after that day. While in (2) the speaker B showed

her or his rejection to the speaker A’s request. It is showed that the speaker B

paused and to begin with a hesitation particle such as well, hmmm.

In addition, dispreferred second parts often begin with a token agreement or acceptance, or with an expression of appreciation or apology, and usually include an explanation. The example of the explanation is below:

Speaker 1 : Can I use your phone?

Speaker 2 : Oh, I’m sorry, but I’m expecting an important

long-distance call any minute. Could you wait ten minutes?

The speaker 1 asked for permission to use the speaker 2’s phone. However, as the

response, the speaker 2 could not give her or his phone because she or he would use it anytime to receive an important long-distance call. However, the speaker 2

showed her or his apology first before rejecting the speaker 1’s request. The speaker 2 used the words I’m sorry.

7. Politeness strategy

The essence of politeness contrasting human-human communication with human-computer communication. Computers have no feelings or pride or

sensitivity; they do not take offense if ordered to do something or if the user yells at it for some perceived misdeed. But humans do have sensitivities and feelings and might indeed by offended if commanded to do something (negative face is threatened) or if criticized for some failing (positive face is threated). Politeness allows people to perform many interpersonally sensitive actions in a nonthreatening or less threatening manner. Politeness strategy is one of communication strategy which emphasizes the polite words and actions. There are four types of politeness strategy, described by Brown and Levinson (1987) that

sum up human “politeness” behavior, namely Bald On-record, Negative Politeness, Positive Politeness, and Off-record. The following figure 1.0 is representing the circumstance in determining the choice of strategy by Brown and Levinson. It is the super-strategies of politeness ordered against estimated risk of face loss (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 60).

Figure 1.0. Super-strategies of politeness ordered against estimated risk of face loss (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 60)

Figure 1.0 shows the circumstance in determining the choice of strategy. The speaker goes on record in doing the FTA if it is clear to the hearers what Strategy

Do the FTA

Don’t do the FTA

On record

Off record

Without redressive action, baldly

With redressive

action

Positive politeness

Negative politeness

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communicative lead the speaker to do the FTA. In contrast, if the speaker goes off record in doing the FTA, then there is more than one ambiguously attributable

intention so that the speaker cannot be held to have committed himself or herself to one particular intent. Doing an act baldly, without redressive action, involves

doing it in the most direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way possible. By

redressive action means an action which ‘give face’ to the hearers, that is, that

attempts to counteract the potential face damage of the FTA. Redressive action has two forms; positive politeness and negative politeness. Positive politeness is

oriented toward the positive face of the hearer, the positive self-image that he or she claims for himself or herself. Negative politeness, on the other hand, is

oriented mainly toward partially satisfying (redressing) the hearer’s negative face,

his or her basic want to maintain claims of territory and self-determination.

a. Bald on Record

Bald-on-record strategy is employed as an attempt to minimize the efficiency of speaking. Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 95) state Bald On-record is used in different situations since speakers can have different motives in doing Face Threatening Acts (FTAs). Face is essentially our self-esteem in social interactions with others. By trying to preserve face (instead of threatening it), we show our solidarity and our respect to our communicative partners. Bald

On-record represents adherence to Grice’s maxims and hence is maximally efficient

communication. For example, to perform a request bald-on-record a speaker would use the imperative, for example “Close the door”; to perform a

disagreement would involve a bald assertion, for example “You’re completely

wrong about this. Further, Brown and Levinson (1987, pp. 94-101) outline various cases, in which one might use the bald-on-record strategy, including: Instance in which threat minimizing does not occur. This strategy is used by the speaker when maximum efficiency is more important and usually is known by both speaker and the hearer. As the result, using this strategy will shock, embarrass, and make the hearer feels a bit uncomfortable. Therefore, it mostly used in situation where the speaker has close relationship with the hearer, such as family or close friends.

1) Great Urgency or Desperation

This strategy is used when the speaker is needing attention very soon, especially before anything else, because important. In cases of great urgency or desperation, redress would actually decrease the communicated urgency. For example:

(1) “Help!” (2) “Watch out!”

The example above if compare with the non-urgent is ‘Please help me, if you

would be so kind’). The word help with an exclamation point showed that there was no other choice in that situation. The speaker needed a help to the hearer. In (2) the speaker used the expression to warn the hearer of danger or an accident that seemed likely to happen.

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2) Speaking as if great efficiency is necessary in attention-getters

This strategy is used where the speaker speaks as if maximum efficiency were very important, he or she provides metaphorical urgency for emphasis. For example:

(1) Look, the point is this: . . . (2) Listen, I’ve got an idea.

The speaker in (1) and (2) used them in order to get the attention from the hearer. In (1) the word look is a verb which used by the speaker to direct the hearer’s eyes

in order to see. In (2) the word listen is a verb which used to give attention to the hearer in order to hear the speaker.

3) Task-oriented/ Paradigmatic Form of Instruction

This strategy is used the speaker gives a task to the hearer in order to get the desire results. Face redness may be felt to irrelevant when the focus interaction is task-oriented (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 97). The example of this strategy is Give me the nails. The speaker gave the hearer a task to give the nails to him or her.

4) Sympathetic Advice or Warnings

Brown and Levinson states (1987, p. 98) states “in doing FTA, the speaker conveys that he or she does care about the hearer (and therefore about the hearer’s positive face), so that no redress is required.” Sympathetic advice or warning may be bald on record.For example:

(1) Careful! He’s a dangerous man. (2)Your slip is showing!

In (1) the speaker warned the hearer to be careful because he was a dangerous man. The word careful was used to give an attention to what the hearer was doing so that he or she did not have a damage from the dangerous man. In (2) the

speaker gave sympathetic expression that the hearer’s slip was showing. 5) Granting Permission for Something

This strategy is used when the speaker gives or allows the hearer to do something so that the hearer is allowed to do it. The example of granting for something is Yes, you may go. It indicated that the speaker allowed the hearer to move to another place.

6) Invitations

This strategy is used when the speaker requested the hearer to do something. For example: Come in, Enter. It implied that the speaker asked the hearer to move towards the speaker in a room or building.

7) Welcoming

Welcoming (or post-greeting) is used when the speaker insists that the hearer may impose on his or her negative face (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 99).

8) Greetings and Farewells

The greeting strategy is used when the speaker welcomes the hearer to show her or his friendliness or politeness. Meanwhile, the farewell strategy is used

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when the speaker says goodbye or takes his or her leave to the hearer. The example of this strategy are Come, Go, Sit down, Pass.

b. Positive Politeness

Positive politeness strategy provides an attempt to minimize the damage to

the hearer’s face. They are used to make the hearer feel good about himself and his possessions. This strategy commonly used in situations where the speaker and the hearer know each other fairly well such as a group of friends. This strategy is used as a kind of social accelerator, where the speaker wants to be closer to the hearer. The following fifteen strategies are addressed to positive face and thus examples of positive politeness (Brown & Levinson, 1987, pp. 103-129):

1) Strategy 1: Notice, attend to hearer (her/his interest, wants, needs, goods)

The strategy suggests that the speaker should take notice of aspects of

hearer’s condition (anything which looks as though hearer would want speaker to

notice and approve of it).

Example: “You must be hungry, it’s a long time since breakfast. How about some lunch?”

The example above showed that the speaker paid attention to the hearer’s need.

The speaker assumed that the hearer had to be hungry because it was a long time

since breakfast. As the action of attending the hearer’s need, she or he offered to have some lunch.

2) Strategy 2: Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with hearer)

This strategy is often done with exaggerated intonation, stress, and other aspects of prosodic, as well as intensifying modifiers. Below is the example when someone admires somebody’s garden.

Example: “What a fantastic garden you have!”

In the example above, the speaker exaggerated her or his compliment about the

hearer’s garden. The word fantastic implied extremely good.

3) Strategy 3: Intensify interest to hearer; making good story, draw hearer as a participant into the conversation.

Another way for speaker to communicate to hearer that he or she shares

his or her wants is to intensify the interest of speaker’s own contributions to the conversation by ‘making good story’.

Example: “I come down to the stairs, and what do you think I see?–a huge mess all over the place, the phone’s off the hook and clothes are

scattered all over…”

4) Strategy 4: (Use in-group identity markers); address form, in-group language or dialect, jargon or slang, contraction and ellipsis.

This strategy is done by using innumerable address forms to indicate that speaker and hearer belong to some set of persons who share specific wants. The example is below.

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The example above showed that the speaker used in-group identity markers by saying guys intended to the hearers. The word guys was used to address a group of people of either sex. The address form was used to convey such in-group membership including generic names and terms of address.

5) Strategy 5: (Seek agreement); repetition – agreement may also be stressed by repeating part or all of what the preceding speaker has said

Another way to save positive face of hearer is to seek ways in which it is possible to agree with him or her. Seek agreement may be stressed by raising ‘safe topic’ and repeating what the preceding speaker has said in a conversation. The example is below:

A: “John went to London this weekend!”

B: “To London!”

From the example above, we could see the speaker (A) said to the hearer (B) that John went to London this weekend. As the response, the hearer repeated what the preceding speaker has said before by saying to London!

6) Strategy 6: (Avoid disagreement); token agreement, pseudo-agreement, white lies, hedging opinions.

The desire to agree or appear to agree with hearer leads to mechanism for pretending to agree. By using this strategy, the speakers may go in twisting their utterances to agree or to hide disagreement. The example is below.

B: “That’s where I was born.”

The speaker asked for information to the hearer named Florida whether she lived in that place or not. As the response, the hearer answered by avoiding disagreement. She did not say that the speaker’s question was incorrect.

7) Strategy 7: Presuppose/raise/assert common ground; gossip, small talk, point-of-view operations, presupposition manipulations.

This strategy is widely used by the speakers as a way to indicate that the speakers know hearer’s wants, tastes, habits, etc. and thus partially to redress the imposition of FTA’s.

Example: (place switch) – the use of proximal rather than distal demonstratives: “This is a man I could trust” (proximal) versus

“That is a man I could trust” (distal demonstratives).

8) Strategy 8: Joke

Jokes are based on mutual shared background knowledge and values that they redefine the size of FTA. The example is “OK if I tackle those cookies now?”

9) Strategy 9: Assert or presuppose speaker’s knowledge of and concern for hearer’s wants.

This strategy is done by asserting knowledge of hearer’s wants and willingness to fit one’s own wants in with them.

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Example: “I know you love roses but the florist didn’t have any more, so I

brought you geraniums instead.” 10) Strategy 10: Offer, Promise

This strategy is done to redress the potential threat of some FTAs. Speakers may claim that whatever hearer wants, the speaker wants for him or her and will help to obtain. The example is “I will drop by sometime next week.” The speaker promised to the hearer that she or he would drop by sometime next week.

11) Strategy 11: Be optimistic

This strategy assumes that hearer will cooperate with speaker because it will be in their mutual shared interest. For example, someone said to somebody before using his or her bike. The example is “You’ll lend me your bike, right?”

The hearer was optimistic that the hearer would lend her or him a bike.

12) Strategy 12: Include both speaker and hearer in the activity

This strategy is done by using an inclusive ‘we’ form, when the speaker really means ‘you’ or ‘me’. The example is “We will shut the door, ma’am. The wind’s coming in.”

13) Strategy 13: Give (or ask for) reasons

Another aspect of including hearer in the activity is demanding reasons

151 103. Negative Politeness Girls Can you help us? -Be conventionally indirect _{- Request for something}

104. Positive Politeness Spanky I will be your guide. -Promise

105. Bald-on Record Dinky Come on. Get together. Say cheese. - Task-oriented. -Maximum efficiency is very important. It used in urgency situation.

106. Off-record Sydney You eat? Because there are some hors d’oeuvres over there. You know, I tried

to eat a plastic flower once. Kinda hurt.

-Use rhetorical question

-To ask question with no intention of obtaining an answer.

107. Bald-on Record Tyler Listen, about last night -Task-oriented _{-Attention-getters}

108. Positive Politeness Sydney You know, I’m actu_{juggling seven guys at the moment.} ally kind a busy... -Draw hearer as a participant into the conversation. 109. Positive Politeness Tyler I will keep singing unless you agree to _{go out with me. Just one date.} -Promise

110. Bald-on Record George Oh, come on, Sydney. - Task-oriented. -Maximum efficiency is very important. It used in urgency situation.

111. Bald-on Record Sydney No! George, no. You don’t wanna be _powerless. - Task-oriented. -Maximum efficiency is very important. It used in urgency situation.

112. Negative Politeness Katy Dinky, Rachel needs you right away. -Be direct _{-Asks for something} 113. Off-record Dinky Oh, but I just... -Be incomplete. _{-“hanging in the air”}

114. Negative Politeness Rachel Sydney. Sorry, you’re gonna have to _{ditch him} -Apologize (beg forgiveness)

115. Bald-on Record Sydney’s father Sydney! Time to get a move on, _sweetheart! - Task-oriented. -Maximum efficiency is very important. It used in urgency situation.

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No. Politeness strategy Character Utterance Reason(s)

116. Bald-on Record Sydney Let’s get started! - Task-oriented. -Maximum efficiency is very important. It used in urgency situation.

117. Positive Politeness Sydney I thought it would be, you know, a nice _{first-date outfit.} -Draw hearer as a participant into the conversation. 118. Negative Politeness Tyler I’m starting to think I make you nervous. -Quality hedge -The speaker is not taking full responsibility for the truth

of his utterance. 119. Negative Politeness Sydney Now it’s just kind a there. -Acts as weakener 120. Positive Politeness Sydney Yeah, just like you said new people never make it on your “Hot or Not” list,

right?

-Be optimistic

121. Positive Politeness Sydney

Oh! So we’ll be like brother and sister!

Not in, you know, the related, familial way, but, you know, more in the fraternal, sororal

-Draw hearer as a participant into the conversation. -Intensify interest to hearer.

-Make the hearer feels good. 122. Negative Politeness Sydney Sorry. I kind a tend to over talk when I’m nervous. It’s a disease, one without a

cure. -Apologize (beg forgiveness)

123. Positive Politeness Tyler Kappa’s could use a girl like you. -Be optimistic -Make the hearer feel good -Attend to hearer’s wants

124. Bald-on Record Sydney You clearly need the practice! - Task-oriented. -Maximum efficiency is very important. It used in urgency situation.

125. Negative Politeness Sydney Sorry. I’m still learning how to speak _priss. -Apologize (beg forgiveness) 126. Bald-on Record Rachel Don’t ask. - Task-oriented. -Urgency situation

153 127. Negative Politeness Tyler I think she’s cool. And cute. -Be pessimistic. -The speaker is not taking full responsibility for the truth

of the utterance.

128. Negative Politeness Lenny You’re probably tired. -Be pessimistic. -The speaker is not taking full responsibility for the truth of the utterance.

129. Positive Politeness Sydney’s father Sydney, I’m sure that your mom is right _{there taking it all in with you}

-Be optimistic

-Make the hearer feel good -Attend to hearer’s interest

130. Positive Politeness Sydney I know. I feel close to her just being at the school. You know, I found her name carved into my study carrel.

-Draw hearer as a participant into the conversation. -Intensify interest to hearer.

-Make the hearer feels good. -Making good story

131. Negative Politeness Sydney I hope the guys are OK.

-Be pessimistic.

-The speaker is not taking full responsibility for the truth of the utterance.

132. Negative Politeness Tyler Sure looks like it. -Impersonalize speaker and hearer (impersonal verb) 133. Negative Politeness Tyler You’re the first girl I’ve met I thought _{would appreciate this place.} -Quality hedge -The speaker is not taking full responsibility for the truth

of his utterance. 134. Positive Politeness Rachel It’s nice you found some people you fit _{in with.} -Seek agreement 135. Positive Politeness Sydney Mm, it is nice, isn’t it? If only there were a place where a superficial, materialistic

bitch could fit in.

-Seek agreement

-Repetition (repeating part or all of what the speaker has said, in a conversation)

-Hedging opinion 136. Positive Politeness Rachel It’s so cute making your little friends run _{for student council.} -Seek agreement 137. Positive Politeness Sydney It is cute, and it’ll be even cuter when _{we win.} -Exaggerate _{-Be optimistic}

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No. Politeness strategy Character Utterance Reason(s)

138. Bald-on Record Sydney Hi. Come on in. -Task-oriented. _-Greeting

139. Positive Politeness Dinky Hey. Kappa! Kappa! Kappa! Use in-group identity markers.

140. Bald-on Record Jeremy Good morning, Embele. -Greeting

141. Positive Politeness Rachel Sydney, so pleased to meet you. -Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with H) 142. Positive Politeness Sydney’s father Good night, sweetie. Use in-group identity markers.

143. Bald-on Record Tyler Hey! Hey! Sydney. Sydney.

-Task-oriented.

-Maximum efficiency is very important. It used in urgency situation.

144. Positive Politeness Sydney Hey, guys. Use in-group identity markers.

145. Positive Politeness Dinky Oh, it’s so nice to meet you. -Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with H)

146. Positive Politeness Sydney Hi, guys. Use in-group identity markers.

147. Positive Politeness Dinky Why don’t you just wear something of _{mine to the first rush party?} -Asks for reason 148. Positive Politeness Sydney You know, this is gonna be fun. I’ve never really had a lot of girlfriends

before

-Intensify interest to hearer. -Make the hearer feels good.

-Draw hearer as a participant into the conversation. 149. Positive Politeness Sydney Want some breakfast? -Offer something

150. Negative Politeness Lenny Hi. Uh... I’m sorry. -Apologize (beg forgiveness) 151. Positive Politeness Lenny

I know it can be a little spooky up here at night, so I brought you this. That nightlight has gotten me through some pretty tough times.

-Offer something

-The speaker knows hearer’s needs

152. Positive Politeness Sydney That’s really sweet. -Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with H) 153. Off-record Sydney

With the help of a criminal glue

specialist, they freed everyone. I’m your

criminal glue specialist! -Use metaphor 154. Positive Politeness Tyler You know, actually, we’re having a party tomorrow night. You guys wanna

come?

-Intensify interest to hearer. -Make the hearer feels good.

155 155. Positive Politeness Sydney I’ll be your campaign manager and I’ll _{be with you every step of the way.} -Promise

156. Positive Politeness Tyler You mind if I give it a shot? -Indirect request but marked by ellipsis 157. Off-record Sydney I’m actually not that thirst... -Be incomplete. _{-“hanging in the air”}

158. Positive Politeness Lenny You know, you may be more vortex than _{Kappa after all.}

-Intensify interest to hearer. -Make the hearer feels good.

-Draw hearer as a participant into the conversation. 159. Positive Politeness Lenny Do you need anything? A hypoallergenic pillow? Humidifier? Dehumidifier?

Ionizer?

-Be conventionally indirect - Request for something 160. Negative Politeness Sydney I think I’m all good on the medical_{supply front.}

--Be pessimistic.

-The speaker is not taking full responsibility for the truth of the utterance.

161. Bald-on Record Lenny Sydney, don’t start. -Task-oriented

162. Positive Politeness Sydney You’ll all run on a ticket and you'll take _{over the entire student council.} -Offer something _{-Be optimistic}

163. Negative Politeness Tyler I’m sorry. -Apologize (beg forgiveness)

164. Negative Politeness Dinky Uh, I just wanted to apologize for what _{happened. I really am sorry.} -Apologize (beg forgiveness) 165. Negative Politeness Tyler Sorry you had to do that. Some of the _{girls are a little traumatized.} -Apologize (beg forgiveness) 166. Negative Politeness Sydney I wanted to apologize for what I did to you in the bathroom. -Apologize (beg forgiveness)

167. Off-record Sydney

Yeah. It’s OK. I, uh... I spend a lot of

time in bathrooms. No, no. I don’t mean like that, I just mean that, um... I don’t

go to the bathroom a lot, I... Well, sometimes I do.

-Use contradictions

-The speaker makes it appear that she cannot be telling the truth..

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No. Politeness strategy Character Utterance Reason(s)

168. Negative Politeness Sydney It was a stupid pledge prank and I'm _{really, really sorry.} -Apologize (beg forgiveness)

169. Bald-on Record Lenny Come on, uh, let’s go. Excuse me. -Task-oriented. -Maximum efficiency is very important. It used in urgency situation.

170. Bald-on Record Sydney Oh, hi. Come in. -Task-oriented. _-Greeting 171. Off-record Tyler Yeah, I did, but... -Be incomplete. _{-“hanging in the air”}