Thesis Outlines Fiber Optic is Green Technology

1.4 Methodology

This project will starts with the searching of source and information regarding to the EDFA, Raman amplifier, and HFA. The source and information are acquired from journal, reference books, e-Books, and internet. The circuit schematic diagrams of these amplifiers are determined from the journal and simulate by using the Optisystem software. All the parameters such as gain, Noise Figure NF, Bit Error Rate BER, Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio OSNR, and eye-pattern that determine the performance of these amplifiers are analyzed.

1.5 Thesis Outlines

Chapter 1 : The first chapter will provide a general inspiration for the project. It includes the objectives of the project, scopes of works, problems statement and the methodology. Chapter 2 : In this chapter, the research of background related to the project will be discussed. The concept and theory of the circuit schematic diagram of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier EDFA, Raman amplifier, and Hybrid Raman and Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier HFA that is used in the simulation will be explained. Chapter 3 : The third chapter is the methodology. In this chapter, the procedure and project flow of this project will be shown. Chapter 4: This chapter will present all the simulation result from the Optisystem software. All the graphs and tables obtained from the simulation will be compared with the theoretical results. Chapter 5: The last chapter of this thesis is the conclusion and recommendation. The results will be evaluated based on the objectives of the project. It’s followed by some recommendation for the future study about this project. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Fiber Optic is Green Technology

For instance, when a solar company improves energy conversion rate by a couple of percents, it is a market-breaking result Slow improvements seem to be characteristic of energy production. But it is time we use technology innovation and put the best minds to work in order to improve energy efficiency across the board. It is possible. One example: first experiments in emitting diodes started in early nineties with very small efficiency. Fifteen years later, semiconductor lights are surpassing incandescent lights thanks to improvements typical of the semiconductor industry performance doubling roughly every 2 years aka. as Moore’s law. But it is fair to say that performance increase cannot always go hand-to-hand with energy efficiency. If we continue to take the semiconductor analogy, Moore’s law is possible thanks to the ability to integrate more and more transistors and reduce the resolution of printed circuit boards. This comes with a cost though: power consumption. As distances get finer, power dissipation increases too. This explains why personal computers feel hotter on our laps, or why servers require fancier cooling systems. Heat dissipation is a real problem in today’s processors. Actually, if we continue to increase integrated circuit speed, their power density would reach the mark of a nuclear reactor within 10 years. In contrast, fiber optics is a very “green” technology compared to semiconductor electronics. It dissipates a lot less energy than copper based cables and it saves a lot of materials: one single strand of glass can carry as much data as many thousands of copper cables and it can do over a longer distance without using electronic equipment to regenerate it. The oceans for example are a lot less crowded with more efficient fiber-optic submarine cables while supporting an ever growing need for international communications. In the other hand, fiber optics does not create any environmental polluting waste or byproducts or do not emit any harmful radiations etc.

2.2 Wavelengths-Division-Multiplexing WDM