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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Paradigm
Research paradigm refers to the methodology, an approach or more about philosophical stance used to support a research. For instance, an observation with
qualitative paradigm will result in different types of data from an observation with a quantitative paradigm. This is because there are different ontology and
epistemology between qualitative and quantitative paradigms Blaxter et al., 2006; Lincoln Guba, 1985; Creswell, 2008.
This research belongs to a qualitative research employing descriptive method. This is because at the end of the research, it will describe the ideology of
the text’s writers. Thus, descriptive method is a method of research which tries to solve a problem by describing, analyzing, and interpreting data Narkubo
Ahmadi, 1997. Meanwhile, Bogdan and Tailor in Moleong, 2002 define a qualitative
research as a research presenting descriptive data in the form of written and oral words of human behavior that can be observed. A qualitative research is a type of
research which does not include any calculation or numeration. In a qualitative research, the data produced are in the forms of words Moleong, 1989.
Qualitative research applies inductive data analysis starting from evidences rather than imposing theoritical model Wattles Radic- Bojanic, 2007. From the
explanation above,
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qualitative descriptive method used in this research is conducted by selecting the texts, collecting the data, classifying the data, analyzing the data, interpreting the
result and drawing the conclusion. Thus, the finding of this research will qualitatively describe what and how the attitudes are Strauss Corbin, 2003.
This research also applies a case study which attempt to describe, explore and to explain the way and reason of attitudes used in the
contributor’s opinion toward the controversy of sex education given in US public schools published in
Allvoices.com Yin, 2002. This research basically also uses discourse analysis as
an approach and method of investigation. As perspective, discourse analysis explores discursive production of reality as a whole. Meanwhile, as a method it
has its own way of looking for data, analyzing them, and interpreting them Santosa, 2010.
In this research, appraisal theory is applied. The appraisal theory is in the frame of Systemic Functional Linguistics SFL Halliday, 1994. Thus, this
research uses this perspective because Systemic Functional Linguistics is an approach that focuses on the purposes and the uses of a language both spoken and
written in their contexts. In appraisal, SFL will show how meaning is made through its linguistic resources taken from the discourse.
B. Research Method
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