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There are also cases in which scholars confuse a translation technique with another. This is because the different of the translation text using a translation
technique compared to using another is so little that it is easily ignored. For example:
SL adi eats fried noodles
TLa adi makan mie goreng
TLb mie goring adi makan
In TLa, translation technique used is literal translation in which the text is translated word by word. Meanwhile, modulation is used in translating SL text into
TLb. The difference here is the emphases on the sentence. TLa emphasize on who adi is doing the action eat, wheres TLb emphasizes on the object fried noodles to
which the action is being done eaten. Therefore, to avoid such error, we need to get a better understanding of each and all
the translation technique used before doing translation and analyzing one.
2.2.1 Literal translation
Literal translation is a translation technique commonly used translating literary text and many other kinds of text. Literal translation may be briefly explained as
follows: Literal translation is the basic translation procedure. A literal translation is a
unique solution which is reversible and complete in itself. The translation has not needed to make any changes other than the obvious one, like those concerning
grammatical concord or inflectional endings. This kind of procedures is most commonly found in translations between closely related language, for example french
– italian, and especially those having a similar culture.
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Literal, or word by word, translation is the direct transfer or SL text into grammaticaly and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which translators’ task is
limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. Vinay and Darbelnet in venuti, 2006: 86
Example : SL : A shy girl
SL : Cute cat TL : Seorang anak perempuan pemalu
TL : Kucing lucu
2.2.2 Borrowing
Borrowing is the simplest of all translation procedures. It would not even merit discussion in this context if translators did not occasionally need to use it in
order to create a stylistic effect Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti, 2000 : 85. Borrowing is one of translation procedures in which the translator borrows directly
the word or phrase from source language. Example :
SL : We are learning how to make flowchat in computer.
TL : Kami sedang belajar membuat flowchat di kelas computer.
2.2.3 Transposition
A translation technique that transposition involves replacing one word class with another wothout changing the meaning of the message. Transposition can be
used within a language, as when rewarding the phrase. Vinay and Darbelnet 2000: 88.
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Example : My father ecpected that i come home
My father expected my arrival In this case the subordinate verb becomes a noun. Transposition also includes
a change in the grammar from source language to target language such as: singular tp plural; position of the adjective, changing the word class or part of speech.
Example : SL : A pair of trousers
SL : Higher wages TL : Sebuah celana panjang
TL : Kenaikan gaji
2.2.4 Calque
