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Example : My father ecpected that i come home
My father expected my arrival In this case the subordinate verb becomes a noun. Transposition also includes
a change in the grammar from source language to target language such as: singular tp plural; position of the adjective, changing the word class or part of speech.
Example : SL : A pair of trousers
SL : Higher wages TL : Sebuah celana panjang
TL : Kenaikan gaji
2.2.4 Calque
According to Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti, 2000: 86. A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but
then translates literally each of its elements. They divided calque into two kinds: i
Lexical calque: a calque which respects the syntactic structure of TL, whilst introducing a new mode of expression.
Example : SL TL
Table tennis Tenis meja
ii Structural calque: a calque which introduces a new construction into
the language TL. Example :
SL : Equity financing TL : Pemerataan keuangan.
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2.2.5 Modulation
A variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified when, althought a literal, or even transposed,
translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL.Vinay and Darlbenet in Newmark, 1988:89.
Generally, modulation is divided into two types of modulation, those are: free modulation and fixed modulation Vinay and Darlbenet in Newmark, 1988:89
i. Free modulation
Free modulation is single instances not yet fixed and sanctioned by usage, so that the procedure must be carried out anew each time. This, however, is not what qualifies it
as optional; when carried out as it should be, the resulting translation should correspond perfectly to the situation indicated by SL. Free modulation is used often
enough, or is felt to offer the only solution, it may become fixed. Example :
SL : The most patient of suffer TL : Tak pernah mengeluh
ii. Fixed modulation
Fixed modulation is type of modulation which turns a negative SL expression into a positive TL expression. The difference between fixed and free modulation is one of
degree. Example :
SL : priceless diamond TL : Permata yang sangat mahal
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2.2.5 Equivalence
The translation of fixed expressions such as idioms with an equivalence that is very different in form. Vinay and Darbelnet in Hatim and Munday, 2004: 339. In
vinay and darlbelnet’s own word, the classical example of equivalence is given by the reaction of an amateur who accidentally hits his finger with a hammer: if he were
French his cry of pain would be transcribed as “Aie”,but if he were English this would be interpreted as “ouch”. [ if he were Indonesia, the interpretation of his cry of
pain would be: “aduh”] Another striking case of equivalence are they many onomatopoeria of animal sounds.
Example : SL : Cock – a – doodle – do
SL : Miaou TL : Kukuruyuk
TL : Meong
Vinay and Darbelnet use this term 2000: 90 to refer cases where language describe the same situation by different stylistic or structural methods. Equivalence
most dominant in form of idiom and proverb. Example :
SL : Full of beans TL: Besemangat
SL : A pig headed child TL : Anak yang nakal
2.2.6 Adaptation
