Translation Techniques In The Translation Of Lauren Kate’s Novel “Torment” Into Bahasa Indonesia “Tersiksa” By Fanny Yuanita

TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES IN THE TRANSLATION OF LAUREN KATE’S NOVEL “TORMENT” INTO BAHASA INDONESIA “TERSIKSA” BY FANNY YUANITA

A THESIS

BY

TESYA PRATIWI 090705014

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA MEDAN 2015

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara onJanuary, 30, 2015

Dean of Faculty Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners (Signature)

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS ( )

RahmadsyahRangkuti, MA. Ph.D ( )

Drs. YulianusHarefa, M.ED TESOL ( )

Drs. RidwanHanafiah, SH. MA ( )

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I AM TESYA PRATIWI I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS ECXEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR PR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORL HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : TESYA PRATIWI

TITLE OF THESIS : TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES IN THE TRANSLATION OF LAUREN KATE’S NOVEL “TORMENT” INTO BAHASA INDONESIA “TERSIKSA” BY FANNY YUANITA

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTEMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR ABLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bissmillahhirohmannirohim.

First of all, i would like to thank to allah SWT, The almighty god for blessing and leading me during all my life. Praise is to the prophet muhammad SAW, the leader of messengers and guiding of faithful so that writer could finish my study to fulfil one of requirements for the degree of sarjana sastra from the english department, faculty of cultural studies, university of sumatera utara,medan.

Then, I would like to thank the Dean of faculty of cultural studies, university of sumatera utara , Dr. H. Syahron Lubis,MA, and all the staff for their help during the period of study in this faculty.

In this chance, I would like to express my special gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Roswita Silalahi, DipTESOL.M.HUM and my co-supervisor Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A for their support and beneficial suggestion, and their wilingness to share time in correcting this thesis throught the preparationof this thesis and the period of doing this thesis.

I would like to thank to the Head of English Department Drs, H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS, and the secretary Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D for giving all facilities and opportunities during my academic years and in completing this thesis. I also would like to thank to all lecture who given so much knowledge throughout my academic years. Then, i would like to thank bg amran, bg mistam and kak tika who helps me in administration process.

My best, deepest appreciation and love are dedicated to my beloved father, H. Rusli Hasibuan, my beloved mother, HJ. Mulyati and my brother Tesar prayoga SE who always pray, support, and advice me with their love.

My special thank is dedicated to my best friend Adi Guna Pangestu (Adi), M. Yusuf Adi K (Yusuf), who always help and support me every time, for having great time together and spending our 8 years in sweet memories, love you and my lucky to know you. To my friend in English Departement ijal, dinda, ade, cali, bayu, arief,

yuda, rini, tai, winda, ina, mita, heni, erna, dewi, sinta, yolanda, eta, roni, indah,

dinasti, who gives me inspiration to finish my thesis, and to all my classmate in English Department who always spend our great times together. A unique thanks is dedicated to my senior and junior in IMSI.

Finally, may this thesis be advantageous for the readers. May the greace and love of the almighty Allah SWT be with us all forever. Amin

Tesya Pratiwi 090705014

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled “ Translation Technique In The Translation of Lauren Kate’s Novel “Torment” Into Bahasa Indonesia “Tersiksa” By Fanny Yuanita. This thesis analyzed the translation technique from english novel SL into bahasa indonesia (TL). It aims to find translation technique which are used by translator. This thesis used theory of Vinay and Darbelnet (1) borrowing (2) calque (3) literal translation (4) transposition (5) modulation (6) adaptation (7) equivalence. In analyzing the data, the writer applies qualitative method. The data which is used in this thesis is taken from Lauren Kate’s novel “Torment” and the translation “Tersiksa” which is translated by Fanny Yuanita. The dominant technique which appeared in text is 21,79 % sentences with literal translation, then 18,58 % sentences with modulation, 18,58 % sentences with transposition, 15,38 % sentences with calque, 15, 38 % sentences with equivalence, and the last 12,17 % sentences with adaptation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii

ABSTRACT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi

CHAPTER I INTRUDUCTION 1.1 Background of the study ... 1

1.2 Problems of the study ... 6

1.3 Objective of the study ... 6

1.4 Scope of the study ... 6

1.5 Significances of the study ... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Definition of translation ... 8

2.2 Translation technique ... 10

2.3 Related studies ... 16

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research method ... 18

3.2 Data and source of data ... 18

3.3 Data collecting method ... 18

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Data analysis ... 21 4.2 Data finding ... 55

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ... 57 5.2 Suggestion ... 57 REFERENCE ... 59

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled “ Translation Technique In The Translation of Lauren Kate’s Novel “Torment” Into Bahasa Indonesia “Tersiksa” By Fanny Yuanita. This thesis analyzed the translation technique from english novel SL into bahasa indonesia (TL). It aims to find translation technique which are used by translator. This thesis used theory of Vinay and Darbelnet (1) borrowing (2) calque (3) literal translation (4) transposition (5) modulation (6) adaptation (7) equivalence. In analyzing the data, the writer applies qualitative method. The data which is used in this thesis is taken from Lauren Kate’s novel “Torment” and the translation “Tersiksa” which is translated by Fanny Yuanita. The dominant technique which appeared in text is 21,79 % sentences with literal translation, then 18,58 % sentences with modulation, 18,58 % sentences with transposition, 15,38 % sentences with calque, 15, 38 % sentences with equivalence, and the last 12,17 % sentences with adaptation.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

There are thousand of language in this world, for instance bahasa Indonesia, English, Spanish, Deutsch, etc. Every language is unique which means that one language is different with another langange whether it is in sounds, words, and the sentences. The functions of language as a tool of communication finds obstacle when it is related to the diversity of language it self. It is hard to use unknown language as a tool of communication especially in the international communication. In order to overcome the ocstacle, there should be a solution which is called as “transaltion”.

Basically, translation is studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context (Larson, 1983:3). Translation functions as a means to transfer equivalent massage from one language to another, so that communication of human keeps going on.

Translation has a close relation to our daily life. Almost every aspect of human life related to translation. In one case, as a mean of communication, translation is used for multilingual notices in public place for example: for intructions issud by exporting companies, for tourist publicity, for official documents, for reports and papers, articles, correspondence, textbooks to covey information, advice and recommendations for every branch of knowledge. We find out human’s civilization and noted historical facts through translation. Translation has been instrumental in transmiting culture, sometimes under unequal conditions responsible for distorted and

biased translations, ever since countries and language have been in contact with each other. Translation also used in literary works such as poetry, short story, novel and drama.

In order to help the students to choose the best solution to solve the problem in translation text, they may choose the strategy that suitable to the context and type of text. Strategy is a kind of a way to solve the translation problem while the translator conducts in form of translation technique (strategy implemented in the product of translation).

Vinay and darbelnet theory is used to analyze the translation techniques in Lauren Kate’s Torment into bahasa indonesia Tersiksa by Fanny Yuanita. Vinay and darbelnet describe translation procedures in seven types. They are literal tyranslation, borrowing, calque, eqiuvalence, modulation, and adaptation.

All seven translation techniques will be used as reference in assessing the translation technique of the translation procedures:

1. Literal translation: This is word- for-word translation, translation is the direct transfer of an SL text in which the translators task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL.

Example : SL : I wrote short story

TL : Saya menulis sebuah cerita pendek.

2. Borrowing: the procedure where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and transfered to the TL, but in a “naturalized form” which is make to conform to the rules of grammar or pronounciation of the TL. This procedure is the simplest translation procedure.

Example : SL : We are learning how to make floechart in computer clas. TL : Kami sedang belajar membuat flowchat dikelas computer.

3. Transposition: This procedure replace one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message.it is also a change in the grammar from source language to target language, including the change of singular to plural; the change of the position of the adjective; and the change of word class or part of speech.

Example : SL : My hobby is reading. TL : Hobi saya adalah membaca.

4. Calque : This is a special kind of borrowing where SL expression or structure is transferred in a literal translation.

Example : SL : Negative response TL : Respon negatife

5. Modulation : The procedure changes the from of the message, by a change of point of view. This changes in point of view enables us to express the same phenomenon in a different way. This change can be justified when a literal or transposed translation result is grammatically correct, but it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL.

Example : SL : He broke his leg while playing football TL : Kakinya cidera ketika bermain sepak bola

6. Equivalence : it is the procedure used in the case where in the same situation can be described by texts using different stylistic and structural methods. Equivalence is also frequently used when dealing with the translation of idioms and proverbs. Example : SL : Ask price.

TL : Harga terendah.

7. Adaptation : this procedure is used when the type of situation being referred by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. So, the translator creates a new situation that can be considered as being equivalent.

Example : SL : Tita will marry with aditya. TL: Aditya akan menikahi Tita

In the translation of Lauren kate’s Torment, the writer finds translation technique, such as:

Source language

For half an hour, the two of them rode in silence. (page 27) Target language

Selama setengah jam, keduanya berkendara tanpa bicara. (page 37) translation technique in the sentences above is a literal translation because every sentence can be interpreted word for word.

Translation help people who have different mother touge to be able splve language barrier. That is why translator’s role is very important in this case. Translator should be able to transfer the meaning from source language into target target language well, that the reader can understand the message which is delivered by the writer. Larson (1984: 6) defines characteristics of good translation as :

1. Using normal language style in target language

2. Communicate to speakers in target language the equal meaning that also understood by speakers from source language

3. Keeping the dynamic of original text in source language. For example :

SL : I broke my leg

Literally, the translation in target language is right buty there is more suitable translation for this sentence. It should be

TL : kaki saya patah

This case shows that good translation have tp appear as the original one and express the whole original meaning, not as a product of translation. From example above, it also shows the differences translation procedures which is used by the translator.

In translating text we surely will find the translation technique. Translation technique is the main discuss of this study that is why it is important to know about the translation technique itself. Translation techniques (translation procedures or translation shifts) are defined as the smallest linguistic change occurring in translation of ST (Source text) to TT ( Target text) (Munday, 2001:55). Translation techniques, or what Newmark, Vinay and Darbelnet call translation procedures, are different from methods. Newmark (1981:81) in A Textbook of translation explains it as such: “while translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentence and the smaller units of language.”

In this thesis, the writer will analyze the translation technique found in Lauren Kate’s Torment and its translation into bahasa Indonesia by Fanny Yuanita. This novel about lucida price, a seventeen years old girl from Goergia. She previously attented a private school in new Hampshire before the counrt ordered her be moved to bording school for troubled youth, after an incident which left her life, but her boyfriend trevor dead.

The reasons for taking novel as the object to analyzed because the story is nice to read and it is interesting to see how Indonesian translator translates source text/English text into bahasa Indonesia and to find out whether the idea from English

writer could be translated well by Indonesian translator, find out the variations of translation technique that applied by the translator.

1.2 PROBLEM OF STUDY

The problems of analysis in the thesis are:

1. Which translation techniques applied in the translation of Lauren Kate “Torment” into bahasa Indonesia “Tersiksa” by Fanny Yuanita?

2. What is the dominant translation technique applied in the text ?

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The objective of analysis in the thesis are:

1. To figure out the translation technique that applied in the translation of lauren Kate “Torment” into bahasa Indonesia “Tersiksa” by Fanny Yuanita.

2. To find out the dominant of translation technique applied in the text.

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

The study is focused on techniques that used in translating novel “Torment” by Lauren Kate into bahasa Indonesia “Tersiksa” by Fanny Yuanita. This novel consists of 19 chapters but, the writer only takes 10 chapter to be analyzed as object of this thesis.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

A study is done due to significances it has. The significances of the study can be both theoretical and practical. It means, the result of a study could be beneficial for

developing knowledge and insight, and also can be applied for daily living (Silalahi, 2010: 2-3).

Based on the statement above, this study has two major significance. First this thesis is expected to enlarge the writer and reader’s knowledge about translation, second, it is expected to be helpful for people especially the student who wants to be a translator, third The result of this study is expected to guide the reader and the researcher in developing translation analysis on translation procedures.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Translation

Basically, the term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject fields, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation. Otherwise known as translating) (Munday, 2001: 5). Nevertheless, the definition of translation is not that simple futher elaboration is needed to make it obvious. Many experts in translation theory define translation in different ways.

Catford (1965:20) states that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).

The process of translation between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text ( the source text or ST) in the original verbal language ( the source language or SL) into a written text ( the target text or TT) in a different verbal language ( target text language or TL) (Munday, 2001:5)

Moentaha ( 2006: 11) defines “terjemahan adalah proses penggantian teks dalam bahasa pemberi dengan teks dalam teks bahsa sasaran tanpa mengubah tingkat isi teks bahsa pemberi” [Translation is process of changing text from source language into target language without changing the level of content in the text of source language]. Translation the production in a receptor language of the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second in term of style (Nida and Taber, 1982: 208)

Levy as cited in Venuti (2001:148) explains two definitions of translation based on the teleological and pragmatic point of view. From the teleological point of view,

translation is a process of communication: the objective of translating is to impart the knowledge of the original to the foreign reader. From the point of view of the working situation of the translator at any moment of his work (that is form the pragmatic point of view), translation is a process: a series of a certain number of consecutive situatins imposing on the translator the necessity of choosing a certain (and very often exactly definable) number of alternatives.

“Penerjemahan merupakan proses pengalihan pesan teks bahasa sumber kedalam bahasa sasaran” [translation is a process of transferring the message of a source language tesxt into the target language.] (Nababan, 2008)

Moreover, translation also deals with semantic and cultural aspects. Hatim and Mason (1997:1) say, translating.. as an act communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication (which may have been intended for different purpose and different readers/listeners.

To be concluded from definations above, translation is a process of changing written text in source languange into written text in target language without changing the meaning or message from source language. The content or meaning of source language should be understood widely and well, it means that only involves the material meaning and ideas on the level of content but also all of information on the source language such as lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, and stylistic or expressive meaning.

Example : SL : Rumah sakit jiwa TL : Lunatic asylum

If the traslator do not the understand the lexical meaning of “rumah sakit jiwa” he will translate rumah sakit jiwa into ‘ hospital of soul’ not lunatic asylum. Therefore, translator does not only have to understanf the source language well, but he also has

to have skill to understand all of information in the source language in order to get good product of translation.

2.2. Translation Technique

Translation technique (translation procedures or translation shifts) are defined as “the smallest linguistic change ocuring in translation of ST (source text) to TT (target text)” (munday,2001:55).

Translation procedures are ways or steps to analyze and classify how translation equivalence works. The translations have to be able to deliver the message or contect in source language into target language well, so the readers understand the meaning.

Example : SL : I lost my wallet

TL : Saya menghilangkan dompet saya (WRONG) TL : Dompet saya hilang ( RIGHT)

In order to make the readers understand the meaning well, the translator have to use the translation procedures.

In this analysis, the writer uses the theory of Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedures. There are seven procedures:

1. Literal translation 2. Borrowing

3. Transposition 4. Calque 5. Modulation 6. Equivalence 7. Adaptation

There are also cases in which scholars confuse a translation technique with another. This is because the different of the translation text using a translation technique compared to using another is so little that it is easily ignored.

For example:

SL adi eats fried noodles

TLa adi makan mie goreng

TLb mie goring adi makan

In TLa, translation technique used is literal translation in which the text is translated word by word. Meanwhile, modulation is used in translating SL text into TLb. The difference here is the emphases on the sentence. TLa emphasize on who (adi) is doing the action (eat), wheres TLb emphasizes on the object (fried noodles) to which the action is being done (eaten).

Therefore, to avoid such error, we need to get a better understanding of each and all the translation technique used before doing translation and analyzing one.

2.2.1 Literal translation

Literal translation is a translation technique commonly used translating literary text and many other kinds of text. Literal translation may be briefly explained as follows:

Literal translation is the basic translation procedure. A literal translation is a unique solution which is reversible and complete in itself. The translation has not needed to make any changes other than the obvious one, like those concerning grammatical concord or inflectional endings. This kind of procedures is most commonly found in translations between closely related language, for example french – italian, and especially those having a similar culture.

Literal, or word by word, translation is the direct transfer or SL text into grammaticaly and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which translators’ task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. (Vinay and Darbelnet in venuti, 2006: 86)

Example :

SL : A shy girl SL : Cute cat

TL : Seorang anak perempuan pemalu TL : Kucing lucu

2.2.2 Borrowing

Borrowing is the simplest of all translation procedures. It would not even merit discussion in this context if translators did not occasionally need to use it in order to create a stylistic effect (Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti, 2000 : 85). Borrowing is one of translation procedures in which the translator borrows directly the word or phrase from source language.

Example :

SL : We are learning how to make flowchat in computer. TL : Kami sedang belajar membuat flowchat di kelas computer.

2.2.3 Transposition

A translation technique that transposition involves replacing one word class with another wothout changing the meaning of the message. Transposition can be used within a language, as when rewarding the phrase. (Vinay and Darbelnet 2000: 88).

Example :

My father ecpected that i come home My fatherexpected my arrival

In this case the subordinate verb becomes a noun. Transposition also includes a change in the grammar from source language to target language such as: singular tp plural; position of the adjective, changing the word class or part of speech.

Example :

SL : A pair of trousers SL : Higher wages

TL : Sebuah celana panjang TL : Kenaikan gaji

2.2.4 Calque

According to Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti, 2000: 86). A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. They divided calque into two kinds:

(i) Lexical calque: a calque which respects the syntactic structure of TL, whilst introducing a new mode of expression.

Example : SL TL

Table tennis Tenis meja

(ii)Structural calque: a calque which introduces a new construction into the language (TL).

Example :

SL : Equity financing TL : Pemerataan keuangan.

2.2.5 Modulation

A variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified when, althought a literal, or even transposed, translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL.(Vinay and Darlbenet in Newmark, 1988:89).

Generally, modulation is divided into two types of modulation, those are: free modulation and fixed modulation (Vinay and Darlbenet in Newmark, 1988:89)

i. Free modulation

Free modulation is single instances not yet fixed and sanctioned by usage, so that the procedure must be carried out anew each time. This, however, is not what qualifies it as optional; when carried out as it should be, the resulting translation should correspond perfectly to the situation indicated by SL. Free modulation is used often enough, or is felt to offer the only solution, it may become fixed.

Example :

SL : The most patient of suffer TL : Tak pernah mengeluh

ii. Fixed modulation

Fixed modulation is type of modulation which turns a negative SL expression into a positive TL expression. The difference between fixed and free modulation is one of degree.

Example :

SL : priceless diamond

2.2.5 Equivalence

The translation of fixed expressions such as idioms with an equivalence that is very different in form. (Vinay and Darbelnet in Hatim and Munday, 2004: 339). In vinay and darlbelnet’s own word, the classical example of equivalence is given by the reaction of an amateur who accidentally hits his finger with a hammer: if he were French his cry of pain would be transcribed as “Aie!”,but if he were English this would be interpreted as “ouch!”. [ if he were Indonesia, the interpretation of his cry of pain would be: “aduh!”] Another striking case of equivalence are they many onomatopoeria of animal sounds.

Example :

SL : Cock – a – doodle – do SL : Miaou

TL : Kukuruyuk TL : Meong

Vinay and Darbelnet use this term (2000: 90) to refer cases where language describe the same situation by different stylistic or structural methods. Equivalence most dominant in form of idiom and proverb.

Example :

SL : Full of beans TL: Besemangat

SL : A pig headed child TL : Anak yang nakal

2.2.6 Adaptation

A translation technique that involves modifying a cultural reference for the target text readership (Vinay and Darbelnet in Hatim and Munday, 2004: 334). It is used those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such cases translators have to create a new situation

that can be considered as being equivalent. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence. Title of books, movies, and characters fit into this category.

Example :

SL TL

After the night [ a novel by Linda Howard Menunggu fajar

Voldemort (you know who) [a character in Voldemort (kau tau siapa) J.K Rowling’s harry potter

2.3. RELATED STUDIES

Some prevoius research findings which is relevant to this to support the idea of this analysis are below :

Debora (2010) in A Comperative analysis on translation techniques used by the "original translator of Stephanie Meyer’s The Host anf by daerah sumber Translator” writer about translator techniques used by two different translator. She concludes the original translator have used 47.47 % literal translation, 26.26% transposition, 16.16% modulation, 5.05 % adaptation, 3.03 % eqiuvalence, 2.02% calque. While the non original translator used 26.53% literal translation, 21.43% transposition, 16.3% modulation, 7.14% adaptation, 6.12% equivalence, 1.02% calque. And the other difference between both is that non original translator has several sentences left not translated, and several that are irrelevant translations of their respective ST sentences, whereas the original translator has neither.

Sari (2009) in “an analysis of translation procedures of Translating Computer Term

in Andrew S Tanenbaum3rd computer networks into bahasa indonesia” concluded

The result if the analysis is 46% borrowing, 29% calque, 19% literal translation, 6% transposition. She used theory of Vinay and Darbelnet to analyze the translation procedure in her thesis.

Molina and albir (2002) in “ Translation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic and Functionalist approach” concluted that there are 17 translation techniques, namely: amplification, borrowing, calque, compensation, descreption, discursive creation, established equivalent, generalization, linguistic amplification, linguistic compression, literal translation, modulation, particularization, reduction, subtition, transposition, and variation. They classify the translation techniques into 17 techniques based on the the theory of Vinay and Darbelnet’s procedure ( borrow, calque, literal translation, modulation, transposition, adaptation and equivalence) newmark’s procedure (recognized translation, funcutinal equivalent, naturalization and translation label) and Vasquez Ayorsia’s procedure (omission and inversion).

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Method

Research methodology is a systematic way solve a problem. It is a science of studying how research is to be carried out. Essentially, the procedures by which researchers go about their work of describing, explaining and predicting phenomena are called research methodology. It is also defined as the study of methods by which knowledge is gained. Its aim is to give the work plan of research.

Descriptive qualitative method is used in this thesis to analyze the data. Bodgan and bliken (2007:4) state that qualitative research is descriptive and the data collected in the form of word or picture rather that number. The formula dealing with calcuting data is merely used to support the data analysis. The formula is not intented to be the main focus on the research.

3.2 Data and Source of data

in this thesis, the data is analysed are translation technique found in the novel of Lauren Kate novel entitled Torment and its translation into bahasa Indonesia by Fanny Yuanita.

3.3 Data Collecting Method

There are some page chosen as the sample of the data alaysis by using systematic sampling presented by coheren (Silalahi, 2010: 264-264). In the systematic sampling, the researcher is allowed to uncover more subtle differences that might be

evident when comparing polar opposites. It also allows the maintences of the greater consistency in data gathering (Strauss1990:184)

Using the Coheran’s systematic sampling, the sample can be selected by using a certain formula. The formula is :

N = n . k

N: total number of population n : number of sample

k : interval

The source of data consists of 10 chapter and 123 pages. In total, there Thus, with N = 123 and n = 50 , number of interval are:

N = n . k 123 = 50 . k

k = 5

therefore, the sample taken is 50 pages with interval 5, started form page 13, 18, 23, 28, 33, 38, 43, 48, 53, 58, 63, 68, 73, 78, 83, 88, 93, 98, 103, 108, 113, 118, 123, 128, 133, 138, 143, 148, 153, 158, 163, 168, 173, 178, 183, 188, 193, 198, 203, 208, 213, 218, 223, 228, 233, 238, 243, 248, 253, 258

3.4 Data Analysing Method

“metode deskriptif dapat diartikan sebagai prosedur pemecahan masalah yang diselidiki dengan menggambarkan / melukiskan keadaan subyek / obyek penelitian (seseorang, lembaga, masyarakat , dll) pada saat sekarang berdasarkan fakta-fakta

The steps done in analyzing the data are:

1. Reading the novel in English and the source text (ST) and its translation into bahasa Indonesia as the target text (TT).

2. Constrasting the word in ST and TT in order to figure out the translation techniques.

3. Identifying the translation technique occurred. 4. Classifying the translation technique occurred.

5. Finding out the most dominant translation technique used in the translation.

In the to figure out the most dominant translation technique used in the translation, this thesis is going to apply a formula referring to Malo’s method of social research (1986:200).

following is the formula of calculating the percentage of the procedures used :

x100% = N

X: number of the subcategory of the procedures of translation. Y: number of all data

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Data Analysis NO

DATA

SOURCE TEXT TARGET DATA

TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE

1 Luced planned on keeping her

eyes closed all six hours of the cross-country flight from Georgia out to California ( page 13 line 1-2)

Luce berencana memejamkan mata selama enam jam penerbangan lintas Negara dari Georgia ke California. (page 23 line 1-2)

Lireral translation

2 Half asleep, she found it so

much easier to preted she was already reunited with Daniel (page 13 line 4-5)

Setengah tertidur, ia mendapati ternyata lebih muda berpura-pura ia sudah di pertemukan kembali dengan Daniel. (page 23 line 4-5)

Transposition

3 For a second, luce stood still

and just enjoyed the view (page 18 line 4)

Untuk sesaat, luce berdiri diam-diam dan menikmati pemandangan di hadapannya. (page 28 line 4-5)

Equivalence

sank into a kiss (page 18 line 15-17)

dengan Daniel dan mereka tenggelam dalam kecupan. (page 28 line 23-24)

5 The love she felt, the love that Daniel reciprocated, all still felt so surreal (page 18 line 19-20)

Cinta yang luce rasakan, cinta yang Daniel balas, segalanya masih terasa bagai mimpi. (page 28 line 28-30)

Transposition

6 Mr cole told you about keeping

a low profil, didn’t he? (page 23 line 1-2)

Mr cole memberitahumu supaya tidak menarik perhatian bukan? (page 33 line 11-12)

Transposition

7 Daniel backed out of the spot,

then wheeled around to the parking lot’s exit, slipping a credit card into the machine on their way out (page 23 line 4-6)

Daniel memundurkan mobil, lalu mengemudi ke pintu keluar peralatan parker, menyelipkan kartu kredit kedalam mesin sebelum keluar (page 33 line 14-16)

Calque

8 In san fransisco proper, the

road turned much hillier (page 23 line 23-24)

Di kota san fransisco, jalannya semakin berbukit-bukit (page 34

line 3)

9 Everytime they crested one peak and started careening down another (page 23 line 24-25)

Setiap kali mereka mendaki satu puncak bukit dan meluncur turun dari bukin lainnya (page 34 line 4-5)

Literal translation

10 It was anly after they’d passed through the redwoods and come out into a starry, royal-blue evening that Daniel said something that broke through to her (page 28 line 6-8)

Baru saad mereka melewati barisan pohon cemara dan menuju langit sore biru terang berbintang Daniel mengatakan sesuatu yang menggerakan luce (page 28 line 28-30)

Modulation

11 A full moon shone down on a

cluster of a buildings: a light house, several copper towers, and rows of well-preserved old wooden house (page 28 line 10-12)

Bulan purnama menyinari sederetan bangunan: sebuah mercusuar, beberapa

menara talang air, dan barisan rumah-rumah kayu tua yang terawat. (page 39 line 1-4)

Literal translation

12 Daniel pointed east, into a

dark, dense forest of red-wood and maple trees (page 28 line 15-16)

Daniel menunjuk ke timur, kehutan cemara dan pohon maple yang lebat dan gelap. (page 38

line 6-7)

13 The park and looked sad and

lonesome, a dull line of low-ceilinged cookie-cutter boxes set along a cheap gravel road (page 28 line 23-25)

Taman itu sangat menyedihkan dan kesepian, barisan

kota-kota mobil beratap rendah berwarna kusam

dijajarkan dijalan berkerikil. (page 39 line

17-19)

Equivalence

14 Daniel would have to be

important in heaven in order to have caused such a big gift (page 33 line 1-2)

Daniel pasti sangat penting di surga hinga bias menimbulkan keretakan yang sangat besar. (page 43-44 line 30-1)

Literal translation

15 The ambled to the end of the

street, which didn’t dead-end after all, but a lead to a step, rocky staircase going down to the water (page 33 line 16-18)

Mereka berjalan santai keujung jalan, yang ternyata tidak buntu, tapi menuju tangga batu curam menurun kea rah air (page 44 line 15-17

Equivalence

16 Daniel smailed at her,

straightening his shoulders, and

Daniel tersenyum padanya, meluruskan

unfurled his wigs (page 33 line 23-24)

bahu dan membentangkan

sayapnya. (page 44 line 23-24)

17 Her eylieds drifted open and,

almost immediately, she scrunched up her face in surprise (page 38 line 4-6)

Kelopak matanya terbuka berlahan dan, nyaris seketika, ia mengerutkan wajah karena terkejut. (page 49 line 5-7)

Transposition

18 A stocky dishwater-blond girl

with grimly set mounth and major eyebrows was leaning over her (page 38 line 6-7)

Seorang gadis kekar berambut pirang pucat dengan bentuk bibir yang sangat muram dan alis mata sangat tebal sedang mencondongkan tubuh ke atas luce (page 49 line 7-9)

Modulation

19 Shellby popped of the bed

lumbered into the bathroom to brush her teeth (page 43 line 1-2)

Shellby melompat turun dari tempat tidur dan beranjak dari kamar mandi untuk menggosok gigi. (page 53 line 26-27)

Transposition

ten second until luce couldn’t take it anymore

tampa bicara selama sepuluh detik hingga luce tidak dapat menahan diri lagi. (page 54 line 5-6)

21 Nothing, not one brush of an

angel wing. Not one kiss of his lips (page 43 line 21-22)

Tidak ingat apapun. Tidak satupun sapuan sayap malaikat. Tidak satupun ciuman Daniel. (page 54 line 17-18)

Literal translation

22 She must have been dreaming

about Daniel (page 43 line 24-25)

Ia pasti bermimpi tentang Daniel. (page 54 line 20-21)

Calque

23 She wore a cool fitted black

sheath dress with ablue belt and matching peep-toe stilettos

Ia mengenakan gaun terusan hitam ketat yang keren dengan sabuk biru sepatu hak tinggi dengan bagian ujung terbuka yang cocok. (page 58 line 27-29)

Equivalence

24 Oh good, you two connected.

Francesca smailed, I know you’d become fast friend (page 48 line 6-7)

Baguslah, kalian sudah berteman. Fransisca tersenyum, aku tahu kalian akan cepat akrab.(page 59 line 5-6)

25 For the first time morning, shellby laughed (page 48 line 14)

Untuk pertama kalinya pagi itu, shellby tertawa. (page 59 line 15)

Literal translation

26 Her laugh was a gruff, gravelly thing, the kind of chortle luce would have expacted from old man, a lifetime smoker, not a teenage yoga enthusiast (page 48 line 14-17)

Suara tawanya terdengar kasar dan menyeramkan, semacam kikikan tawa yang luce fikirkan terdengar dari seorang pria tua, seorang perokok berat, bukan seorang remaja yang gila yoga. (page 59 line 16-19)

Equivalence

27 She belonged with real people,

people with soul instead of squash rackets, who knew what life was like (page 48 line 21-23

Ia termasuk golongan manusia biasa, manusia yang memiliki jiwa, bukannya raket squash, yang tahu betapa beratnya kehidupan. (page 59 line 23-25)

Equivalence

28 The other girl, with her pale

coloring, hazel eyes, and short black hair, looked kind of luce (page 53 line 2-4)

Gadis datunya, berkulit pucat, bermata coklat, dan rambut pendek hitam, tampak mirib luce. (page 64 line 7-8)

29 Wait, so you’re really Lucinda price? (page 53 line 5)

Tunggu, jadi kau benar-benar Lucinda price?. (page 64 line 9)

Literal translation

30 Don’t mind her, she just drank, like, eleven coffees (page 53 line 18-19)

Jangan gubris dia, dia baru saja minum, mungkin sebelas gelas kopi. (page 64 line 24-25)

Adaptation

31 Jasmine spoke about three

times more slowly than down did (page 53 line 19-20)

Jasmine berbicara tiga kali lebih lambat dari pada dawn. (page 63 line 26-27)

Literal translation

32 He had a thin face, staylish

rectaguler glasses, and a thick head of wavy-salt-and-papper hair (page 58 line 2-3)

Pria itu mempunyai wajah tirus, kacamata empat persegi panjang yang keren, dan memiliki rambut tebal berombak yang sudah mulai beruban. (page 69 line 7-9

Adaptation

33 Morning girls, the man smiled

at them and waved (page 58 line 6-7)

Selamat pagi anak-anak, pria itu tersenyum pada mereka dan melambai. (page 69 line 12-13)

34 Even though he’s spoken for, she is shameless (page 58 line 13-14)

Padahal dia sudah ada yang punya. Dwn emang tidak tahu malu. (page 69 line 20-21)

Modulation

35 Though angelics would be

more appropriate (page 58 line 22)

Walaupun kemalaikatan rasanya lebih tepat. (page 69 line 30)

Modulation

36 Luce looked down at papper.

Line had been drawn on the page, dividing it into twenty boxes (page 63 line 4-5)

Luce menatap kertas. Halaman itu sudah di beri garis-garis, membaginya menjadi duapuluh kotak. (page 74 line 7-8

Literal translation

37 The object was to go around

the room and match a different student with each phrase (page 63 line 9-10)

Tuganya adalah berkeliling kelas dan mencocokan murid yang berbeda dalam setiap kalimat. (page 74 line 12-13)

Transposition

38 It was about to be painfully

obvious that luce was the only non-naphilim in the class (page 63 line 17-18)

Hal itu menunjukan kenyataan menyakitkan bahwa luce adalah satu-satunya murid non-naphilin di kelas. (page 74 line 22-23)

39 Maybe luce would be more comfortable among the scholarship kids (page 63 line 20-21)

Mungkin luce akan merasakan lebih nyaman diantara murid-murid beasiswa. (page 74 line 25-26)

Literal translation

40 Go outside, enjoy youself,

Francesca added. Take all the time you need (page 63 line 25-26)

Pergilah keluar, nikamti suasana, fransisca menambahkan, tidak usah terburu-buru (page 75 line 1-2)

Modulation

41 Anyway, I’m not the star

student here or anything, but I’ve been around a while, and half the time I still think this place is pretty carzy (page 68 line 1-3)

Ngomong-ngomong aku bukan murid istimewa atau apapun disini, tapi aku sudah cukup lama

disini, dan separuh

waktu aku masih berpendapat tempat ini cukup edan. (page 79 line 2-5)

Adaptation

42 And in away, I think shoreline

will help me to get used to people- I mean angels like Daniel (page 73 line 1-2)

Dan dengan cara ini,

kurasa shareline membantuku terbiasa dengan orang- maksudku malaikat seperti Daniel. (page 84 line 11-12)

43 Mile had been nodding and agrering with luce the whole time she told her story, but now he shook his head (page 73 line 5-6)

Sejauh ini mile mengangguk dan setuju dengan perkataan luce saat ia menyampaika kisahnya, tapi sekarang cowok itu tenggelam. (page 84 line 16-18)

Equivalence

44 For the first time, she noticed a clear line divinding the table of the nephilim kind from the rest of the student body 9-11 (page 73 line

Untuk pertama kalinya, ia menyadari garis tegas yang memisahkan meja-meja murud nephilim dari murid lainnya. (page 84 line 21-23

Calque

45 The nephilin claimed all the

table on the west side, closet to the water (page 73 line 11-13)

Para nepholine menguasi seluruh meja disisi barat, paling dekat dengan laut. (page 84 line 23-24)

Modulation

46 There was a lot of musical

chairs, bit no one of the nephilim seemed to consider crossing over to sit with the gifted kids (page 73 line 19-21)

Masih banyak bangku kosong, tapi tak seorang pun dari murid non-nephilim yang ingin menyebrang dan duduk bersama anak-anak berbakat. (page 85 line 1-3)

47 Luce had met some of the other non-gifted kids yesterday (73 line 22-23)

Luce sudah bertemu beberaapa anak tidak bebakat kemarin. (page 85 line 5-6)

Adaptation

48 The shadow bulged and

stretched out like a balloon being blown up (page 78 line 11-12)

Banyangan itu membengkak dan membesar seperti balon yang di tiup (page 89 line 28-29)

Modulation

49 A hole swirling world of color

glowing brighter and more distinct behind a disappearing mesh of shadow (page 78 line 15-17)

Seluruh warna yang berputar itu semakin cerah dan semakin jelas

dibalik gumpalan bayangan. (page 90 line

3-5)

Equivalence

50 The tangle of colors separated, settled finally into canvas of distinct shapes (page 78 line 24-25)

Warna-warna yang saling bertumpang tindih itu mulai terpisah, mulai terbentuk dengan jelas. (page 90 line 13-14)

Adaptation

51 Francesca and steven wouldn’t

have been trayoing to scare the class: they have must intended to teach them something (page

Francesca dan steven pasti tidak bermaksud untuk menakut-nakutin seisi kelas: mereka pasti

83 line 8-10) bermaksud mengajarkan mereka sesuatu. (page 95 line 3-5)

52 Something they couldn’t come

right out and say (page 83 line 10)

Sesuatu yang tidak dapat mereka utarakan secara langsung. (page 95 line 5-6)

Calque

53 She went into the woods (page

83 line 14)

Ia memasukin hutan. (page 95 line 10)

Modulation

54 Goose bumps rose on her bare

legs as she pressed deeper into the shady forest (page 83 line 16-18

Kedua tungkai yang telanjang merinding saat ia masuk semakin dalam ke hitan rindang itu. (page 95 line 13-14)

Adaptation

55 She was about to enter

uncharted territory. Forbidden territory (page 83 line 20-21)

Ia akan memasuki wilayah yang belom pernah dimasukin. Wilayah terlarang. (page 95 line 16-18

Calque

56 She was going to summon an

announcer (page 83 line 22 )

Ia akan memanggil para pemberitau. (page 95 line 19)

Adaptation

57 The very first time, was when

she pinched one during class to keep in fro, sneaking into her

Saat pertama adalah ketika ia mencubit satu bayangan ketika di

pocket (page 83 line 23-25 dalam kelas agar bayangan itu tidak menyelinap kedalam sakunya. (page 95 line 21-23

58 The light were off, but a fire

was burning in the hearth (page 88 line 12-13)

Lampu dalam keadaan mati, tapi kobaran api menyala di perapian. (page 100 line 17-18)

Transpotision

59 When luce Came in, on eye

popped open, looking highly annoyed at the sight before it (page 88 line 15-16)

Ketika luce masuk, satu matanya terbuka, tampak sangat terganggu melihat

pemandangan di hadapannya (page 100

line 19-21)

Equivalence

60 Luce turned on the computer

that came with her desk and started at the sreen (page 88 line 22-23)

Luce menyalakan computer yang ada di mejanya dan menatap layar (page 100-101 line 27-1

Literal translation

61 Luce wet her hands in the sink

and tugged her short bleached waves (page 93 line 2-3

Luce membasahi kedua tangannya di wastafel dan menarik-narik gelombang rambut pendeknya yang dicat.

(page 106 line 2-3)

62 She’d made it trough a full

load af classes on Thursday (page 93 line 3-4)

Ia behasil melewati beragam kelas pelajaran pada hari kamis. (page 106 line 3-4)

Modulation

63 It was a mistake to even try,

Francesca practically hissed (page 98 line 3-4)

Mencoba saja sudah menjadi kesalahan, francesca mendengis. (page 111 line 3-4

Modulation

64 A pause, luce inched a little

closer along the Persian rug in the hall (page 98 line 11-12)

Sunyi sesaat, luce beringsut lebih dekat sepanjang karpet Persia dilorong. (page 111 line 12-13

Eqiuvalnece

65 Our student outperform every

other nephilim program in the world(page 98 line 17-19)

Murid-murid kita jauh lebih unggul dari program anak-anak nephilim lain di seluruh dunia. (page 111 line 19-20)

Literal translation

66 Might as well know throw your

academic calendar out the window(page 98 line 23-24)

Mungkin kubuang saja kelender akademikmu. (page 111 line 24-25)

Modulation

67 Roland led her to a bench

facing the water, far away from

Roland menuntun luce ke bangku taman yang

all the campus buildings, looking down (page 103 line 5-6)

menghadap ke laut, jauh dari bangunan-bangunan

sekolah, menatap kebawah. (page 115 line

23-24)

68 What do you know that you

aren’t saying, luce asked when the silence began to get to her (page 103 line 10-11)

Apa yang kau ketahui tapi tidak ingin kau

sampaikan, luce bertanya ketika kesunyian sudah tidak

tertahankan. (page 115 line 28-29)

Calque

69 That water is fifty-one degrees, roland said (page 103 line 12

Suhu air itu sepuluh derajad Celsius, sahut roland. (page 115 line 30)

Adaptation

70 Did he send you here to watch

over me (page 103 line 14)

Apa dia mengirimu ke sini untuk mengawasiku. (page 116 line 2-3)

Equivalence

71 Daniel’s off doing his thing, he made a flitting motion at the sky (page 103 line 17-18)

Daniel sedand melakukan urusannya, roland membuat gerakan melayang ke udara. (page 116 line 4-5)

Adaptation

just here because (page 103 line 22-23)

punya kurusan,aku ada di sini hanya karena, (page 116 line 9-10) 73 Bullshit, he laugh. We all have

aour secret luce (page 103 line 24-25)

Omong kosong, roland tertawa. Kita semua punya rahasia luce. (page 116 line11-12)

Literal translation

74 This is your idea of a small

party, miles asked (page 108 line 1)

Menurutmu ini pesta kecil-kecilan, miles bertanya. (page 120 line 17)

Calque

75 Luce was watching roland,

wondering what story he was telling (page 108 line 2-3)

Luce memperhatikan roland, mengira-ngira cerita apa yang sedang di sampaikan cowok itu. (page 120 line 18-19)

Transposition

76 And of course, penn who’d

been nervous when she first arrived at the party but anded up having a better time that anyone (page 108 line 6-8)

Dan tentu saja penn yang awalnya merasa gugup mengahadirin pesta tapi

kemudia lebih menikmatinya lebih dari

pada murid-murid yang lain. (page 120 line 24-26)

Literal translation

guys, shellby said (page 108 line 11)

yang akan kalian lakukan. (page 120 line 29)

78 Me too, miles said. Expect for

the drum circle part in case that wasn’t obvious (page 108 line 16-17)

Aku juga, miles berkata. Kecuali bagian yang berhubungan dengan pandang siapa tahu kalian salah sangka. (page 121 line 4-6)

Transposition

79 You weren’t kidding when you

said you wanted to make your precence known (page 108 line 24-25)

Kau tidak bercanda ya waktu bilang ingin membuat kehadiranmu diketahui orang. (page 121 line 13-14)

Literal translation

80 Roland nodded graciously,

something huh? Something good or something bad? (page 108 line 16-17)

Roland mengangguk dengan anggun, luar biasa ya? Luar biasa bagus atau buruk? (page 121 line 16-17)

Modulation

81 As he led her behind a large

volcanic rock on the beach, there was a conspiratorial smile on his face (page 113 line 3-5)

Cowok itu tersenyum nakal saat menuntut luce kebelakang sebongkah batu vulkanik besar di pantai. (page 125 line 24-26)

82 The kind of smile that was contagious, finding its way onto luce’s lips too (page 113 line 5-6)

Jenis senyuman yang

menular, hingga membuat luce ikut tersenyum. (page 125 line 26-27)

Modulation

83 The kind of smile that

acknowledge not just that they were breaking daniel’s rule but that they were enjoying doing it (page 113 line 6-8)

Jenis senyuman yang menunjukan bahwa mereka bukan hanya melanggar peraturan bagi Daniel tapi merka jugag menikmatinya. (page 125 line 27-30)

Calque

84 Jealous? Luce asked, they were

alone now (113 line 11)

Cemburu? Luce bertanya, kini mereka

hanya berduaan. (page 126 line 4)

Literal translation

85 Why would you be jealous

(page 113 line 13)

Kenapa kau cemburu. (page 126 line 7)

Literal translation

86 They could still hear music

from the party, but from this side of the rock it felt like a private concert (page 113 line 18-19

Merka masih bias mendengarkan music pesta, tapi dari balik batu besar ini rasanya seperti pesta dansa pribadi. (page 126 line 13-15)

Transposition

(page 113 line 24-25) Daniel bertelanjang kaki. (page 126 line 19-20)

88 Take off your shoes, he said

and I’ll show you how angels dance (page 113 line 25-26)

Lepakan sepatumu, Daniel berkata aku akan menunjukan bagaimana malaikat berdansa. (page 126 line 20-22)

Literal translation

89 Daniel ducked his head to kiss

her check, but she was too close to tears (118 line 7-8)

Daniel menunduk untuk mengecup pipi luce, tapi luce sudah tidak bias menahan

tangisannya.(page 131 line 9-10)

Modulation

90 When she whispped her her

head around, Daniel was soaring across the sky (118 line 11-12)

Saat luce menoleh,

Daniel sudah membubung tinggi di

langit, diantara bulan dan lautan. (page 131 line 14-15)

Transposition

91 His wings were lit bright white under a moonbeam (page 118 line 13-14)

Sayapnya bercahaya putih dibawah sinar bulan.(page 131 line 15-16)

Equivalence

tell him apart from any of the stars in the sky (page 118 line 14-15)

sulit untuk membedakannya dengan

bintang-bintang yang ada dilangit. (page 131 line 16-18)

93 Luce was stepping out from

under the umbrella, but where was the harm? (page 123 line 1-2)

Luce sudah melangkah keluar dari naungan pengawasan, tapi diman letak bahayanya?. (page 136 line 2-4)

Modulation

94 A few minutes past the half

hour, the number five bus pulled up to the shop (page 123 line 5-6)

Beberapa minit setelah setengah jam berlalu, bus nomor lima berhenti di depan halte. (page 136 line 8-9)

Transposition

95 The bus was old and gray and

rickety (page 123 line 7)

Bus itu sudah tua dan berwarna kelabu dan reyot. (page 136 line 10)

Literal translation

96 She took an empty seat near

the front (page 123 line 9)

Ia duduk di bangku kosong dekat bagian muka. (page 136 line 12-13)

Modulation

97 It was raining by the time they got to town, a steady sideways drizzle just shy of a real

Hujan turun saat bus tiba di kota, terpaan hujan rintik-rintik hanya

downpour (page 123 line 15-16)

sebagai pertanda hujan lebat yang akan segera turun.(page 136 line 19-21)

98 Most of the businesses on the

main street were already closed up for the night, and the town looked wer and a little desolate (page 123 line 16-18)

Sebagian besar took di jalan utama sudah mulai tutup, dan kota ini tampak basah dan sepi. (page 136 line 21-22)

Adaptation

99 Not exactly the scene she’d

had in mind for a happy makeup conversation (page 123 line 19-20)

Bukan pemandangan yang ingin luce lihat untuk adegan berbaikan yang berakhir bahagia. (page 136 line 22-24)

Modulation

100 She could feel the chill of the rain on her nose and her fingertips (page123 line 22-24)

Ia bisa merasakan udara dingin hujan di hidung

dan ujung jemarinya.(pagae 136

line 25-26)

Adaptation

101 She spotted a bent green metal sign and followed its arrow toward nayo point (page 123 line 24-25)

Ia melihat tanda jalan besi berwarna hijau yang bengkok dan mengikuti panah kea rah nayo point. (page 136 line 26-28)

102 I wouldn’t but whoever sent you that note probably intends to (page 128 line 1-2)

Aku tidak akan membunuhmu tapi siapapun yang mengirim pesan itu mungkin bermaksud

melakukannya. (page 141 line 2-3)

Transposition

103 What? Feeling it almost

burning in her pocket (page 128 line 3)

Apa? Merasa surat itu seakan terbakar dalam kantongnya. (page 141 line 4)

Literal translation

104 Cam snatched it from her,

grimacing as he read (page 128 line 11)

Cam menyambar surat itu dari tangan luce,

meringis saat membacnya.(page 141

line 12-13)

Modulation

105 Come on, he said finally,

grambbing her by elbow. Its past time to get you back to school (page 128 line 17-18)

Ayo, cam akhirnya berkata, mencengkram siku luce. Sudah saatnya membawamu kembali ke sekolah.(page 141 line 19-20)

Literal translation

106 Cam started past her, toward

the dusk-swept forest he nodded once, her (page 128

Cam menatap jauh kebelakang luce, kea rah hutan berbalut suasan

line 25-26) senja cowok itu mengangguk, cewek itu. (page142 line 1-2)

107 These things are hard to come

by (page 133 line 1)

Benda-benda ini sulit di dapatkan. (page 146 line 15)

Modulation

108 Be thankful you don’t have to walk back to school, come on, get it (page 133 line 6-7)

Berterima kasihlah kau tidak perlu berjalan kembali ke sekolah, ayo masuk. (page 146 line 21-22)

Transposition

109 When cam popped open the

passenger-side door, luce’s jaw dropped (page 133 line 8-9)

Ketika cam membuka pintu penumpang, mulut luce ternganga. (page 146 line 23-24)

Literal translation

110 Who do you think sent you that note? You were lured out of school to be murdered (page 133 line 15-16)

Kau piker siapa yang mengirimmu surat itu? Kau di pancing keluar sekolah untuk dibunuh. (page 146-147 line 30-1

Eqiuvalnce

111 By them cam had the egine

running (page 133 line 24)

Saat itu cam sudah berhasil menyalakan mesin mobil. (page 147 line 10)

Literal translation

line 4) tidur. (page 152 line 4) 113 She passed her face against the

peephole and saw the convex smiling fces of dawn and jasmine (page 138 line 8-9)

Luce menempelkan wajahnya ke lubang pengintip di pintu dan melihat wajah dawn dan jasmine yang sedang tersenyum dalam bentuk cembung. (page 152 line 9-10)

Calque

114 Are you gaoing to shoo them

away or should I call campus security? Shellby asked (page 138 line 14-15)

Apa kau mengusir mereka atau aku harus memanggil satpam sekolah? Shelbby bertanya.(page 152 line 16-17)

Transposition

115 This was the moment of

choise: luce could stay safely on campus the way Daniel (and cam) had told her) page 143 line 12-14)

Inilah saatnya memilih: luce bias tetap tinggal di sekolah dengan aman

seperti yang diperintahkan Daniel

(dan cam) padanya. (page 157 line 12-14)

Calque

116 Half an hour later, luce was

starting, along with half of shoreline’s student body, at as

Setengah jam kemudian,

luce sedang memandangi, bersama

shining white 130-foot austral luxury yacht (page 143 line 16-18)

setengah muncul murud shoreline, kapal pesiar austral mewah sepanjang empat puluh meter

berwarna putih cemerlang.(page 157 line 17-19)

117 All about them, steven tilted his head, catching the full sun his already golden skin (page 148 line 19-20)

Semuanya, steven memiringkan kepala,

menangkap seluruh pancaran sinar matahari pada kulitnya yang sudah berwarna keemasan.(page 162 line

15-17)

Transposition

118 Is that why you haven’t taught them before (page 148 line 24)

Apa karena itu kalian

belum pernah mengajarkannya.(page

162 line 22)

Literal translation

119 But steven had said it himself: there were a trillion shadows out there (page 153 line 1-2

Tapi steven sendiri berkata: ada triliunan

bayangan diluar sana.(page 167 line 5-6)

Literal translation

120 As she whispped around

toward the sound, luce saw a

Ketika ia membalikan tubuh kearah suara tadi,

flash of something black dip off the bow of the boat (page 153 line 20-21)

luce melihat kilasan sesuatu berwarna hitam terjatuh dari haluan kapal. (page 167 line 24-26)

121 Hold on, steven caught hold of dawn’s waist just in time (page 158 line 7-8)

Bertahanlah, steven menyambar pinggang dawn tepat pada waktunya. (page 172 line 14-15)

Equivalence

122 Luce sat down next to shellby and began to root around in the sand for stone (page 163 line 3-4)

Luce duduk di sebelah shellby dan mulai mengaduk-aduk pasir untuk mencari batu. (page 178 line 4-5)

Transposition

123 It would be just like him, so

stubborn about keeping his own promise not to see her, but unable to stay away (page 163 line 7-8)

Persis sekali seperti Daniel, terlalu keras kepala memegang janji sendiri untuk tidak menemui luce, tapi tidak sanggup menjauhkan diri.(page 178 line 8-10)

Calque

anyway (page 163 line 23) kau setiap malam. (page 178 line 26)

125 Okay, shellby said finally

making a chill-out motion with her hand (page 168 line 1-2)

Oke, shellby akhirnya berkata membuat gerakan isyarat dengan kedua tangan agar luce menenangkan diri. (page 183 line 6-7)

Modulation

126 I didn’t know then, but now I

know it was an announcer (page 168 line 12-13)

Saat itu aku belom tau, tapi sekarang aku tahu itu adalah para pemberitahu.(page 183 line 20-21)

Modulation

127 They were looking at a living

room (page 172 line 10)

Mereka sedang melihat

sebuah ruang keluarga.(page 188 line

25)

Calque

128 She was wearing a

pink-and-white patterned dress, heavy white tennis shoes, and thick glasses om a string around her neck (page 172 line 19-21)

Wanita itu mengenakan gaun bermotif merah muda dan putih, sepatu tenis putih, dan kaca mata rebal tergantung dengan tali dileher. (page 189 line 6-8)

Literal translation

hair? Luce asked finally, remembering what shellby had

said about getting over

breakups (page 178 line 13-15)

rambutmu? Akhirnya luce bertanya, teringat perkataan shellby tentang cara melupakan

mantan pacar. (page 194 line 6-8)

130 I’m sorry I’ve been out of

touch. Things at school have been busy, but I’m having a lot of good experiences (page 183 line 6-7)

Maaf sudah lama aku tidak member kabar. Kesibukan di sekolah padat sekali. Tapi aku

dapat banyak pengalaman bagus. (page 199 line 6-7)

Eqiuvalence

131 I say we do CIA or doctors

without borders, shellby said (page 188 line 15-16)

Menurutku kita menjadi dokter CIA atau dokter suka rela shellby berkata.(page 204 line 11-12)

Adaptation

132 Luce looked back and forth

between shellby and miles (page 188 line 20-21)

Luce menatap shellby dan miles secara bergantian.(page 204 line 16)

Modulation

133 They’re after you, you know.

Word has gotten out that you’re here (page 193 line 3-4)

Mereka mengibcarmu juga. Gossip sudah tersebar bahwa kau

disini. (page 209 line 4-6 134 I can’t always be here to watch

over you (page 193 line 19-20)

Aku tidak bias disini untuk melindungimu. (page 209 line 22-23)

Equivalence

135 It was an illustration of a group of men inside a cave, shacked beside one another, facing a wall (page 198 line 9-10)

Dihalaman itu terdapat ilustrasi sekelompok pria didalam gua, dibelenggu dengan posisi saling bersebelahan,

menghadap dinding. (page 214 line 14-16)

Calque

136 Proof of why your name for the announcers is actually quite smart (page 198 line 18-19)

Sebagai bukti bahwa nama yang kuberikan untuk para pemberitahu sebenarnya cukup pandai. (page 214 line 24-25)

Modulation

137 Why are you helping me with

this (page 202 line 4)

Kenpa kau membantu ku dalam hal ini. (page 219 line 20)

Calque

138 There is alywas some truth to

the announcer, but it’s never the simple truth (page 202 line 10-11)

Selalu ada kebenaran dalam pesan para pemberitahu, tapi tidak ada kebenaran dalam apa adanya. (page 219 line

24-26)

139 From below them came the

sound of the door opening and closing on the landing (page 202 line 14-15)

Di bawah mereka terdengar suara pintu di buka dan di tutup di lantai dasar. (page 220 line 2-3)

Calque

140 She always felt the urge to cry when she was happiest (page 208 line 23-24)

Luce selalu merasa ingin menangis jika sedang sangat bahagia. (page 225 line 14-15)

Transposition

141 She opened her mouth but

didn’t know what to say (page 213 line 10)

Luce membuka mulut tapi tidak tahu harus berkata apa. (page 230 line 3)

Modulation

142 Do you understand what kind

of hell I go through to keep you safe (page 213 line 18-19)

Apa kau tidak mengerti berapa banyak kesulitan yang harus kuhadapin untuk menjagamu dengan aman. (page 230

line 14-15

Adaptation

143 Daniel’s beautiful features

distorted into a scary expression (page 213 line 22-23)

Wajah Daniel yang tampan berubah menjadi

mimic yang menakutkan.(page 230

line 18-19)

144 Luce’s hand hung frozen on her mouse (page 218 line 15)

Luce menutup email nyaris tidal mungkin membuat callie marah. (page 233 line 20-21)

Adaptation

145 I told him you’re doing very

well, considering your new surroundings (page 223 line 14-15)

Aku memberitahunya bahwa kau mengikuti pelajaran dengan baik,

meskipun dalam lingkungan baru. (page

239 line 23-24)

Calque

146 Okey, luce swallowed the rest

of her coffee. I’ll think about it (page 223 line 26-27)

Okeh, luce menghabiskan sisa

kopinya. Aku akan mempertimbangkannya. (page 240 line 6-7)

Adaptation

147 Sunset found luce walking

down the rocky steps to the beach (page 228 line 1-2)

Saat matahari terbenam luce menuruni tangga

batu menuju pantai.(page 244 line

8-9)

Calque

148 I can’t tell you whatever it is you want to know if you won’t tell me what’s bothering you (page 233 line 7-8)

Aku tidak bias memberitahumu apapu yang ingin kau ketahuin jika kau tidak ingin membeitahuku apa yang

mengganggumu. (page 249 line 13-15)

149 You’re holding me hostage our

here, Daniel (page 233 line 17)

Kau menanderaku disini, Daniel. (page 249 line 25)

Calque

150 The duel that followed was for show, merely a lesson Francesca and steven weren’t even wearing mask (page 238 line 10-12)

Perang tanding yang mereka peragakan untuk pertunjukan, hanya untuk pelajaran Francesca dan steven

bahkan tidak menggunakan pelindung wajah.(page 255 line 12-14)

Modulation

151 Luce had arrived at the supply closet just after the last face mask had been snagged (page 238 line 18-20)

Luce tiba dirunag lemari perlengkapan tepat saat pelindung wajah terakhir sudah di ambil yang sam sekali tidak membuatnya terganggu. (page 255 line 19-22)

Calque

152 Other than his catalog of black-market goods (page 243 line 25-26)

Selain daftar barang-barang seludupannya. (page 260 line 20)

Adaptation

nervously pushing away the point of the sword (page 248 line 5-6)

tertawa gugup sambil menyingkirkan ujung anggar roland. (page 264 line 26-27)

154 Do they say good game in

fencing (page 248 line 12-13)

Apa orang-orang berkata permainan yang bagus untuk anggar. (page 265 line 5-6)

Equivalence

155 Why could’t she get her heart

to stop racing (page 248 line 23-24)

Kenapa jantungnya tidak bisa berhenti berdebar-debar. (page 265 line 17-18)

Equivalence

156 When she swung the tip of her sword back around to get her first point, just south of lilith’s heart (page 253 line 22-24)

Ketika luce mengayunkan ujung

anggar kembali untuk mendapatkan nilai pertama tepat kearah jantung Lilith. (page 270 line 12-14)

Literal translation

157 Their voices were softer now,

less distict, but still clearer than they’d ever been before (page 258 line 7-9)

Suara-suara mereka lebih lembut sekarang, kurang jelas tapi tetap masih lebih jelas dari sebelumnya. (page 274 line 25-26)

4.2 DATA FINDINGS

No

Method of translation

No data Total Percentage

1 Borrowing - -

2 Calque 7, 16, 23, 33, 38, 44, 52,

55,68, 74, 77, 83, 113, 115, 123, 127, 135, 137, 139, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153

24

3 Literal translation 1, 4, 9, 11, 14, 20, 21, 25, 29, 31, 36, 39, 60, 61, 65, 67, 73, 76, 79, 84, 85, 88, 92, 95, 103, 105, 109, 111, 112, 118, 119, 128, 148, 156

34

4 Modulation 8, 10, 18, 34, 35, 40, 45,

46, 48, 53, 62, 63, 66, 80, 82, 87, 89, 93, 96, 99, 101, 104, 107, 125, 126, 132, 136, 141, 150

29

5 Equivalence 3, 13, 15, 23, 26, 27, 43,

49, 59, 64, 70, 91, 110, 121, 130, 134, 138, 143, 154, 155, 157

21

37, 42, 51, 58, 72 75, 78, 81, 86, 90, 94, 97, 102, 108, 114, 116, 117, 122, 124, 129, 133, 140

29

7 Adaptation 30, 32, 41, 47, 54, 56, 57,

69, 71, 98, 100, 106, 120, 131, 142, 144, 146, 152

19

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the data, it is obviously seen that there are many translation techniques occurred on the in Lauren Kate’s Torment into bahasa Indonesia tersiksa by Fanny Yuanita. Totally, there are 156 translation techniques translated by using 7 procedures of translation by vinay and dalbernet in venuti (2000:84-93); namely borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, adaptation, equivalence. None of translation techniques are translated by using procedure of borrowing.

The translation procedures used calculated based on malo’s method of social research (1986:200). The dominant technique that applied in the text is literal translation with the percentage (21.79), second modulation with persentage (18.58), third transposition with the persentage (18.58), fouth calque with persentage (15.38), fifth equivalence with the persentage (13.46), sixth adaptation with the percentage (12.17).

5.2 Suggestions

Sometimes the translation of a text may seen to be a good one. However, you still need to read it over again, and compare that translation with the ST. and then, while comparing the two texts sentence by sentence, clause by clause, phrase by phrase and word by word.

When it comes to translating a text by yourself, it is not advisable to read the ST only once before translating. It read it at least three times. This is so you fully understand

the massage conveyed in the ST, to enable you to make a good translation of it. You should also be careful with the translation technique(s) you use in translating the text. You wouldn’t want to give an ambiguous massase in your trasnalation. Furthermore, you should check, and double-check your translation before handing it to your teacher/lecture or client. Make sure you haven’t in any way altered the message conveyed in the ST.

REFERENCES

Bassnet, Susan. 1980. Translation Studies. London: Metheun.

Catford, John C. 1969. A Linguistic Theory of Translation : An Essay in Applied Linguistic. London: Oxford.

Fanny, Yuanita. 2011. Novel: Tersiksa. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Hatim, Basil, et al. 2004. Translation- an advanced resource book. London: Rountledge Taylor and Francis.

Kate, Lauren. 2009. Novel: Torment. New York: Random House Inc.

Nellisa, Samasstasa, 2010. An a Comparative Analysis on Translation Techniques used The 0riginal and NON-Original Translators in Translating Stephanie Meyers’s The Lost. Medan: Faculty of Letters USU.

Nida, Eugene A. 1969. The Theory and Practice of Translation. New York. UPDS. Newmark, Peter. 1981. Approaches to translation: Oxford : Pergoman Press.

Newmark, peter. 1988. A textbook of translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall International Ltd.

Moentaha, Salihen. 2006. Bahasa dan terjemahan – language and translation the new millennium publication. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc.

Moleong, Lexy J. 1990. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja.

Malo, mannasse, et al. 1986. Metode Penelitian Sosial. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka. Munday, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies- Theories and Applications. London: Rountledge Taylor and Francis.

Silalahi, Ulber. 2010. Metode Penelitian Sosial Jakarta: Refika Adittama.

Strauss, Anselm and Juliet Corbin, 1990. Basicts of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedure and Technique. USA: Sage.

Strauss, anselm. 2003. Dasar-Dasar Penelitian Kulitatif- Tata Langkah dan Teknik-Teknik Teoritisasi Data. Yogyakarta: pustaka pelajar.

Venuti, lawrence 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London: Rountledge Taylor and Francis.

Wills, wolfram. 2001. The science of translation- problem and methods. Shanghai: shanghai foreign language education press.

nervously pushing away the point of the sword (page 248 line 5-6)

tertawa gugup sambil menyingkirkan ujung anggar roland. (page 264 line 26-27)

154 Do they say good game in fencing (page 248 line 12-13)

Apa orang-orang berkata permainan yang bagus untuk anggar. (page 265 line 5-6)

Equivalence

155 Why could’t she get her heart to stop racing (page 248 line 23-24)

Kenapa jantungnya tidak bisa berhenti berdebar-debar. (page 265 line 17-18)

Equivalence

156 When she swung the tip of her sword back around to get her first point, just south of lilith’s heart (page 253 line 22-24)

Ketika luce mengayunkan ujung

anggar kembali untuk mendapatkan nilai pertama tepat kearah jantung Lilith. (page 270 line 12-14)

Literal translation

157 Their voices were softer now, less distict, but still clearer than they’d ever been before (page 258 line 7-9)

Suara-suara mereka lebih lembut sekarang, kurang jelas tapi tetap masih lebih jelas dari sebelumnya. (page 274 line 25-26)

4.2 DATA FINDINGS

No

Method of translation

No data Total Percentage

1 Borrowing - -

2 Calque 7, 16, 23, 33, 38, 44, 52, 55,68, 74, 77, 83, 113, 115, 123, 127, 135, 137, 139, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153

24

3 Literal translation 1, 4, 9, 11, 14, 20, 21, 25, 29, 31, 36, 39, 60, 61, 65, 67, 73, 76, 79, 84, 85, 88, 92, 95, 103, 105, 109, 111, 112, 118, 119, 128, 148, 156

34

4 Modulation 8, 10, 18, 34, 35, 40, 45, 46, 48, 53, 62, 63, 66, 80, 82, 87, 89, 93, 96, 99, 101, 104, 107, 125, 126, 132, 136, 141, 150

29

5 Equivalence 3, 13, 15, 23, 26, 27, 43, 49, 59, 64, 70, 91, 110, 121, 130, 134, 138, 143, 154, 155, 157

37, 42, 51, 58, 72 75, 78, 81, 86, 90, 94, 97, 102, 108, 114, 116, 117, 122, 124, 129, 133, 140

29

7 Adaptation 30, 32, 41, 47, 54, 56, 57, 69, 71, 98, 100, 106, 120, 131, 142, 144, 146, 152

19

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the data, it is obviously seen that there are many translation techniques occurred on the in Lauren Kate’s Torment into bahasa Indonesia tersiksa by Fanny Yuanita. Totally, there are 156 translation techniques translated by using 7 procedures of translation by vinay and dalbernet in venuti (2000:84-93); namely borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, adaptation, equivalence. None of translation techniques are translated by using procedure of borrowing.

The translation procedures used calculated based on malo’s method of social research (1986:200). The dominant technique that applied in the text is literal translation with the percentage (21.79), second modulation with persentage (18.58), third transposition with the persentage (18.58), fouth calque with persentage (15.38), fifth equivalence with the persentage (13.46), sixth adaptation with the percentage (12.17).

5.2 Suggestions

Sometimes the translation of a text may seen to be a good one. However, you still need to read it over again, and compare that translation with the ST. and then, while comparing the two texts sentence by sentence, clause by clause, phrase by phrase and word by word.

the massage conveyed in the ST, to enable you to make a good translation of it. You should also be careful with the translation technique(s) you use in translating the text. You wouldn’t want to give an ambiguous massase in your trasnalation. Furthermore, you should check, and double-check your translation before handing it to your teacher/lecture or client. Make sure you haven’t in any way altered the message conveyed in the ST.

REFERENCES

Bassnet, Susan. 1980. Translation Studies. London: Metheun.

Catford, John C. 1969. A Linguistic Theory of Translation : An Essay in Applied Linguistic. London: Oxford.

Fanny, Yuanita. 2011. Novel: Tersiksa. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Hatim, Basil, et al. 2004. Translation- an advanced resource book. London: Rountledge Taylor and Francis.

Kate, Lauren. 2009. Novel: Torment. New York: Random House Inc.

Nellisa, Samasstasa, 2010. An a Comparative Analysis on Translation Techniques used The 0riginal and NON-Original Translators in Translating Stephanie Meyers’s The Lost. Medan: Faculty of Letters USU.

Nida, Eugene A. 1969. The Theory and Practice of Translation. New York. UPDS. Newmark, Peter. 1981. Approaches to translation: Oxford : Pergoman Press.

Newmark, peter. 1988. A textbook of translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall International Ltd.

Moentaha, Salihen. 2006. Bahasa dan terjemahan – language and translation the new millennium publication. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc.

Moleong, Lexy J. 1990. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja.

Malo, mannasse, et al. 1986. Metode Penelitian Sosial. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka. Munday, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies- Theories and Applications. London: Rountledge Taylor and Francis.

Silalahi, Ulber. 2010. Metode Penelitian Sosial Jakarta: Refika Adittama.

Strauss, Anselm and Juliet Corbin, 1990. Basicts of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedure and Technique. USA: Sage.

Strauss, anselm. 2003. Dasar-Dasar Penelitian Kulitatif- Tata Langkah dan Teknik-Teknik Teoritisasi Data. Yogyakarta: pustaka pelajar.

Venuti, lawrence 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London: Rountledge Taylor and Francis.