Scope and Limitation of Study

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 3. 3. Discrimination : covers behavior and action to exclude the minority group from accessing to certain facilities and activities, such as education, employment, housing, parks, and so forth Wishart and Reichman, 356-357. 4. 4. The Whites : the term white, referring to people, was created by Virginia slave owners and colonial rulers in the 17th century. It replaced terms like Christian and “Englishman” sic to distinguish European colonists from Africans and indigenous peoples. European colonial powers established white as a legal concept after Bacon‟s Rebellion in 1676 during which indentured servants of European and African descent had united against the colonial elite. The legal distinction of white separated the servant class on the basis of skin color and continental origin. “The creation of „white‟ meant giving privileges to some, while denying them to others with the justification of biological and social inferiority. Adair and Powell, 17. 5. 5. The Blacks : a black is any person with any known African black ancestry who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations. Black is also perceived as a derogatory. This definition reflects the long experience with slavery and later with Jim Crow segregation F. James Davis, Frontline. digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Framework

In this chapter, the writer reviews some literary theories and concepts which are going to be used in the study. It clarifies the whole theory relating to issues in the statement of the problem. It includes the discussion of previous studies and theory of racial discrimination. The writer applies the Sociology of Literature as an umbrella of whole discussion in her study. The discussion goes on the social matter about racism in the novel. Due to the applied of sociology of literature as the umbrella of overall discussion, African American Criticism will be useful to apply in this thesis, that the perspective is used to approach and identify the racism which operates in Jamaica sugar plantation. Those theories are explained as follows:

2.1.1 Sociology of Literature

The sociology of literature is derivative from the word sociology and literature. Alan Swingewood in his book The Sociology of Literature explains that sociology is essentially the scientific, objective study of man in society, the study of social institutions, and a social processes; it seeks to answer the question of how society is possible, how it works, why it persist 11. While, Rene Wellek and Austin Warren explain in the book Theory of Literature that the term literature seems best if we limit it to the art of literature. The art of literature here is refers to imaginative literature 11.