The Definition of Learning Context in Contextual Teaching and

32 assignments which are based on their own observation output. There are some elements which are important in the assessment and evaluation in problem-based learning. They are: the group discussion activeness process in the classroom, the learning group process outside the classroom, and the presentation of the report and the paper. Some variations can be made to those elements for example: self- assessment, teacher assessment, and peer assessment. 2 Cooperative Learning According to Richards and Rodgers 2001 cooperative learning is an approach to teaching that makes maximum use of cooperative activities involving pairs and small groups of the learners in the classroom p. 192. The purposes are to encourage cooperation, to develop critical thinking skills, and to develop communicative competence through socially structured instruction activities. a The Purposes of Cooperative Learning According to Johnson Johnson as cited in Trianto 2009, the main purpose of cooperative learning is to maximize the students learning in improving the academic achievement and the individual and group understanding p. 93. This approach helps students to work cooperatively in a group. The group ensures all members master the assigned materials. b The Principles of Cooperative Learning There are five principles of cooperative learning which are summarized as follows: mutual dependence which is positive between the students, interaction between the students which is increasing, individual responsibility, interpersonal 33 and small group skills, and the process in the group. Those five principles should be covered in cooperative learning. c The Steps of Cooperative Learning There are six steps in implementing cooperative learning. Firstly, the teacher extends the learning objectives which are going to be achieved and motivates the students to learn. Secondly, the teacher provides information to the students through demonstrations or literatures. Thirdly, the teacher explains to the students how to form a learning group and helps every group so they can do transition efficiently. Fourth, the teacher guides the learning groups when they are doing the assignment. Fifth, the teacher evaluates the learning output or every group presents their project. Sixth, the teacher finds out the ways to give some appreciations on the individual and group’s learning output. d The Methods of Cooperative Learning Methods which can be used in cooperative learning are: STAD Student Teams Achievement Divisions, jigsaw, group investigation, and structural method. In STAD, the students can use worksheets and help one another to complete the learning materials. In jigsaw, the students learn the material in an expert group then help the origin group learn that material. In group investigation, the students solve the complex inquiry. In structural method, the students do the assignment socially and cognitively. e The Roles of Teachers in Cooperative Learning In cooperative learning, the teacher has five main roles. Firstly, teacher has a role as an inquirer who aims to see every single thing his or her students do.