DESIGNING ENGLISH READING MATERIALS FOR STUDENTS OF ACCOUNTING IN VOCATIONAL SCHOOL THROUGH AUTHENTICITY-CENTERED APPROACH.
DESIGNING ENGLISH READING MANERIALS FOR SNUDENNS OF ACCOUNNING IN VOCANIONAL SCHOOL NHROUGH
AUNHENNICINY-CENNERED APPROACH
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of
Eagister Humaniora
By:
H A S N A H S I R E G A R Registration Number: 8106111015
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISNICS SNUDY PROGRAM POSNGRADUANE SCHOOL
SNANE UNIVERSINY OF MEDAN 2013
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DESIGNING ENGLISH READING MANERIALS FOR SNUDENNS OF ACCOUNNING IN VOCANIONAL SCHOOL NHROUGH
AUNHENNICINY-CENNERED APPROACH
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of
Eagister Humaniora
By:
H A S N A H S I R E G A R Registration Number: 8106111015
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISNICS SNUDY PROGRAM POSNGRADUANE SCHOOL
SNANE UNIVERSINY OF MEDAN 2013
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ABSTRACT
Hasnah Siregar. Registration Number: 8106111015. Designing English Reading Materials for Students of Accounting in Vocational School through Authenticity-Centered Approach. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan 2013
This study deals with the design of English reading materials for students of accounting in Vocational School through Authenticity-centered Approach. The objective of this study is to design English reading materials which are relevant to the needs of accounting students in SMK Swasta Jambi Medan. This study was conducted by applying the three phases of educational research and development (R&D). They are evaluating the existing English reading materials and assessing the students' needs, designing English reading materials, and validating the new English reading materials to the experts and by using Gunning Fog Index. The data of this research are from students' questionnaire, documents, and interviews of students, teacher, and stakeholders. The result of this study shows that the existing English reading materials are not relevant to the accounting students' needs. Therefore, new English reading materials were designed through authenticity-centered approach in order to meet the accounting students' needs. The new materials designed are from www.ehow.com in order to get the authentic materials. They are “How to Make General Ledger”, “How to Create a Balance Sheet in Excel”, and “How to Build a Profit and Loss Statement in Excel”. The new English reading materials were validated by two experts. They agreed that the new materials are relevant to the needs of accounting students. The readability of those new materials was measured by using Gunning Fog Index. The Gunning Fog Indexes of the materials respectively are 7.83, 9.13, and 6.76. Those results are interpreted as easy reading. It means, those three new English reading materials are readable for the students of accounting. In conclusion, three new English reading materials designed are relevant to the needs of accounting students. Therefore, it is suggested to the English teacher to design reading materials which are relevant to the students' needs.
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ABSTRAK
Hasnah Siregar. NIM: 8106111015. Designing English Reading Materials for Students of Accounting in Vocational School through Authenticity-Centered Approach. Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan 2013
Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan perancangan materi membaca bahasa Inggris untuk siswa akuntansi di sekolah kejuruan dengan pendekatan yang berpusat pada otentisitas materi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah merancang materi membaca bahasa Inggris yang relevan dengan kebutuhan siswa akuntansi di SMK Swasta Jambi Medan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengaplikasikan tiga fase penelitian dan pengembangan yaitu mengevaluasi materi membaca bahasa Inggris yang ada dan menilai kebutuhan siswa, merancang materi membaca bahasa Inggris baru, dan memvalidasi materi baru tersebut yang dilakukan oleh ahli dan Gunning Fog Index. Data penelitian ini berasal dari angket siswa, dokumen, dan wawancara siswa, guru, dan pemangku kepentingan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa materi membaca bahasa Inggris yang ada tidak relevan dengan kebutuhan siswa akuntansi. Oleh karena itu, materi membaca bahasa Inggris baru dirancang dengan pendekatan yang berpusat pada otentisitas agar sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa akuntansi. Materi baru yang dirancang berasal dari www.ehow.com yaitu “How to Make General Ledger”, “How to Create a Balance Sheet in Excel”, dan “How to Build a Profit and Loss Statement in Excel”. Materi membaca bahasa Inggris baru ini divalidasi oleh dua ahli. Mereka setuju bahwa materi baru tersebut relevan dengan kebutuhan siswa akuntansi. Keterbacaan materi baru ini diukur dengan menggunakan Gunning Fox Index. Index keterbacaan ketiga materi baru adalah 7.83, 9.13, dan 6.76. Ini menunjukkan bahwa ketiga materi tersebut merupakan bacaan mudah. Sebagai simpulan, ketiga materi membaca bahasa Inggris baru tersebut relevan dengan kebutuhan siswa akuntansi. Oleh karena itu, disarankan kepada guru bahasa Inggris untuk merancang materi bahasa Inggris yang relevan dengan kebutuhan siswa.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alamin, giving the deepest sense of gratitude to Allah Azza wa Jalla for a life full of happiness. Because of His generosity, the writer is able to accomplish this thesis as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master degree of Applied Linguistics Study Program Post Graduate School in State University of Medan and also for the last prophet, Muhammad saw, the greatest teacher of the great teacher. Countless individuals have contributed directly and indirectly to the success of this research and the completion of this thesis.
First, her extremely grateful is directed to her first and second advisor, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D., and Dra. T. Thyrhaya Zein, M.A., for their patient guidance, excellent advice, and constructive comments during completing this study.
Second, thanks are also directed to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum., the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, for encouraging to finish this thesis, and Farid Ma'ruf Harahap, the administration staff for facilitating the administrative procedures.
Third, thanks are extended to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP, Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., and Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M.Hum., the reviewers and examiners, for the valuable suggestions to be included in this thesis. Thanks are also extended to all lecturers of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, especially to Dr. Didik Santoso, M.Pd.
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Fourth, a special expression of gratitude is directed to Drs. Albiner Simbolon, the Principal, for allowing the writer to do the research, Darwin Siregar,S.H., the administration staff, for facilitating the administrative procedures, P. Manik, S.Pd, the English teacher, and the students of XII AK-1 for the best cooperation, and also all teachers in SMK Swasta Jambi Medan for their warmth and friendliness.
A profound gratitude is directed to her amazing husband, Rosmen, S.Pd., M.Hum., and her spectacular parents, Maslauna Harahap and Hasan Basri Siregar, S.T., and also Taat and Djuminah, A.Ma.Pd. for their moral supports, patience, and prayers; and to her beloved sisters and brother, Marianni Siregar, S.EI. Nurul Ihsan Siregar, and Abdul Latif Siregar, for their motivation to finish this thesis.
Special and sincerest gratitude are addressed to her close friend, Desi Agustina Hasibuan and her family for their patient loves, supports, and prayers. A special thanks is given to her Wiskul-holics, Salistri Annisa Manalu, S.Pd., M. Hum., Hartini Febriannisa, S.Pd., Yuniska Sitompul, S.Pd., Indah Sari Lubis, S.Pd., M.Hum., and Ryan Prayuda, S.Pd., M. Hum., and all XVIII students, especially class A-1. May Allah reward them for all their good deeds.
Overall, the writer hopes this thesis can give a bit contribution to the language education, especially major of English, and further pedagogical research.
Medan, February 2013 The writer,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
ABSTRACT ... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS... v
LIST OF TABLES ... viii
LIST OF FIGURES ... ix
LIST OF APPENDICES ... x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 The Problem of the Study ... 6
1.3 The Objective of the Study ... 6
1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 7
1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 8
2.1 English for Specific Purposes (ESP) ... 8
2.2 English for Accounting... 13
2.3 Related Studies of ESP …...…... 15
2.4 Learning Materials ... 17
2.5 Reading Materials ...…... 20
2.5.1 Simplicity ... 23
2.5.2 Authenticity ... 24
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2.5.1 Readability ... 26
2.6 The Importance of Teaching Reading... 28
2.7 Materials Design ... 24
2.8 Needs Analysis ...…... 32
2.9 Authenticity-Centered Approach... 35
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGH OF RESEARCH ... 39
3.1 The Research Design ... 39
3.2 The Source of Data …... 40
3.3 Techniques of Collecting Data …... 42
3.4 Techniques of Analyzing Data …... 42
CHAPTER IV MATERIAL DESIGN ... 43
4.1 Material Design ... 43
4.1.1 Phase I: Analyzing Existing Syllabus, Existing Materials, and Students’ Needs to Identifying Problem ... 43
4.1.2 Phase II: Reviewing the Teory or Principle of Effective Reading Materials; ACA .. 51
4.1.3 Phase III: Designing Syllabus and Reading Materials... 52
4.1.4 Phase IV: Validating New Reading Materials to the Experts... 55
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4.1.5 Phase V: Revising New Reading Materials
as Suggested by the Experts ... 57
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS... 58
5.1 Conclusions... 58
5.2 Suggestions …... 59
REFERENCES ... 61
APPENDICES ... 68
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 ESP Classification by Experience ... 11 4.1 ESP Classification by Professional Area ... 12
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
A. Existing English ieading Syllabus ... 68
B. Existing English ieading Materials ... 69
C. ieadability of Existing English ieading Materials ... 72
D. Questions in Interview ... 75
E. Transcripts of Interview ... 78
F. New Syllabus ... 87
G. New English ieading Materials ... 88
H. ieadability of New English ieading Materials ... 101
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CHAPTER I INTRODECTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Readeng matereals play an emportant role to the Englesh Language Teacheng (ELT). Thes statement es supported by Harsono (2007). He stated that learneng matereals es one of the very cruceal elements that has to exest to conduct teacheng/learneng actevetees. Englesh readeng matereals are requered en order to emprove readeng skell of students, especeally vocateonal students.
A vocateonal school es a school en whech the students are taught the skells needed to perform a partecular job. Vocateonal students need to be prepared to enter the workeng world after they graduate and should have some speceal abeletees to support theer knowledge. In Indonesea, the government encourages the graduates of juneor secondary level to proceed to vocateonal school. Thes encouragement es entended to prepare the human resources that are ready to work en order to reduce unemployment en the producteve age and reduce the number of poverty.
One of Prevate Vocateonal Schools (Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Swasta: SMKS) es SMKS Jambe Medan located en Jalan Pertewe No. 116 Medan Tembung. SMKS Jambe Medan has two skell programs, namely Offece Admenestrateon and
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Accounteng. In accounteng skell program, the prencepal of SMKS Jambe Medan, Drs. Albener Sembolon, expects that the students can be skelled labors or job creators en the feeld of Fenanceal Accounteng, Taxateon, and the operateon of Accounteng Applecateon, Myob (Sumut Pos, 2011). He realezed the emportance of Englesh for students of accounteng. Therefore, he enstructed Englesh teachers to open the conversateon class as an entracurrecular program besedes Englesh subject en the school. The conversateon class es expected to assest students en encreaseng theer Englesh speakeng skells. But the real fact es from the veew of the teacher en the conversateon class, Indah Sare Lubes, S.Pd., she should teach them the basec Englesh such as erregular verb, because when the teacher explaened a matereal related to the vocateonal school syllabus, they have a problem en comprehendeng the erregular verb. In solveng thes problem, she always asks them to memoreze feve vocabularees of erregular verbs and ets translateons everyday and the next day, they well pronounce et en front of class. When she was asked about the percentage of students who have good Englesh skells, she saed that only 10% of all students of accounteng have et. She also added that the lack of vocabularees es stell shown by the students of accounteng en spelleng the words, even a basec word such as chair. Thes realety shows that the students' motevateon en learneng Englesh es stell low because the basec Englesh should have been comprehended en juneor hegh school level, but they have not master et.
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Based on the realetees above, et can be concluded that the learners' motevateon and the lack of vocabulary are the problems en Englesh teacheng-learneng process. In solveng the learners' motevateon, Englesh for Specefec Purposes (ESP), en thes case, Englesh for Accounteng es extremely needed en order to encrease theer motevateon. It es supported by Chen (1993) whech stated that ESP well be more motevated, benefet, and effecteve en encreaseng students' learneng motevateon because et relates to theer feelds of the study and caters to theer needs. From hes statement, et can be assumed that the matereals whech concern to the feeld can encrease the learners' motevateon. It means, the matereals for students of accounteng should concern to theer feeld that es accounteng.
In order to solve the students' lack of vocabulary, readeng matereals are extremely needed en order to encrease the vocabulary mastery because when the students read the text, they well fend many new vocabularees there. In lene weth Hammer (1998) whech stated that readeng texts provede opportunetees to study language: vocabulary, grammar, punctuateon, and the way the students construct sentences, paragraphs, and texts. In other words, the students learn new vocabularees when they read a text. Vocabulary should be taught only en context, never en word lests to be memorezed weth decteonary defeneteons (Scheleppegrell, 1986) as practeced by the teacher above. The vocabularees whech teacher teaches should be words whech are useful for setuateons en whech they encounter Englesh.
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The teacher should not geve long lests of words each week but focus on useful words that are present en readeng passages that students are workeng et.
The competency standard of readeng skell en the nateonal curreculum for therd year vocateonal students es understandeng the meaneng of enterpersonal and transacteonal wretten descourse, both formally and enformally, en the form of conveyeng requests and orders relateng to the professeonalesm (BNSP, 2007). Because the focus of the competency standard es conveyeng requests and orders, thes study es focused en analyzeng the readeng matereals of procedure texts. The procedure texts taught by the teacher were from the textbook whech entetles “Get Along weth Englesh for Vocateonal School Grade XII Intermedeate Level”. The texts seem errelevant to the competency standard because the exesteng readeng matereals do not relate to the students' professeonalesm. The errelevant text es How to Operate a Sony Television. In the text, for enstance, that errelevant text es descrebeng about how to operate a sony televeseon. Thes text seems enappropreate to the competency standard for students of accounteng because et does not meet weth theer professeonalesm that es accounteng. The text was too general for them. Further, the matereals well not assest them to face theer workplace later as an accounteng staff, for enstance. If assoceated weth the theory of authentec matereals, the exesteng matereals, partecularly readeng matereals en teacheng-learneng process essenteally should geve the real enformateon or setuateon related to the students'
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feeld because authentec matereals are emportant tools for use en ESP classes, they motevate and emmerse learners en specefec areas of the target language en whech practece es needed. Besede that, chooseng the readeng matereal of accounteng should also concern to the language features (the sentence patterns, the technecal vocabularees, and the functeonal words/phrases) , the level of deffecultees, and the kends of genres that should be learned.
Therefore, thes study was devoted to studyeng and desegneng readeng matereals of Englesh for students of accounteng. In the other words, thes research entended to analyze the exesteng syllabus and readeng matereals. If the exesteng readeng matereals are not en accordance weth syllabus and relevant to the accounteng students' needs, desegneng readeng matereals are really requered. The desegn of readeng matereals well use Authentecety-Centered Approach (ACA). Accordeng to Meshan (2005), authentecety-centered approach es matereals-centered and upholds the emportance of matereals desegn not only as a professeonal skell appleed by course book wreters, but as one used by endevedual teacher en endevedual teacheng contexts. Semply, authentecety-centered approach es defened as a teacheng approach whech focuses on the matereals, en thes case, authentec matereals. The teacher geves an authentec text to the students en teacheng-learneng process.
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1.2 The Problems of the Study
In relateon to the background of the study, the problems of study are formulated as the followeng.
1. How are the exesteng Englesh readeng matereals for students of accounteng en SMKS Jambe Medan?
2. What Englesh readeng matereals are needed to meet weth the accounteng students' needs en SMKS Jambe Medan?
3. How are the Englesh readeng matereals desegned through ACA for the students of accounteng en SMKS Jambe Medan?
4. How are the new Englesh readeng matereals valedated?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In lene to the problems, the objecteves of the study were to
1. evaluate the exesteng Englesh readeng matereals for students of accounteng en SMKS Jambe Medan,
2. envestegate Englesh readeng matereals whech meet to the accounteng students' needs en SMKS Jambe Medan,
3. desegn Englesh readeng matereals through ACA, and 4. valedate the new readeng matereals.
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1.4 The Scopes of the Study
Thes study was focused on desegneng appropreate Englesh readeng matereals whech are relevant to the students of accounteng en vocateonal school, partecularly Grade XII-AK 1 students of SMKS Jambe Medan
1.5 The Significances of the Study
Theoretecally, thes study es expected to produce Englesh readeng matereals for students of accounteng en vocateonal school, partecularly for Grade XII AK 1 students of SMKS Jambe Medan. Addeteonally, et es expected to provede a good reference en desegneng appropreate Englesh readeng matereals for students of accounteng en vocateonal school.
Practecally, et es expected to enspere the Englesh teachers en vocateonal school to select appropreate Englesh readeng matereals for theer students. Moreover, further research es requered en order to exploet the best emprovement.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
Aftef analyzing the data, the conclusions wefe dfawn as the following. 1. The existing matefials afe too genefal fof the students of accounting. The
existing feading matefials afe too genefal and inappfopfiate to fof the students of accounting because the matefials afe not felated to the students' needs.
2. Theofy of ESP should be considefed in deciding the appfopfiate feading matefials to the students of accounting. The content of feading matefials should be felated to theif field that is accounting. Students of accounting need feading matefials felated to accounting. It means the content must be about accounting.
3. New English feading matefials afe designed thfough ACA in ofdef to find the appfopfiate matefials fof students of accounting. ACA uses authentic matefials as an appfoach in deciding appfopfiate matefials that will be given of taught to the students. The authentic matefials afe fequifed in ofdef to build the feal context of text which can benefit to them because the authentic matefials show them the feal situation which they face in the wofkplace latef. Fof instance, the teachef gives them a pfocedufe text
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about how to cfeate financial statement. In the wofkplace latef, if they will be asked to cfeate the financial statement, they can do the job well because wfiting financial statements afe the main job of accounting staff.
4. New English feading matefials wefe validated by two expefts by giving them questionnaife. The questionnaife consists of the dimensions of linguistic featufes, pfocesses, contents, and layout. The expefts checked whethef the dimensions wefe found in the new matefials. The fesult of questionnaifes shows that the new English feading matefials afe felevant to the students of accounting in SMKS Jambi Medan.
5.2 Suggestions
In felation to the conclusions, suggestions afe pfesented as the following. 1. It is suggested that the English teachefs should not give the genefal
English feading matefials. Students fof accounting should be give the matefials felated to accounting.
2. It is suggested that the English teachefs should taught the English feading matefials that the contents afe felated to the students' field. The contents of feading matefials fof students of accounting should be felated to accounting.
3. It is suggested that the teachef can use ACA as a teaching appfoach in designing the best feading matefials fof students in vocational school.
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4. It is suggested that validating the English feading matefials is fequifed in ofdef to pfovide an appfopfiate and feadable English feading matefials fof students.
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