THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READING SKILL IN PROCEDURAL TEXT : A Quasi-Experimental Study of Second Grade Students at One Vocational School in Bandung.
THE EFFECTIVEN ESS OF CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READING SKILL IN PROCEDURAL TEXT
(A Quasi-Experimental Study of Second Grade Students at One Vocational School in Bandung)
A Research Paper
Submitted to the English Education Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan
Degree in English Education
By Khaefiatunnisa
0902431
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
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The Effectiveness of Contextual Teaching
a d Lear i g i I provi g Stude ts’
Reading Skill in Procedural Text
(A Quasi-Experimental Study of Second
Grade Students at One Vocational School
in Bandung)
Oleh Khaefiatunnisa
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra
© Khaefiatunnisa 2015 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Januari 2015
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
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PAGE OF APPROVAL
Khaefiatunnisa (0902431)
THE EFFECTIVEN ESS OF CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READING SKILL IN PROCEDURAL TEXT (A Quasi-Experimental Study of Second Grade Students at one Vocational School in
Bandung)
Approved by: Main Supervisor
Prof. Dr. Nenden Sri Lengkanawati, M. Pd
NIP. 19511124 198503 2 001
Co-Supervisor
Lulu Laela Amalia, S. S., M. Pd
NIP. 19750409 200710 2 001
Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Language and Literature Education
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed
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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READ ING SKILL IN PROCED URAL TEXT
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji efektivitas penggunaan pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual dalam meningkatkan kemampuan membaca teks prosedur siswa dan mengetahui respon siswa terhadap penggunaan pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual dalam proses pembelajaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuasi eksperimen dengan melibatkan dua kelompok siswa, yaitu kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari pretest, posttest, dan wawancara. Data yang dieroleh dari pretest dan posttest dianalisis untuk mengetahui efektivitas pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual dalam meningkatkan kemampuan membaca teks prosedur siswa, sedangkan data wawancara dianalisis untuk mengetahui respon siswa terhadap penggunaan pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual dalam proses pembelajaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual dapat meningkatkan kemampuan membaca teks prosedur siswa. Selain itu, data yang diperoleh dari wawancara menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual memotivasi siswa untuk belajar dan membantu siswa memahami materi pembelajaran. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, disarankan bahwa pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual dapat diimplementasikan dalam pembelajaran membaca teks prosedur.
Kata Kunci: pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual, membaca, teks prosedur
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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READ ING SKILL IN PROCED URAL TEXT
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTR ACT
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Contextual Teaching and
Learning (CTL) approach in improving students’ reading skill in procedural text and
to find out the students’ responses toward the use of CTL in learning process. The
quasi experimental design was employed in this study involving two classes which were assigned as experimental and control groups. The data were collected through pretest, posttest, and interview. The data from pretest and posttest were analyzed by
using SPSS to examine the effectiveness of CTL approach in improving students’
reading skill in procedural text, while the interview data were analyzed to find out
the students’ responses toward the use of CTL in learning process. The findings obtained from statistical computation showed that CTL approach could improve
students’ reading skill in procedural text. In addition, the interview data showed that
the use of CTL motivated students to learn and helped the students to understand the materials. Based on these findings, it is recommended that CTL approach is implemented in teaching reading procedural text.
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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READ ING SKILL IN PROCED URAL TEXT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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TABLE OF CONTEN TS... 1
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2.2 Procedural Text ...Error! Bookmark not defined.
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2.3.3 The Difference between Contextual Teaching and Learning and
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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READ ING SKILL IN PROCED URAL TEXT
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LIST OF CHARTS
Chart 4.1 Students’ Opinion about Reading... 61 Chart 4.2 Students’ Difficulties in Reading ...62
Chart 4.3 Students’ Opinion about Contextual Teaching and Learning ... 62 Chart 4.4 Students’ Opinion about the Advantages of Contextual
Teaching and Learning ... 63
Chart 4.5 Students’ Opinion about the Disadvantages of Contextual
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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READ ING SKILL IN PROCED URAL TEXT
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A
Lesson Plan
Appendix B
Pilot Test Items
Samples of Students’ Worksheet on Pretest and Posttest
Appendix C
Students’ Work
Interview Data
Appendix D
Students’ Score in Pretest and Posttest
Appendix E
Pilot Test Result
Appendix F
Data from Pretest and Posttest Scores (SPSS)
Appendix G
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides a brief description about the content of the study including background, statement of the problem, aims of the study, scope of study, significance of the study, clarification of key terms, and organization of paper.
1.1 Background
Reading is one of the skills that should be acquired by the students in learning English. It is in line with Harmer (2007, p. 99) who states that reading gives effects
on students’ vocabulary knowledge, spelling, and writing. However, Indonesian
students’ reading ability is low. Media Indonesia (as cited in Sukyadi and Hasanah, n.d) reported that sixty nine percent (69%) of 15-year-old Indonesian students have internationally worst reading performance. Another discussion in Kompas daily newspaper (as cited in Sukyadi and Hasanah, n.d) found that around 37.6% of 15-year-old students can only read the texts without understanding the meaning carried by the text. Only 24.8% out of them are able to relate the texts with their prior knowledge. This reflects that many students in Indonesia still have inadequate ability to comprehend the texts.
Besides, in one vocational school, it was found that many students had difficulties in reading. They could not understand the passage and answered the
questions given, since they had lack of vocabularies. The students’ failure in reading
achievement also occurred as a result of not putting the reading materials and vocabularies in a context when they were used in teaching and learning process. Thus, the students were not able to get clear idea of the overall meaning of the text and they seemed to forget what they have learned.
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Beare (2014) states that giving contextual clues is important to help students understand unfamiliar words that they find in the text, thus the context clues can help students to increase their existing vocabulary knowledge. In order to provide context clues in teaching and learning process, Contextual Teaching and Learning (henceforth CTL) approach is applied. In relation to the School Based Curriculum (KTSP) of Vocational School released by National Education Ministry year 2006, the basic
competence number 2.6, “Understanding simple Instructions”, demands students to
develop their reading skill to comprehend the instructions or procedures. Thus, the implementation of CTL is crucial as one of the choices to help students understand the instructions and recognize the vocabulary used in the text.
According to Satriani, Emilia, & Gunawan (2012), the contextual approach is
“A learning philosophy that emphasizes students’ interests and experiences”. A study
of the Office of Vocational and Adult Education (2001) explains that contextual learning occurs when teachers relate the subject matter to real world situations. Therefore, the students are motivated to make connections between the knowledge they learned and its applications to their lives as family members, citizens, and workers and engage in the hard work that learning requires. The Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) strategies according to Crawford (2001) consist of relating, experiencing, applying, cooperating, and transferring (REACT). These strategies enable students to relate their prior knowledge to the new concept, construct the new knowledge by experiencing it in the classroom, implement the concept in problem solving activities, work cooperatively in group or pair work activities, and use the knowledge they got in a new context.
Since this study is conducted in Vocational School, it is important to apply English for Specific Purposes (henceforth ESP). As described by Hutchinson and Waters (1986, p. 17), English for Vocational Purposes (EVP) is a branch of English for Specific Purposes (ESP). Therefore, ESP materials should be used in teaching
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English to Vocational School students. It is supported by the content standard released by National Education Ministry number 22 in 2006 related to the purpose of
English subject in Vocational School, which is “Understanding the knowledge and
basic skill of English to support the achievement of major’s competence”. Besides, in relation to the approaches of CTL proposed by Berns and Erickson (2001), work-based learning is applied to integrate the materials with the workplace situation.
Previous research on the implementation of CTL had been conducted in Indonesian classroom setting. The study conducted by Wandansari (2011) on the first grade students of Senior High School found that the use of CTL approach could
improve students’ reading comprehension. Besides, Reardon (2011) conducted a research to adult English language learners in the Community Education English class in Wisconsin. It was found that the context clues were beneficial to increase
students’ reading comprehension significantly and helped the students to understand
unknown vocabulary words. The research in the same zone was also conducted by Muhlison (2011) on the second grade students of private Junior High School in Central Java. The result of the study showed that the application of CTL on English learning influenced pupil achievement. Another research on the use of CTL was conducted by Husna (2009) on the first grade of public Junior High School. She found that the students were able to increase their reading ability because of the enjoyable learning situation in the teaching and learning process.
From the previous research, CTL is applied with General English material. So far, there has been a little evidence of empirical study on the use of CTL in teaching reading procedural text with the application of ESP materials in Indonesian classroom setting. Therefore, this study is going to cover the effectiveness of CTL in teaching
reading procedural text to Vocational School students and the students’ responses
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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu|perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.2 Statement of the Problems
In conjunction with background of the problem, this study formulates the problem in the following research questions.
1. Does the use of Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) approach improve the students’ reading skill particularly reading procedural text?
2. What are the students’ responses toward the use of CTL approach in the
learning process?
1.3 Aims of the Study
Based on the formulation of the problem, the aims of the study are formulated as follows.
1. Investigate the effectiveness of Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL)
approach in improving students’ reading skill in procedural text.
2. Find out the students’ responses toward the use of CTL in the learning process.
1.4 The Scope of Study
This study is limited to the use of CTL in improving students’ reading skill in procedural text which is implemented to eleventh graders of one of the public
vocational schools in Bandung. In addition, this study demonstrates the students’
responses toward the use of CTL approach in reading procedural text. Two classes are taken as the sample of this study, those have the function as the experimental and control groups.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is expected to contribute both theoretically and practically to the teachers, students, school, and further researchers. Theoretically, it is expected that
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this study can enrich the teaching reading theory and method. Practically, for the teachers, it is expected that this study can help teachers to get more information about how to teach reading, especially reading procedural text by using CTL approach. Whereas, for the students, hopefully this study can motivate students to learn English, improve their reading skill, help them to enhance their vocabulary and increase their knowledge through the texts given. For the school, it is expected that this study can be used as reflection in order to gain effective and innovative teaching and learning
process by applying the CTL approach to improve students’ reading skill in
procedural text. For the other researchers, this study is expected to be used as an additional source especially for those who conduct a research on the method used in teaching reading.
1.6 Clarification of Key Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding, some terms are clarified as follows.
The contextual approach is a learning philosophy that emphasizes students’ interests and experiences (Satriani, et al, 2012). CTL approach in this study is a method used in teaching reading procedural text.
Reading is an ability to draw meaning from printed page and to construe information appropriately which entails a great deal of practice and skill (Grabe and Stoller, 2002; Mereilon, 2007 as cited in Alemi and Ebadi, 2010). Reading in this study refers to reading procedural text on the eleventh grade of Vocational School.
Procedural text is one of types of the text which instructs in how to do something through a sequence of the steps (Emilia, 20011, p. 28). Procedural text in this study focuses on the instructions used in Computer and Networking Technology.
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REACT is strategies of teaching which consist of relating, experiencing, applying, cooperating, and transferring (Crawford, 2001). REACT in this study refers to stages of activities in CTL approach.
ESP is an approach to language teaching which aims to meet the needs of particular learners (Hutchinson and Waters, 1986, p. 21). ESP in this study refers to English for Computer and Networking Technology.
1.7 Organization of Paper
This research is organized into five chapters as follows.
CHAPTER I Introduction. This chapter consists of background, statement of the problem, aims of the study, scope of study, significance of the study, clarification of key terms, and organization of paper.
CHAPTER II Theoretical Foundation. This chapter highlights the theoretical framework of the study, which serves a set of relevant theories as a base for investigating research problems. In addition, previous studies related to the use of Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) approach are also reviewed to match both of the theories and the fact gained from the study conducted.
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CHAPTER III Research Methodology. This chapter presents the research method for conducting the study including research design, research hypothesis, population and sample, data collection, and data analysis technique.
CHAPTER IV Findings and Discussion. This chapter presents the research findings obtained from pretest, posttest, and interview, and the discussions of the research result.
CHAPTER V Conclusions. This chapter elaborates some conclusions and recommendations for further better study.
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C
HAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the methodical aspects of the present study. This chapter covers research design, research hypothesis, population and sample, data collection, and data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
This study used a quasi-experimental design, which included experimental and control groups. Hatch & Farhady (1982) states that quasi-experimental designs are practical compromises between true experimentation and the nature of human language behavior which the researcher wishes to investigate. It creates treatment conditions by manipulating an independent variable, and then giving test to the participants to obtain a set of scores within each condition (Gravetter and Forzano, 2012). A quasi-experimental design involves selecting groups which are tested without any random sampling. Therefore, it can reduce time and resources needed for experimentation (Shuttleworth, 2008).
There were two groups investigated in this study. They were an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was given treatment of CTL approach, while the control group was given treatment of GTM.
Table 3.1 The Experimental Research
Experimental T1E X1 T2E
Control T1C X2 T2C
(Adapted from Hatch and Farhady, 1982, p. 21)
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T1E : students‟ reading score of experimental group in pretest
T1C : students‟ reading score of control group in pretest
X1 : treatments using CTL approach for experimental group
X2 : treatments using GTM for control group
T2E : students‟ reading score of experimental group in posttest
T2C : students‟ reading score of control group in posttest 3.1.1 Variables
Variable is an attribute of a person or of an object which varies from person to person or from object to object (Hatch and Farhady, 1982, p. 12). There were two variables in this study, including independent and dependent variables. According to Hatch and Farhady (1982, p. 15), independent variable is the major variable which the researcher wishes to investigate. The independent variable in this study was the use of CTL. Meanwhile, dependent variable is the variable observed and measured to determine the effect of the independent variable (Hatch and Farhady, 1982). The
dependent variable in this study was students‟ reading comprehension scores. 3.2 Research Hypothesis
Hypothesis is the proposition which arises from and is consistent with the theory, and then it is tested by using experimental research (Coolidge, 2000). Further, Coolidge explains the two hypotheses in an experiment; (1) the experiments begun with a research idea called null hypothesis (H0). It states that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variable; (2) the prior research belief about what is true called alternative hypothesis (Ha). It states that there is relationship between the independent and dependent variable.
The null hypothesis (H0) in this study stated there is no significant difference in
mean’s score between students who are taught by using CTL approach and GTM.
Meanwhile, alternative hypothesis (Ha) stated there is significant difference in mean’s score between those who are taught by using CTL approach and GTM.
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The formulation of the null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (HA) according to Coolidge (2000, p. 98) is as follows.
H0:µ1= µ2 HA: µ1≠ µ2
Note:
H0 : null hypothesis
HA : alternative hypothesis
µ1 : mean‟s score of students who are taught by using CTL approach
µ2 : mean‟s score of students who are taught by using CTL approach 3.3 Population and Sample
Population is the entire group of people or object which has quantity and characteristics in common to be learned and inferred (Sugiyono, 2002, p. 55). Sample is a part of the population which will be investigated (Arikunto, 2006). The population of this study was the eleventh graders of one of the public vocational schools in Bandung. From the nine existing classes, only two classes were chosen as the sample of this study: XI TKJ 1 and XI TKJ 2. XI TKJ 1 was chosen as the experimental group and XI TKJ 2 was chosen as the control group. Each group consisted of 30 students, thus the total numbers of the sample of this study were 60 students.
The selection of samples were based on the following considerations: (1) procedural text is taught in eleventh graders of Vocational School; (2) the two groups are in the same major. Therefore, it is expected that the students have similar characteristics in terms of academic competence. Moreover, the study was conducted in one of Vocational Schools in Bandung. The selection of the Vocational School students as the research site is based on several reasons. First, this school is expected to be the model for surrounding schools under the West Java Province Government,
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satisfying yet. Therefore, there should be an appropriate method to help students improve their skills in English. Second, the researcher had been familiar to this site. Therefore, the researcher could adapt easily to the surroundings and the students (Creswell, 2012, pp. 210-211 as cited in Mayangsari, 2014).
3.4 Data Collection
The data were collected through several instruments which were elaborated in the instrumentation, and the treatments given were described in the research procedure.
3.4.1 Instrume ntation
In collecting the data, there were three instruments used: teaching materials, pilot test, pretest and posttest, and interview.
3.4.1.1 Te aching M ate rial
Teaching materials given to the students were taken from the relevant textbooks for the second grade students of Vocational School, including “Get Along
with English” by Sutinah and “Electronic Book (BSE)” by Widyantoro, Pratiwi, &
Prihatini, and sources from the internet. The materials covered some procedural texts about giving instruction. This is in accordance with basic competence number 2.6,
“Understanding Simple Instruction”, stated in the School Based Curriculum (KTSP)
of Vocational School released by National Education Ministry year 2006. The materials about understanding simple instruction was taught to the second grade students of Vocational School on the fourth semester. The materials were associated
to the students‟ major as the context of learning. The materials were chosen and then
developed into lesson plans and delivered during the treatments.
In the experimental group, the material was delivered by using CTL approach. The material used in the control group was similar to the one used in the experimental
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group. However, it was delivered by using GTM. The use of CTL approach and GTM in the experimental and control groups aimed to help students to improve their reading comprehension. The study conducted by Wandansari (2011) on the first grade students of Senior High School found that the use of CTL approach effectively
improved students‟ reading comprehension. Another study related to the use of GTM was conducted by Zahra (2012) on the second grade students of Junior High School in Karawang. The result of the study showed that the use of GTM could help students to read better, to know the vocabulary and the meaning of the text, and to improve their reading ability. Therefore, this study tried to give treatment to help students improve their reading comprehension through different way. CTL provides students with the context, meanwhile GTM facilitates students with grammar and translations of the words to help students gain comprehension.
3.4.1.2 Pilot Te s t
A pilot test is a standard scientific tool for 'soft' research, allowing scientists to conduct a preliminary analysis before committing to a full-blown study or experiment (Shuttleworth, 2014). The pilot test was administered to examine the validity of the instrument used in pretest and posttest. The pilot test items were designed by choosing the text related to computer and networking technology and
developing 40 questions related to the text. The students‟ score in pilot test was then
analyzed by using SPSS 17.0 for windows. The items considered valid were then calculated to find out the reliability, level of difficulty, and discrimination index. After that, these items were used to formulate pretest and posttest.
3.4.1.3 Pre te s t and Pos tte s t
The pretest was given to both control and experimental groups before the
students received treatments. It aimed to determine the students‟ knowledge level of the course content. On the other hand, post-test was conducted to see whether the
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treatments given were successful in increasing students‟ knowledge of the training
content
(
I-Tech Technical Implementation Guide, 2010). Therefore, it can be determined if there is significant difference between the control and experimental groups after receiving treatments.Pretest and posttest were developed based on the analysis of pilot test. The questions in pre-test and post-test covered finding main ideas, supporting details, vocabularies, and characteristics of procedural text.
3.4.1.4 Inte rvie w
The interview was carried out to the students in the experimental group after the treatments were completed. It aimed to obtain more information about the students‟ responses toward the use of CTL approach. The interview was conducted individually in the form of open ended questions. Open ended questions allow interviewees to express what they think in their own words (McLeod, 2014) and elicit deeper information about the topic discussed (Sugiyono, 2010). The coverage of
interview included students‟ opinion about reading, students‟ opinion about the importance of reading, difficulties that the students found in reading, the students‟
opinion toward the use of CTL in the learning process, the advantages and disadvantages they got after learning procedural text by using CTL. The interview was developed by formulating open-ended questions to fulfill the coverage of the
interview mentioned before. The students‟ answer in interview was then classified and converted into percentage.
3.4.2 Research Procedure
This study was conducted from April 25 to May 30, 2014. The research schedule can be seen in table 3.2 and was interpreted in the next section.
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No. Experimental Group (EG) Control Group (CG)
Date Material Date Material
1. April 25, 2014
Pre-test April 30, 2014
Pre-test Treatment 1 using CTL
approach: How can I change it?
Treatment 1 using Grammar Translation Method: How can I
change it?
2. May 2, 2014
Procedural Text: Treatment 2 using CTL approach: How do I Upload
My Photo?
May 7, 2014
Procedural Text: Treatment 2 using Grammar Translation Method: How do I
Upload My Photo?
3. May 9, 2014
Procedural Text: Treatment 3 using CTL approach: How to Reset
Printer
May 14, 2014
Procedural Text: Treatment 3 using Grammar Translation Method: How to
Reset Printer 4. May 16,
2014
Procedural Tex Treatment 4 using CTL approach: I Need to Send It
May 21, 2014
Procedural Tex Treatment 4 using Grammar Translation Method: I Need to
Send It 5. May 23,
2014
Procedural Text: Treatment 5 using CTL approach: Design Your
Presentation
May 28, 2014
Procedural Text: Treatment 5 using Grammar Translation Method: Design
Your Presentation
6. May 30, 2014
Post-test May 30,
2014
Post-test
Interview
In implementing the research, the following procedures were carried out.
1. Administering the pilot test
The first step of this research was conducting a pilot test. It aims to examine the validity of instrument and then revise it into the correct one (Creswell, 1994).
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Therefore, pilot test is one of the most critical aspects of a successful survey to generate good survey data (Rothgeb, 2013). The pilot test was delivered to 32 students of eleventh graders of Vocational School in the same major by giving forty multiple choice questions.
2. Administering the pretest
The pretest was conducted on April 25th and April 30th 2014. It was given to both experimental and control groups in which each group consists of 30 students. This test was conducted in the first meeting for 60 minutes. There were 31 questions in the form of multiple choice items related to procedural text.
3. The treatments
The treatments were carried out for five meetings. The experimental group was given treatments by using CTL approach to teach reading procedural text. Meanwhile, the control group was taught by using Grammar Translation Method. The materials used were taken from the relevant English textbooks and sources from internet. The material includes some procedural texts about giving instruction related to computer.
Regarding the methodology used in administering the treatments, the stages of REACT (Relating, Experiencing, Applying, Cooperating, and Transferring) were applied in every meeting in the treatment. The treatments which used CTL in teaching and learning process were discussed below.
Treatment 1: How can I change it?
On the first meeting, students were displayed a picture of computer and laptop. Then, they were given some questions related to the pictures and were asked to mention the steps in changing the computer desktop. This stage was the application
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of relating stage. In experiencing stage, students were given a text (see appendix A) and instructed to find the appropriate words to complete the text. In applying stage, students discussed the content of the text and were given a quiz to answer the questions related to the text. After that, they were instructed to arrange the pictures based on the given instructions. The cooperating stage was included in every stage of activity. In transferring stage, students were given new texts with the same topic and instructed to answer the questions in group. (see Appendix A)
Treatment 2: How do I Upload My Photo?
On the second treatment, as an application of relating stage, a picture of Facebook Homepage was displayed and some questions including the steps of uploading photos in Facebook were also proposed. After that, in experiencing stage, the students completed the text (see appendix A) with appropriate words. After discussing the answer, the students were given a word search game, in which the students were challenged to find the words based on the clues given. In applying
stage, the students answered the questions orally and mentioned the tools needed in doing the instruction given before. After that, they arranged the jumbled pictures into the correct order based on the instructions. In the last stage, transferring, the students were given different texts and answered the questions provided. (see Appendix A)
Treatment 3: How to Reset Printer
On the third treatment, the students were displayed a video about resetting Epson T13 printer and were given some questions as the relating stage. In the
experiencing stage, the students completed the text (see appendix A) with appropriate words. After that, they were instructed to write down the words according to the clues given. Then, students analyzed the parts of the text guided by the teacher. In the
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that, every group were asked to demonstrate the instructions given before. The new text and exercises were given in the transferring stage. (see Appendix A)
Treatment 4: I Need to Send It
On the fourth treatment, the students were stimulated by using a video which showed how to send email using yahoo. After that, they were asked whether they have ever sent an email using yahoo, and explained the steps of sending an email they have ever done. These steps were implemented in relating stage to relate the material being learned with their experience. Completing the text (see appendix A) with the appropriate words, matching the words with the clues, and mentioning temporal connective words found in the text were applied in the experiencing stage. In
applying stage, students played a „find the answer games’. Here, students worked together to answer the questions given one by one. Students could take the next question after they have answered the question correctly. The fastest group which could finish the questions became the winner and got the highest score. After that, the students were instructed to apply the instructions about sending an email using Yahoo Mail. Internet connection provided by the school enabled students to send the email. In transferring stage, the students were given new texts and completed the exercises. (see Appendix A)
Treatment 5: Design Your Presentation
On the last treatment, the students watched a short video about how to insert video in the Power Point Presentation for windows 2007. Then, they were asked to explain how to put a video in the Power Point Presentation for windows 2007 based on their own experience or the video they have watched. These activities were implemented in relating stage. In experiencing stage, the students completed gaps in the text (see appendix A) and played ‘Find the Words Games’ to find the appropriate words based on the clues given. These activities encouraged students to work in
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group to complete the task. After that, the students found imperative words mentioned in the text. In applying stage, the students were given a quiz related to the text that they have read and were instructed to design their own presentation in
Microsoft Office Power Point. Then, the students‟ work was displayed in front of the class. In the last stage, transferring, students were given a different text and completed the exercises. (see Appendix A)
4. Post-test
After the treatments were delivered, the post-test was administered to investigate if there is significance different between the control and experimental groups, in which both of them received different treatments. This test was given to both control and experimental groups on May 30th 2014 by giving 31 numbers of multiple choice questions.
5. Interview
The interview was conducted on May 30th 2014 using interview guide to
discover students‟ responses toward the use of (CTL) approach in the learning process. The interview was carried out to nine students in experimental group after the treatments were completed. The respondents were selected based on the principle of voluntary and fairness (Herdiansyah, 2013, p. 49). In addition, Sugiyono (2012) states that the respondents of interview should know themselves, can be trusted, and have the same interpretation about the questions proposed. The time efficiency is another aspect considered in choosing the number of the respondents in this study.
The interview was conducted by using Bahasa Indonesia to allow students to express themselves clearly (Asri, 2013). Besides, Andreenkova (2012) states that the interview should be conducted by using the language which is used most or the language preferred or feel more comfortable to use during interview. Therefore, by
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using Bahasa Indonesia, the students can understand well the questions proposed and feel more comfortable in responding the questions.
During the interview, the students were asked about whether they like reading, whether reading is important, difficulties they found in reading, their opinion toward the use of CTL in reading procedural text, advantages and disadvantages they got after they learned procedural text by using CTL. (see Appendix B)
3.5 Data Analysis
The data collected through the instruments were analyzed in accordance with the specific purpose. In this study, there were three kinds of analysis carried out: (1) test instrument analysis, (2) pretest and posttest data analysis, (3) interview data analysis.
3.5.1 Test Instrume nt Analysis
In conducting the study, there were some aspects that should be considered to formulate a good test instrument. Therefore, the test instruments used in this study should be analyzed to find out if the instrument can be used in this study. The analysis of the test instrument includes validity, difficulty, discrimination index, and reliability.
3.5.1.1 Validity
Validity refers to the extent to which the results of the procedure serve the uses for which they were intended (Hatch and Farhady, 1982, p. 250). The validity of a test examines whether the test can measure what is supposed to measure.
To calculate the validity of the test instrument, this study employed SPSS 17.0 for windows with Pearson Product Moment correlation type. The following criteria were used to determine the validity (Arikunto, 2005, p. 72).
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If rvalue > rcrit, the instrument or question is significantly correlated to the total
score. It means that the question is valid.
If rvalue < rcrit, the instrument or question is not significantly correlated to the
total score. It means that the question is not valid.
Based on the calculation of validity test, it was found that 31 of 40 questions were valid, since the values were above r critical (rcrit = 0.349, N=32). Therefore, these items were appropriate to use as the instrument.
3.5.1.2 D ifficulty
Difficulty of the test purposes to get the level of difficulty for each item of the instrument (Arikunto, 1993, p. 209). Therefore, by examining the instrument, each number of the instrument can be classified into easy, moderate, and difficult. The index of difficulty in this study was calculated by using SPSS 17.0 for windows. The following criteria were used to interpret the index of difficulty. The smaller the index means the more difficult the test. Meanwhile, the bigger the index means the easier the test.
Table 3.3 The Criteria of Difficulty
Facility Value Interpretation
0.00 - 0.300 Difficult
0.300 - 0.700 Moderate
0.700 – 1.000 Easy
(Arikunto, 1993, p. 210)
The result of the calculation found that 17 of 31 questions were above the value 0.70. Therefore, those items were categorized as easy. Whereas, 13 items were
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between the value 0.30 and 0.70, and were categorized as moderate. Only 1 item was categorized as difficult, since the value was below 0.30.
3.5.1.3 D is crimination Inde x
Discrimination Index aims to differentiate students who have high ability and low ability (Sudjana, 2009, p. 141). It means that if the students can answer the question correctly, it indicates that they have high ability. On the contrary, if students give the wrong answer, it means that they have low ability. Therefore, it is expected that the students who have high ability would select the correct answer more often that those who have low ability. To calculate the Discrimination Index, SPSS 17.0 for windows was employed. The following criteria were used to interpret the discrimination index.
Table 3.4 The Interpretation of Discrimination Index
Discrimination Index Interpretation
DI > 0.70 Excellent (can be used) 0.40 < DI < 0.70 Good (can be used)
0.20 < DI < 0.40 Moderate
DI < 0.20 Poor
Sumarna (2004, p. 31)
The calculation of discrimination index found that 7 items were above the value 0.7. Therefore, these items could be categorized as excellent. Whereas, 20 items were categorized as good since the values were between 0.4 and 0.7. The rest 4 items were categorized as moderate since the values were between 0.2 and 0.4.
3.5.1.4 R e liability
According to Hatch and Farhady (1982, p. 244), reliability is defined as the extent to which a test produces consistent results when administered under similar
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conditions. Therefore, a reliable test will have consistent score if it is given more than one time toward the same object.
SPSS 17.0 for windows was applied to calculate the reliability of the test items. To determine the reliability of the test instrument, Sugiyono (2012, p. 184) states that an instrument is reliable if the minimum coefficient of reliability is 0.60.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the instrument is reliable if α > 0.60, while the instrument is not reliable if α < 0.60.
The data obtained from the calculation showed the value 0.883. By comparing the value obtained from the calculation with the minimum coefficient of reliability, it was found that the test items were reliable.
3.5.2 Pretest and Posttest Data Analysis
To analyze the students‟ score in pretest and posttest, SPSS 17.0 for windows
was employed. Before the output data is analyzed in t-test, the following criteria should be fulfilled (Coolidge, 2000):
1. The data should have normal of distribution 2. The variance of two groups must be homogenous 3. The participants must be different in each group
Considering the criteria above, the calculation of normal distribution and homogeneity of the variance was measured before calculating data by using t-test formula. If the data do not fulfill the criteria, Mann-Whitney test is operated to test the hypothesis. Mann-Whitney test is used to test the difference between one group and another without considering the criteria stated above. However, the data obtained should be ranked. The result of the calculation is then compared to Ucrit to determine
whether the hypothesis is accepted or rejected.
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The normality of distribution test aims to find out the normality of the test, thus the parametric statistics can be applied (Sugiyono, 2002). This test is important to examine whether the data obtained represents the population. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov was performed by using SPSS 17.0 for windows.
There were two steps in analyzing the normality of distribution. It included formulating the hypothesis of normality of distribution and determining the significance level. The first step was formulating the hypothesis in analyzing the normality of distribution of pretest and posttest score. The hypothesis were formulated as follows.
H0 states that the score of experimental and control groups are normally
distributed
Ha states that the score of experimental and control groups are not normally
distributed.
The second step was determining significant level of normality of distribution by comparing the result of the calculation to p = 0.05. The table data output from the SPSS 17.0 computation is simply concluded as: if the column labeled sig. > 0.05, it means that the data are normally distributed. However, if the column labeled sig. < 0.05, it means that the data are not normally distributed.
3.5.2.2 Homoge ne ity of Variance Te s t
The requirements should be fulfilled in conducting an experimental research is the control and experimental groups must be homogenous or having the similar characteristics (Sugiyono, 2001). It means that the students in experimental and
control groups‟ competence in reading should be equal. If the data are not
homogenous, the hypothesis testing cannot be performed since the data obtained do not represent the population. The homogeneity of the variance test is performed to
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show that the difference in the result of the t-test computation is caused by the difference between groups (Sutrisna, 2012).
To measure homogeneity of the variance test, Levene‟s test for equality of variance in SPSS 17.0 was employed to find out whether or not the data are homogenous. Beforehand, the hypothesis is determined as follows.
H0: there is no difference between experimental and control group‟s score in
pretest. It means that the students are homogenous
Ha: there is difference between experimental and control group‟s score in pretest. It means that the students are not homogenous
The next step was determining the significant level. The significant level was determined in the level 0.05. Based on the level of significance, the criterion states that if the probability > 0.05, H0 is accepted, which means that the experimental and
control groups are homogenous. On the contrary, if probability < 0.05, H0 is rejected,
which means that the experimental and control groups are not homogenous.
If the data are not normally distributed, Mann-Whitney test is administered to test the hypothesis and calculated by using SPSS 17.0.
3.5.2.3 T-te s t
The t-test is a test which aims to determine whether the means of two groups differ to a statistically significant degree (Kranzler and Moursund, 1999, p. 89). There were two kinds of t-test used in this study: independent and dependent t-test.
3.5.2.3.1 The Inde pe nde nt t-te s t
The independent t-test purposes to determine whether there is significant
difference between the experimental and control groups‟ means on the dependent
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chosen randomly and the means of both groups should not differ from each other at the beginning of the experiment.
The calculation of independent t-test in this study employed SPSS 17.0 for windows. The result of the calculation was then analyzed by comparing the significance value with the level of significance to test the hypothesis. If the significant value is higher than or equal to the level of significance (0.05), the null hypothesis is accepted, and it can be concluded that there is no significant different between the means of two groups. On the other hand, if the significant value is lower than the level of significance (0.05), the null hypothesis is rejected, and it can be concluded that the means of two groups are significantly different.
3.5.2.3.2 The D e pe nde nt t-te s t
Dependent t-test is a test that aims to compare the students‟ score of each group in pretest and posttest. It is in line with Kranzler (1999, p. 97) who states that dependent t test is a test in which each pretest score is logically linked to one, and only one posttest score. Therefore, the scores are paired.
By employing SPSS 17.0 for windows, the significant value obtained from the calculation was then compared to the level of significance to test the hypothesis. If the significant value is higher than the level of significance (0.05), the null hypothesis is accepted, and it means that there is no significant different between the means of each group in pretest and posttest. However, if the significant value is less than the level of significance (0.05), the null hypothesis is rejected, and it indicates that the means of each group in pretest and posttest are significantly different.
3.5.2.4 The Calculation of Effe ct Size
Effect size refers to the effect or the influence of independent variable upon the dependent variable (Coolidge, 2000, p. 151). On the other words, the effect size measures how well the treatment works. If the treatment really works (as indicated by
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large difference between two groups‟ means), the effect size is large. Meanwhile, if
the difference between two groups‟ means is small, then there is said to be a small
effect size.
The formulation of effect size according to Coolidge (2000) is described as follows.
Where:
r = effect size
t = t obtain or t value from the calculation of independent t-test
df = N1 + N2 – 2
The correlation coefficient of the effect size will always be positive and range from 0 to 1.00. The following scale is used to interpret the magnitude of the effect size.
Table 3.5 Interpretation of Effect Size
Effect Size r value
Small 0.100
Medium 0.243
Large 0.371
(Coolidge, 2000)
3.5.3 Intervie w Data Interpretation
Interview covered some questions related to the use of CTL approach in teaching and learning Procedural text. The Interview was conducted after the treatments were completed. Besides, it was only administered to students in
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experimental group. The students‟ answer in interview was converted into percentage
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
This chapter contains two main parts; conclusion and recommendation. In conclusion, all findings and discussions in the previous chapter are drawn together to get the summary of the study. Besides, practical implication of the study in the use of CTL in teaching reading is presented in suggestion.
5.1 Conclusions
The conclusions are made based on the findings discussed in chapter IV. There are two main conclusions related to the implementation of CTL in teaching reading. They are: (1) the use of CTL improved students’ reading skill; and (2) the use of CTL was positively responded by the students. Each point is elaborated below.
First, the use of CTL has been proven to increase students’ reading skill. The
calculation of t-test in SPSS 17.0 for windows showed that the experimental group’s post-test score significantly improved than the score of control group. It can be seen
from the experimental group’s mean score which was 86.53, while control group’s
mean score was 82.40. Besides, significant value from the computation of independent t-test was sig. (2 tailed) = 0.018 which was lower than 0.05 (0.018 < 0.05), and the tobt was higher than tcrit (2.424 > 2.002). It was indicated that the null
hypothesis was rejected and there was significant difference between students who received treatments by using CTL and GTM. In conclusion, the use of CTL improved
the students’ reading skill in procedural text.
Moreover, the data gained from interview showed that the students have some positive responses toward the application of CTL in reading procedural text. The
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result of the interview showed that the students got many advantages through the use of CTL in classroom activity.
Regarding the advantages of using CTL in reading procedural text, there are
two points highlighted from the students’ answer in interview. The first point is
helping students in getting better understanding about materials through the various media used in the learning process. The second point is motivating students to learn through group work. The students found that learning in group could increase their motivation in learning, since they could share their knowledge and worked together in completing the task.
Although the current study revealed some positive findings for the development of teaching reading in Indonesia, there are also weaknesses that should be looked at the future study. The main problem was that the students found that the use of CTL did not give them opportunity for dialogue practice.
5.2 Recommendations
There are several suggestions recommended for other studies in the future. These suggestions will focus on two fields, suggestion for English teacher and for further researchers who are interested in CTL approach.
First, it has been shown that the use of CTL approach could improve students’ reading skill. Therefore, it is suggested that CTL is implemented in teaching reading to help students get better understanding, especially in reading procedural text. Second, the teacher who would like to apply this approach in classroom needs to prepare and plan the lesson well since it can determine the success of the teaching and
learning process. Third, to gain students’ motivation in learning, it is important for
the teacher to provide various kinds of media and choose the material which relates to
the students’ needs and interest. Fourth, since CTL approach includes five stages in
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students and manage the classroom activities well. In addition, for the researchers who are interested in the similar study can involve students from different level (junior high school and elementary level) or students of vocational school but from different majors.
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