Phenotypic Characteristics of Legund Chickens in West Java, Indonesia
Phenotypic Characteristics of Legund Chickens in West Java,
Indonesia
Jakaria*, Maria Ulfah, & Desha Anandya Putri
Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 16680,
Indonesia
*e-mail: jakaria@ipb.ac.id
Introducton
The Legund chcken s the rare Indonesan natve chcken that s naturally
devod of feathers on ts neck due to the autosomal ncomplete domnant naked
neck (Na) gene. Ths gene s not only responsble for defeatherng the neck
regon, but also restrcts the featherng areas around the body by 20-30% n the
heterozygous (Nana) and up to 40% n the homozygous (NaNa) genotype. Due to
the assocaton wth the reducton n feather coverage, mproved heat tolerance and
better adaptablty, survvablty, and productblty under heat stress condtons, the
Na can be used as a marker gene that s economcally mportant n modern breedng
system. However, the characterstc of ths chcken has been poorly characterzed
to date n Indonesa due to ther small populaton number, very lmted data of
ther phenotypc characterstcs, and bologcal parameters, and very lmted data
on ther current utlzaton. Therefore, the purposes of ths study were to observe
the phenotypc characterstcs, the nfluence of mported breed and the purty level
of natve gene of the Legund chcken populatons cared under tradtonal farmng
system n West Java. The research fndngs wll be very mportant to provde base
lne data that would be useful for the desanng ther conservaton program and
mprovement of utlty development.
Materal and Methods
Thrty one (3 cocks and 28 hens), and 32 (8 cocks and 24 hens) Legund chckens
respectvely from Subang, and Bogor Dstrct populatons, West Java, Indonesa were
observed n ths study. The purposve samplng method was used to select the study
areas. The dentfcaton of ndvdual households owned the Walik chckens was
done by usng the snow ball method. The phenotypc characterstcs such as varety
on base color of feather, color of the plumage, flck feather, feather pattern, shank
color, and comb types of the chckens were dentfed based on Hutt (1949), and
Somes (1988). The frequency of autosomal genes (feather color and comb types),
sex-lnked genes (feather feature, feather shne, and shank color), and feather pattern
were quantfed based on Nshda et al., (1980), and Stanfeld (1982). Predcton of
130
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
ntrogresson rate of mported breeds (Rhode Island Red, White Leghorn and Barred
Plymouth Rock), and purty level of natve gene were calculated based on Nshda
et al. (1980).
Results and Dscusson
The control of gene consttuton on phenotypc characterstc of Legund chcken
ether on Subang or Bogor Dstrct populaton was E+ B_ ss Id_ P. However, we
ddn’t fnd a sngle comb (pp) of Legund chckens on Subang Dstrct populatons
(Table 1).
Table
le 1. Frequency Dstrbuton of Phenotype Characterstcs n Legund Chckens found n
Subang and Bogor Dstrct Populatons, West Java, Indonesa
Phenotypc
Characterstcs
aracterstcs
cterstcs
terstcs
cs
Loc
c
Genotypes
ypes
pess
(Phenotypes)
Phenotypes)
enotypes)
ypes)
pes)
s))
Feather color
I>
I – (Whte)
Feather pattern
Feather feature
Feather shne
Shank color
Comb type
Genes
es
Gene Frequency
Subang
Bogor
qI
0.02
0.03
(Colored)
q
0.98
0.97
E_ (Black)
qE
0.03
0.10
e+ (Wld)
qe+
0.97
0.90
ee (Colomban)
qe
0.00
0.00
B>b
B_ (Barred)
qB
0.96
0.89
(Sex lnkage)
Bb (No barred)
qb
0.04
0.11
S>s
S_ (Slver)
qS
0.37
0.21
(Sex lnkage)
ss (Gold)
qs
0.63
0.79
Id > d
Id (Whte / Yellow)
qId
0.65
0.52
(Sex lnkage)
d (Black / Grey)
qd
0.35
0.48
P>p
P_ (Pea)
qP
1.00
0.53
pp (Sngle)
qp
0.00
0.47
+
E>e >e
The feather colour of Legund chckens was expressed as brownsh, red,
black, whte, and barred or show a mxture of colours whch are found to be hghly
phenotypc varablty. Ths varaton may result n ncreasng of ther survval under
local condtons. The relatvely low frequency of the whte plumage colour (Tabel
1)) can be attrbuted to the fact that whte chckens (especally cocks) are mportant
components n tradtonal relgous of the communty, therefore they are readly
to be sold. In term of genotpe, we had dffculty to recognze the heterozgous
and homozgous genotpe of Legund chckens n the feld as the owners appled
a very poor breedng record. However the frequency dstrbuton of feather was
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
131
domnated by the barred feather, ether on Subang Dstrct or Bogor Dstrct, 0.96
and 0.89, respectvely (Table 2). Horst (1988) stated that n homozygous condton,
naked neck chckens have a completely bare neck whereas n the heterozygous
condton they have a bare neck wth a tuft of feathers. Snce Na s a major ‘marker’
gene dentfed by qualtatve crtera (vsual, bochemcal or serologcal) that may
show assocaton wth quanttatve trats, ether because of pleotropy (Johnson and
Rendel, 1968), or because of lnkage wth other genes (Crawford, 1990), therefore
the further nvestgaton of sex lnkage genes on that chckens should be done based
on a complete breedng record.
Table 2. The Comparson of Introgresson Rate of Imported Breeds (Q) Rhode Island Red
(SR), Whte Leghorn (WL) and Barred Plymouth Rock (BR) to Legund Chckens
n Subang and Bogor Dstrct Populaton
Populaton
Introgresson Rate
Q
SR
Q
WL
Q
BR
QSR + QWL +
QBR
Purty Level of
Natve Gene (%)
Subang
-0.31
0.02
0.94
0.65
35
Bogor
-0.37
0.03
0.86
0.52
48
We also predct that the the gene of Barred Plymouth Rock manly nfluenced
the Legund chckens n both populaton. The ntrogresson rate of Barred Plymouth
Rock (QBR) to the Legund chckens populatons was hghest (0.94) followed by
Whte leghorn (QWL) and Rhode Island Red (QSR) (Table 2). Ths fndng s congruent
wth the Legund chckens that s predomnated by the barred feather (B_) (Table 1),
as a specal character of Barred Plymouth Rock. We then predcts that the Legund
chckens are prmarly developed by the farmers as meat producers, event n the
feld the farmers utlze ths chckens for dual purposes of meat and egg producers.
Further study on the morphologcal features and productvtes of the chckens
should be done to predct ther producton potency.
The purty level of natve gene n Legund chcken at Subang Dstrct populaton
was lower (35%) than that of Bogor Dstrct populaton (48%). Nshda et al.
(1980) found that the purty level of natve gene n Indonesan ndgenous chcken,
manly Kampong chcken was 28-55% (46% for West Java). The dfferences of
breedng practces to mprove chcken productvtes appled by the farmers may
result on ths dfferences. Recent fndngs show that Na gene result a better heat
tolerance and better adaptablty, survvablty, and productblty under heat stress
condtons. The gene s clearly expressed under unfavourable condtons such as
hgher temperatures (Cahaner et al., 1993), smaller durnal or seasonal fluctuatons
and under poor management condtons (Islam & Nshbor 2009). Therefore the
exstency of such gene must be mantaned and can be used as a marker gene that s
economcally mportant n modern breedng system. The breedng program that also
132
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
mantan Na gene must be set up to support the the conservaton and utlzaton of
Legund chckens n Indonesa.
Conclusons
The control of gene consttuton on phenotypc characterstc of Legund chcken
ether on Subang or Bogor Dstrct populaton was E+ B_ ss Id_ P. The ntrogresson
rate of Barred Plymouth Rock (Q
QBR) to the Legund chckens populatons was hghest
(0.94) followed by Whte leghorn (QWL) and Rhode Island Red (QSR). The purty
level of natve gene n Legund chcken at Subang Dstrct populaton was lower
(35%) than that of Bogor Dstrct populaton (48%). Mantanng the Na gene s
needed to support the conservaton efforts and mprovement of utlzaton of Legund
chckens n Indonesa.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the local government of Lvestock Department Servces of
West Java for supportng the annual populaton data of local chckens n Indonesa.
The authors also thank to the farmers for a very good cooperaton and helpng durng
feld survey.
References
Cahaner, A., N. Deeb & M. Gutman.. 1993. Effect of the plumage-reducng naked
neck (Na) gene on the performance of fast growng brolers at normal and hgh
ambent temperatures. Poultry Scence 72: 767-775.
Crawford, R.D. 1990. Poultry Breedng and Genetcs. Elsever Scence publshng
company, INC. 655, Avenue of the Amercas, New York, NY 10010, USA,
pp.429-467.
Horst, P. 1989. Natve fowls as reservor for genomes and major genes wth drect
and ndrect effect on the adaptablty and ther potental for tropcally orented
breedng plan. Arch. Geflugel., 53(3): 93-101.
Hutt, F. B. 1949. Genetcs of The Fowl. McGraw-Hll Book Company, New York.
pp. 103-226.
Islam, M. A. & M. Nshbor. 2009. Indgenous naked neck chcken: A valuable
genetc resource for BangladeshWorld’s Poultry Scence Journal, Vol. 65. pp.
125-138
Johnson, I. & J. RENDEL. 1968. Genetcs and Anmal Breedng. W.H. Freeman and
Co., San Franssco.
Nshda, T., K. Nozawa, K. Kondo, S. S. Mansjoer & H. Martojo. 1980. Morphologcal and genetcal studes on the Indonesan natve fowl. The orgn phylogeny
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
133
of Indonesan Natve Lvestock. The Research Group of Overseas Scentfc
Survey: 47-70
Smyth, J. R. 1990. Genetcs of plumage, skn and eye pgmentaton n chckens. In
R. D. Crowford. Ed. Poultry breedng and genetcs. Elsever scence Publshers. Amsterdam. pp. 109-168.
Somes, R. G. 1988.. Internatonal Regstry of Poultry Genetcs Stock, Bulletn
Document No 476. Storrs Agrcultural Experment Staton, The Unversty of
Connectcut.
Stanfeld, W. D. 1982. Theory and Problems of Genetcs 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hll Book
Company, Inc. New York.
134
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Indonesia
Jakaria*, Maria Ulfah, & Desha Anandya Putri
Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 16680,
Indonesia
*e-mail: jakaria@ipb.ac.id
Introducton
The Legund chcken s the rare Indonesan natve chcken that s naturally
devod of feathers on ts neck due to the autosomal ncomplete domnant naked
neck (Na) gene. Ths gene s not only responsble for defeatherng the neck
regon, but also restrcts the featherng areas around the body by 20-30% n the
heterozygous (Nana) and up to 40% n the homozygous (NaNa) genotype. Due to
the assocaton wth the reducton n feather coverage, mproved heat tolerance and
better adaptablty, survvablty, and productblty under heat stress condtons, the
Na can be used as a marker gene that s economcally mportant n modern breedng
system. However, the characterstc of ths chcken has been poorly characterzed
to date n Indonesa due to ther small populaton number, very lmted data of
ther phenotypc characterstcs, and bologcal parameters, and very lmted data
on ther current utlzaton. Therefore, the purposes of ths study were to observe
the phenotypc characterstcs, the nfluence of mported breed and the purty level
of natve gene of the Legund chcken populatons cared under tradtonal farmng
system n West Java. The research fndngs wll be very mportant to provde base
lne data that would be useful for the desanng ther conservaton program and
mprovement of utlty development.
Materal and Methods
Thrty one (3 cocks and 28 hens), and 32 (8 cocks and 24 hens) Legund chckens
respectvely from Subang, and Bogor Dstrct populatons, West Java, Indonesa were
observed n ths study. The purposve samplng method was used to select the study
areas. The dentfcaton of ndvdual households owned the Walik chckens was
done by usng the snow ball method. The phenotypc characterstcs such as varety
on base color of feather, color of the plumage, flck feather, feather pattern, shank
color, and comb types of the chckens were dentfed based on Hutt (1949), and
Somes (1988). The frequency of autosomal genes (feather color and comb types),
sex-lnked genes (feather feature, feather shne, and shank color), and feather pattern
were quantfed based on Nshda et al., (1980), and Stanfeld (1982). Predcton of
130
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
ntrogresson rate of mported breeds (Rhode Island Red, White Leghorn and Barred
Plymouth Rock), and purty level of natve gene were calculated based on Nshda
et al. (1980).
Results and Dscusson
The control of gene consttuton on phenotypc characterstc of Legund chcken
ether on Subang or Bogor Dstrct populaton was E+ B_ ss Id_ P. However, we
ddn’t fnd a sngle comb (pp) of Legund chckens on Subang Dstrct populatons
(Table 1).
Table
le 1. Frequency Dstrbuton of Phenotype Characterstcs n Legund Chckens found n
Subang and Bogor Dstrct Populatons, West Java, Indonesa
Phenotypc
Characterstcs
aracterstcs
cterstcs
terstcs
cs
Loc
c
Genotypes
ypes
pess
(Phenotypes)
Phenotypes)
enotypes)
ypes)
pes)
s))
Feather color
I>
I – (Whte)
Feather pattern
Feather feature
Feather shne
Shank color
Comb type
Genes
es
Gene Frequency
Subang
Bogor
qI
0.02
0.03
(Colored)
q
0.98
0.97
E_ (Black)
qE
0.03
0.10
e+ (Wld)
qe+
0.97
0.90
ee (Colomban)
qe
0.00
0.00
B>b
B_ (Barred)
qB
0.96
0.89
(Sex lnkage)
Bb (No barred)
qb
0.04
0.11
S>s
S_ (Slver)
qS
0.37
0.21
(Sex lnkage)
ss (Gold)
qs
0.63
0.79
Id > d
Id (Whte / Yellow)
qId
0.65
0.52
(Sex lnkage)
d (Black / Grey)
qd
0.35
0.48
P>p
P_ (Pea)
qP
1.00
0.53
pp (Sngle)
qp
0.00
0.47
+
E>e >e
The feather colour of Legund chckens was expressed as brownsh, red,
black, whte, and barred or show a mxture of colours whch are found to be hghly
phenotypc varablty. Ths varaton may result n ncreasng of ther survval under
local condtons. The relatvely low frequency of the whte plumage colour (Tabel
1)) can be attrbuted to the fact that whte chckens (especally cocks) are mportant
components n tradtonal relgous of the communty, therefore they are readly
to be sold. In term of genotpe, we had dffculty to recognze the heterozgous
and homozgous genotpe of Legund chckens n the feld as the owners appled
a very poor breedng record. However the frequency dstrbuton of feather was
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
131
domnated by the barred feather, ether on Subang Dstrct or Bogor Dstrct, 0.96
and 0.89, respectvely (Table 2). Horst (1988) stated that n homozygous condton,
naked neck chckens have a completely bare neck whereas n the heterozygous
condton they have a bare neck wth a tuft of feathers. Snce Na s a major ‘marker’
gene dentfed by qualtatve crtera (vsual, bochemcal or serologcal) that may
show assocaton wth quanttatve trats, ether because of pleotropy (Johnson and
Rendel, 1968), or because of lnkage wth other genes (Crawford, 1990), therefore
the further nvestgaton of sex lnkage genes on that chckens should be done based
on a complete breedng record.
Table 2. The Comparson of Introgresson Rate of Imported Breeds (Q) Rhode Island Red
(SR), Whte Leghorn (WL) and Barred Plymouth Rock (BR) to Legund Chckens
n Subang and Bogor Dstrct Populaton
Populaton
Introgresson Rate
Q
SR
Q
WL
Q
BR
QSR + QWL +
QBR
Purty Level of
Natve Gene (%)
Subang
-0.31
0.02
0.94
0.65
35
Bogor
-0.37
0.03
0.86
0.52
48
We also predct that the the gene of Barred Plymouth Rock manly nfluenced
the Legund chckens n both populaton. The ntrogresson rate of Barred Plymouth
Rock (QBR) to the Legund chckens populatons was hghest (0.94) followed by
Whte leghorn (QWL) and Rhode Island Red (QSR) (Table 2). Ths fndng s congruent
wth the Legund chckens that s predomnated by the barred feather (B_) (Table 1),
as a specal character of Barred Plymouth Rock. We then predcts that the Legund
chckens are prmarly developed by the farmers as meat producers, event n the
feld the farmers utlze ths chckens for dual purposes of meat and egg producers.
Further study on the morphologcal features and productvtes of the chckens
should be done to predct ther producton potency.
The purty level of natve gene n Legund chcken at Subang Dstrct populaton
was lower (35%) than that of Bogor Dstrct populaton (48%). Nshda et al.
(1980) found that the purty level of natve gene n Indonesan ndgenous chcken,
manly Kampong chcken was 28-55% (46% for West Java). The dfferences of
breedng practces to mprove chcken productvtes appled by the farmers may
result on ths dfferences. Recent fndngs show that Na gene result a better heat
tolerance and better adaptablty, survvablty, and productblty under heat stress
condtons. The gene s clearly expressed under unfavourable condtons such as
hgher temperatures (Cahaner et al., 1993), smaller durnal or seasonal fluctuatons
and under poor management condtons (Islam & Nshbor 2009). Therefore the
exstency of such gene must be mantaned and can be used as a marker gene that s
economcally mportant n modern breedng system. The breedng program that also
132
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
mantan Na gene must be set up to support the the conservaton and utlzaton of
Legund chckens n Indonesa.
Conclusons
The control of gene consttuton on phenotypc characterstc of Legund chcken
ether on Subang or Bogor Dstrct populaton was E+ B_ ss Id_ P. The ntrogresson
rate of Barred Plymouth Rock (Q
QBR) to the Legund chckens populatons was hghest
(0.94) followed by Whte leghorn (QWL) and Rhode Island Red (QSR). The purty
level of natve gene n Legund chcken at Subang Dstrct populaton was lower
(35%) than that of Bogor Dstrct populaton (48%). Mantanng the Na gene s
needed to support the conservaton efforts and mprovement of utlzaton of Legund
chckens n Indonesa.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the local government of Lvestock Department Servces of
West Java for supportng the annual populaton data of local chckens n Indonesa.
The authors also thank to the farmers for a very good cooperaton and helpng durng
feld survey.
References
Cahaner, A., N. Deeb & M. Gutman.. 1993. Effect of the plumage-reducng naked
neck (Na) gene on the performance of fast growng brolers at normal and hgh
ambent temperatures. Poultry Scence 72: 767-775.
Crawford, R.D. 1990. Poultry Breedng and Genetcs. Elsever Scence publshng
company, INC. 655, Avenue of the Amercas, New York, NY 10010, USA,
pp.429-467.
Horst, P. 1989. Natve fowls as reservor for genomes and major genes wth drect
and ndrect effect on the adaptablty and ther potental for tropcally orented
breedng plan. Arch. Geflugel., 53(3): 93-101.
Hutt, F. B. 1949. Genetcs of The Fowl. McGraw-Hll Book Company, New York.
pp. 103-226.
Islam, M. A. & M. Nshbor. 2009. Indgenous naked neck chcken: A valuable
genetc resource for BangladeshWorld’s Poultry Scence Journal, Vol. 65. pp.
125-138
Johnson, I. & J. RENDEL. 1968. Genetcs and Anmal Breedng. W.H. Freeman and
Co., San Franssco.
Nshda, T., K. Nozawa, K. Kondo, S. S. Mansjoer & H. Martojo. 1980. Morphologcal and genetcal studes on the Indonesan natve fowl. The orgn phylogeny
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
133
of Indonesan Natve Lvestock. The Research Group of Overseas Scentfc
Survey: 47-70
Smyth, J. R. 1990. Genetcs of plumage, skn and eye pgmentaton n chckens. In
R. D. Crowford. Ed. Poultry breedng and genetcs. Elsever scence Publshers. Amsterdam. pp. 109-168.
Somes, R. G. 1988.. Internatonal Regstry of Poultry Genetcs Stock, Bulletn
Document No 476. Storrs Agrcultural Experment Staton, The Unversty of
Connectcut.
Stanfeld, W. D. 1982. Theory and Problems of Genetcs 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hll Book
Company, Inc. New York.
134
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012