4.2. The Intention of Illocutionary Acts
As explained in the previous chapter, illocutionary acts can be categorized into five categories. Searle 1979:13-23 categorizes them into five main categories,
they are:assertive, directives, commissives, expressive, and declarations. In analyzing the intention, the theory of Searle 1979 and Cruse 2000 are used. Both Searle and
Cruse introduce five types of illocutionary acts. Cruse defines each type more specific for the intention of the illocutionary acts. Below are the analyses of the
illocutionary acts based on the data in Discover Magazine’s some selected articles. 1.“Stem cells function far differently in mice than monkeys”, says biologist
Shoukhrat Mitalipov, a senior scientist in the Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences at Oregon National Primate Research Center and lead
author of the monkey study. In data 1, the type of assertive means asserting. Mitalipov performs an action
of asserting. He asserts the stem cells function far differently in mice than in monkeys. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.
2. “If we are going to bring stem cells to human clinic, we need to know exactly how those stem cells will work.”
In data 2, the type of assertive means suggesting. Mitalipov performs an action of suggesting. He suggests us to know exactly how long the stem cells will
work when we are going to bring the stem cells to human clinic. The intention of this illocutionary act is suggesting.
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3. “In mice, you can inject pluripotent cells from a black mouse into the embryo of an albino mouse in the womb of a mother mouse and they will get along well, and
you’ll end up with a black-and-white-spotted mouse chimera.” In data 3, the type of assertive means announcing. Mitalipov performs an
action of announcing. He announces that we may inject pluripotent cells from a black mouse into embryo of an albino mouse in the womb of a mother mouse and they
will get along well, and we will end up with a black-and-white spotted mouse chimera. The intention of this illocutionary act is announcing.
4. “In the monkey, when we tried injecting 20 or 30 laboratory-cultured pluripotent stem cells, nothing happened.”
In data 4, the type of assertive means reporting. Mitalipov performs an action of reporting. He reports that in the monkey, from the 20 or 30 laboratory-cultured
pluripotent stem cells experiment, nothing happened. The intention of this illocutionary act is reporting.
5. “The stem cells seemed to disappear; maybe they died” In data 5, the type of assertive means alleging. Mitalipov performs an action
of alleging. He alleges the stem cells may be died when it’s disappeared.The intention of this illocutionary act is alleging.
6. Even rhesus Macaques, he says, “are not the ideal nonhuman primate to study, since they are not as closely related to us as chimpanzees.”
In data 6, the type of assertive means asserting. Jason Robert perfoms an action of asserting. He asserts that rhesus Macaques are not an ideal study of
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nonhuman primate, because they are not closely related to human as chimpanzees. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.
7. “We need to ask if we’d learn more if we studied other animals-more expensive animals that are closer to humans.”
In data 7, the type of assertive means suggesting. Jason Robert performs an action of suggesting. He suggests us to ask whether we could learn more after we
studied other more expensive animals that are closer to humans. The intention of this illocutionary act is suggesting.
8. “If our ultimate goal is to take human cells and transplant them into human subjects, we want to know ahead of time that they will behave and integrate well.”
In data 8, the type of assertive means predicting. Jason Robert predicts, when our ultimate goal is to take human cells and transplant them into human subjects, we
would want to know ahead of the time that they would behave and integrate well. The intention of this illocutionary act is predicting.
9. “Stem cells therapies hold great promise,” he says In data 9, the type of assertive means stating. Mitalipov performs an action of
stating. He states that the stem cells therapies hold great promise. The intention of this illocutionary act is stating.
10. “No drug could restore functional tissue the way that stem cells could,” In data 10, the type of assertive means asserting. Mitalipov performs an
action of asserting. He asserts that no drug could restore functional tissue such the way stem cells could. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.
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11. “We will see if these three monkeys can have normal offspring. We will want to see if these chimeras persist through the generations,” Mitalipov says.
In data 11, the type of assertive means asserting. Mitalipov performs an action of asserting. He asserts they will see whether the monkey can have a normal
offspring and they also want to see whether chimeras persist through the generations. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.
12. “More is not always better,” says Domhnall MacAuley, a physician and editor at the British Medical journal who wrote an editorial accompanying the study.
In data 12, the type of assertive means stating. Domhnall MacAuley performs an action of stating. He states that sometimes, more is not always better. The
intention of this illocutionary act is stating. 13. While the findings are counterintuitive, “the study adds to growing evidence that
periodic exams in otherwise healthy adults are a waste of money and may even lead to overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatments,” says medical researcher Lasse
Krogsboll of the Nordic Cochrane Centre in Copenhagen. In data 13, the type of assertive means asserting. Lasse Krogsboll performs an
action of asserting. He asserts that even though the findings are counterintuitive, the periodic exams of healthy adults are such a waste of money and may even lead to
overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatments. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.
14. “I’ve always been a hard-ass,” he said.
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In data 14, the type of assertive means affirming. Steve performs an action of affirming. He affirms that he always been a hard-ass. The intention of this
illocutionary act is affirming. 15. “That’s just my style. And no one ever complained before.”
In data 15, the type of assertive means affirming. Steve performs an action of affirming. He affirms that is his style and no one ever complained before. The
intention of this illocutionary act is affirming. 16. “It’s years of lab work and green house work destroyed,” says Uwe Schrader, one
of the farm’s two managers. In data 16, the type of assertive means asserting. Uwe Schrader performs an
action of asserting. He asserts that it was years of lab work and green house work destroyed. The intention of this illocutionary act isasserting.
17. “There won’t be any results” In data 17, the type of assertive means predicting. Uwe Schrader performs an
action of predicting. He predicts there will not be any results. The intention of this illocutionary act is predicting.
18. “They targeted these particular trials to weaken research in Germany,” says Kerstin Schmidt, CEO of biovativ.
In data 18, the type of assertive means reporting. Kerstin Schmidt performs an action of reporting. He reports that they targeted those particular trials to weaken
research in Germany. The intention of this illocutionary act is reporting.
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19. “We had to go out into the fields and do it in a very public way, so the population wouldn’t see us as criminals,”Grolm says.
In data 19, the type of assertive means suggesting. Grolm performs an action of suggesting. He suggests us to go out into the field and do it in a very public way,
so that the people would not see us as criminals. The intention of this illocutionary act is suggesting.
20. “If they send me to jail again, I’ll go in smiling, and come out smiling,” he says. In data 20, the type of assertive means boasting. Grolm performs an action of
boasting. He boasts that he will go into jail in smiling and come out smiling when they send him to the jail again.
21. “I don’t think it’s a sincere effort to do science,” he says. In data 20, the type of assertive means stating. Grolm performs an action of
stating. He states that it is not a sincere effort to do science. The intention of this illocutionary act is stating.
22. “There’s no good gene technology. It’s like atomic energy-once you open the door, you can’t close it,” he says.
In data 22, the type of assertive means asserting. Beekeeper performs an action of asserting. He asserts that there is no such a good gene technology. It is like
atomic energy and when we open the door, we cannot close it. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.
23. “we can’t get rid of it once it out in the world”
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In data 23, the type of assertive means asserting. Beekeeper performs an action of asserting. He asserts we could not get rid of the gene technology once it out
in the world. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting. 24. “That’s not our thing, but you can’t really control it,” he shrugs.
In data 24, the type of assertive means asserting. Grolm performs an action of asserting. He asserts that is not their thing and they can’t really control that. The
intention of this illocutionary act is asserting. 25. “We may be at high tide now, but ebb tide could soon set in if we become
complacent and relax our efforts,” he said. In data 25, the type of assertive means alleging. He alleges that they may be
at high tide now, but ebb tide could soon set in if they become complacent and relax their efforts. The intention of this illocutionary act is alleging.
26. “These companies keep calling for coexistence, but I call it KO-existence,” beekeeper says.
In data 26, the type of assertive means insisting. Beekeeper performs an action of insisting. He insists even though those companies keep calling for
coexistence, but he calls it KO-existence. The intention of this illocutionary act is insisting.
27. “They just want to knock us out-it’s biological equivalent of locking a wolf and a sheep in a pen together to see which one survives.”
In data 27, the type of assertive means complaining. Beekeeper performs an action of complaining. He complains with the companies that just want to knock
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them out and to prove which one would survive. The intention of this illocutionary act is complaining.
28. “Decision making in this area of Germany is ideology, not science,” says Hans- jorg Jacobsen, a voluble researcherat Leibniz Universitat Hannover whose specialty
is transgenic legumes. In data 28, the type of assertive means asserting. Hansjorg performs an action
of asserting. He asserts the decision making in that area of Germany is ideology, not science. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.
29. “The agricultural environment in which we produce our food doesn’t exist in nature,” says Swiss plant ecologist Bernhard Schmid.
In data 29, the type of assertive means complaining. Bernhard Schmid performs an action of complaining. He complains the agricultural environment in which we
produce food does not exist in nature. The intention of this illocutionary act is complaining.
30. “In most cases we’re working with varieties where the genes and their product have been consumed for millennia,” he says
In data 30, the type of assertive means reporting. Doug Gurian performs an action of reporting. He reports, in most cases they are working with varieties where
the genes and their product have been consumed for millennia. The intention of this illocutionary act is reporting.
31. “Genetic engineering is fundamentally different. It’s disingenuous to say this is a new and more precise way to do breeding,” Gurian-Sherman says
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In data 31, the type of assertive means complaining. Gurian performs an action of complaining. He complains that genetic engineering is fundamentally
different. It is disingenuous to say that genetic engineering is a new and precise way to do breeding. The intention of this illocutionary act is complaining.
32. “I don’t think it’s as inherently risky as some people say, but I do think the risks are higher.”
In data 32, the type of assertive means stating. Gurian performs an action of stating. He states that he does not think genetic engineering as inherently risky as
some people say, but he thinks the risks are higher. The intention of this illocutionary act is stating.
33. “For a scientist, science looks obvious,” he says In data 33, the type of assertive means stating. Van Montagu performs an
action of stating. He states that science looks obvious for a scientist. The intention of this illocutionary act is stating.
34. “Europe was traumatized. Government regulators told consumers they had nothing to fear, and they did,” Paarlberg says.
In data 34, the type of assertive means affirming. Paarlberg affirms that Europe was traumatized. Government regulators told consumers that they had
nothing to fear, and they did. The intention of this illocutionary act is affirming. 35. “We have no problem with genomics,” says Kirtana Chandrasekaran, a
campaigner for the London-based Friends of the Earth. “Our problem is with their application in GMOs.”
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In data 35, the type of assertive means affirming. Kirtana performs an action of affirming. She affirms that they have no problem with genomics but they have
problem with their application in GMOs. The intention of this illocutionary act is affirming.
36. “Every week they’re photographed from every corner and every side, like models on the catwalk,” Puzio says with pride.
In data 36, the type of assertive means reporting. Puzio reports that the plants are photographed every week from every corner and every side, such models on the
catwalk. The intention of this illocutionary act is reporting. 37. “Calling for systematic assembly-line health checks consumes precious medical
resources- in doctors’ time and unnecessary treatments and test- that could be better used elsewhere.”
In data 37, the type of directive means recommending. Domhnall performs an action of recommending. He recommends stopping the routine health check because
of the unnecessary treatments and test and it would be better used elsewhere. The intention of this illocutionary act is recommending.
38. “Many adults don’t need an annual checkup, but they do need to see their doctors frequently enough to get the preventive services- mammograms, screenings for
sexually transmitted diseases- that we know work,” LeFevre says. In data 38, the type of directive means recommending. LeFevre performs an
action of recommending. He recommends the adults not to do the annual checkup, but they need to see their doctors frequently enough to get the preventive services-
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mammograms, screenings, for sexually transmitted diseases. The intention of this illocutionary act is recommending.
39. If you let loose a kid who appears to be lost on a street, will an anonymous stranger ask, “Can I help you? Are you lost?”
In data 39, the type of directive means asking. Robert Sampson performs an action of asking. He asks whether a stranger would ask the lost kid and offer the help
for the kid.The intention of this illocutionary act is asking. 40. If a stamped, addressed envelope is found on the street- something we actually
tested- will someone pick it up and put it in a mailbox? In data 40, the type of directive means asking. Robert Sampson performs an
action of asking. He asks the reader whether the dropped envelope on the street would be picked up by someone and put in a mailbox. The intention of this
illocutionary act is asking. 41. “I just have two questions for you. First, what the hell is wrong with him?
In data 41, the type of directive means asking. Bill performs an action of asking. He asks whether he has a problem. The intention of this illocutionary act is
asking. 42. “And second, can it be fixed? If not, he’ll have to leave the firm. We had
enough.” In data 42, the type of directive means asking. Bill performs an action of
asking. He asks whether it can be fixed and if it cannot, he will have to leave the firm. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.
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43. “Don’t you know who I am?” he demanded to know. In data 43, the type of directive means asking. Steve performs an action of
asking. He asks the officers whether they know who he is. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.
44. “what the f--- are you stopping me for? I’m due in court” In data 44, the type of directive means asking. Steve performs an action of
asking. He asks the officers what for they stop him. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.
45. “So, what’s changed? I asked In data 45, the type of directive means asking. Steve performs an action of
asking. He wants to know the thing that has changed. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.
46. “Do you snore?” I asked In data 46, the type of directive means asking. Bill performs an action of
asking. He wants to know whether Steve snores or not. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.
47. “Let’s put it in this way. “Steve said.“I’ve had people pound on the walls of the hotel rooms at night complaining that I was keeping them awake.”
In data 47, the type of directive means pleading. Steve performs an action of pleading. He pleads that people of the hotel room complain at him for keeping them
awake. The intention of this illocutionary act is pleading.
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48. “Does your wife ever notice that you stop breathing while you are sleeping?” In data 48, the type of directive means asking. Bill performs an action of
asking. He asks Steve whether his wife ever notices him stop breathing while he is sleeping. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.
49. “If I were a scientist that really wanted to study this, what would I do?” In data 49, the type of directive means asking. Grolm performs an action of
asking. Grolm wants to know something that he could do when he was a scientist that really wanted to study GMO agriculture. The intention of this illocutionary act is
asking. 50. “What kind of agriculture do we want?”
In data 50, the type of directive means asking. Martin Hausling performs an action of asking. He wants to know the type of agriculture that we want. The
intention of this illocutionary act is asking. 51. “When I can, I dry seeds without electricity. I use the sun, the wind,” he says
In data 51, the type of commissive means promising. Volker performs an action of promising. He promises that he will use the sun and the wind to dry seeds
without electricity.The intention of this illocutionary act is promising. 52. “I’m the guy the mayor turns to for legal advice when your clowns get yourselves
into trouble.”
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In data 52, the type of declarations means declaring. Steve performs an action of declaring. He declares that he is the lawyer that will help the officers when they
get problems. The intention of this illocutionary act is declaring.
4.3 Findings
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