3. Critical Approach
Kennedy and Gioia state that there are some approaches that can be used in analyzing literary work. The first approach is the formalist criticism. In this approach,
literature is a form of human knowledge that is observed by its own terms. The literary work can be understood by its intrinsic literary features, which is found in the
text. It focuses on the words of the text, the style, the structure, imagery, tone, and genre. The second approach is the biographical criticism. This approach regards that
an author‟s life can make readers more comprehend the work. When readers read the biography of a writer, they can see how much the
writer‟s experience influences hisher work.
The third approach is the historical criticism. This approach investigates social, cultural, and intellectual context to understand the literary work. The fourth
approach is the psychological criticism. This approach examines the creative process of the artist, understand
s subject‟s motivation and behavior of the particular artist through psychological study, and analyzes the fictional character. The fifth approach
is the Methodological criticism. This approach combines of anthropology, psychology, history and comparative religion. The sixth approach is the sociological
criticism. This approach reveals the relationship between the artist and society. The profession of the writer used to affect what was he writes.
The seventh approach is the gender criticism. It explains how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of literary works. The eighth approach is the
reader- response criticism. This approach is used to describe what happens in the
reader‟s minds while interpreting the text. The ninth approach is deconstructionist criticism. It develops literary text, which is made up of words, have no fixed, single
meaning, reject that language can represent reality Kennedy and Gioia 1932-1968. Dealing with the study, the psychology approach is used in order to understand the
character‟s motivation and behavior.
4 .
Parental Role
Childhood is a period when children learn how to start their life. They observe many things close to them, such as their parents or their friends including the
environment. They learn any impulses that come to them. From those impulses, they will develop their identity and their emotion. What they have experienced from their
surrounding becomes the motive for them to develop themselves in their adulthood. Crow and Crow in Child Psychology states that
a child‟s motives usually reflect the influence of parents or friends around him. They say that the environment
forms the behavior of the children. It becomes the urge that helps them to fulfill their needs Crow 89. This will produce emotional feelings in the children. The children
from early childhood through adulthood may experience it in a particular way. Thus, parents hold very important role in forming children‟s behavior. Eriksson as stated in
Understanding Psychology states that parent-child interaction could influence the
development of the child in their adulthood especially their relationship to the significant people. According to him, a child who experiences loving will develop a
trust to other people Eriksson 433.
Even though a child must be treated with full of love and care by his parents, the parents should control all of those love, care and especially any help which will
spoil their child because a child who always accepts help from his parents will rely too much on them. A very strong attachment between parents and their child will
pursue the bad impacts to the children, because “an unusually strong attachment to a parent is psychologically dangerous when the parent has allowed himself to become
the source of the child‟s sense of self- value by encouraging the instrument or contingent relationship.” Walker 187. Lindenfield also shares the same opinion.
According to him, parents who always help their child will make the child too dependent on them Lindenfield 24.
Further, Bid states that the dedicated mother and father who live only for their child can produce child neglect 51. Meanwhile, Hebert says that the dominating
parents who always keep their children from any dangerous thing and give them the best suggestion during their life leads their children:
a. to become excessively dependent, passive, and submissive in their actions
b. to never act independently, exploring, and experimenting
c. to tend to adopt timid, awkward, apprehensive, and generally self- deprecating
behaviors, lack of self – reliance. They do not have the ability to cope
realistically with their problem, d.
to grow to be uncritically obedient, and prefer to withdraw from the situations they find daunting Hebert 134
Whatever Parents do to their children influence the growth process of their children. If parents cannot control their influence, it will produce bad effects to their
children ‟s life. So, a father and a mother must be careful with their role to the
dev elopment of their children. Father‟s and mother‟s role to their children will be
seen when a mother concerns giving feminine identity to their girl and a father seeks family‟s needs and forms the masculine identity of their boy. Medinnus and Johnson
in Child and adolescent psychology behavior and development state that father holds an important role to build the masculine identity of their children for their next life
period so father spends his time with his son than do mothers 35. The relationship between father and son helps the son form his masculine
identity. S andford and Lough state that,” the relationship between father and son has
a major impact on man‟s psychological development” 188. They state that a positive father-son relationship helps a son develop a healthy masculinity; if a father
shows his nice attitude to his son and commands the discipline with fairness; his son will respect his strength. The son will assume that his father acts as a good role
model. When a father acts as a good role model, it makes his son see him as a hero. If a son sees his father continuously as a hero, he will rely on his father‟s strength. The
son may picture his father as the greatest man alive. This behavior makes a son unmotivated to develop his own strength. He then
projects the hero‟s image, which he has seen in his father and begins to include it into his own personality. The consequence of this decision is that the son always
remembers his father and tries to be like him Sanford and Lough 188-189. How the son loves and keeps his father in his mind has made him tend to exper
ience „identity foreclosed‟. Sandford and Lough state that,
„identity foreclosed are those who have prematurely terminated their quest for identity, or who have not yet begun it, because they have substituted a
parent‟s or other adult‟s identity for their own. They may seem to know who
they are, but they are only imitating the adult who is their role model rather than being themselves. They may seem to know what they want, but it is
r eally only what they think others want them to want.” 35
In this process, the child copies the character of his idol to his personality. It
makes him difficult to determine who he really is and what he wants. Sanford and Lough state that to be his own
man, a son must be separated from his father‟s reliance so he can develop his own strength. His father must guide his son to do that. Because
if a son is not ready yet separated from his father‟s reliance, when the father has been physically absent or emotional unavailable, he may choose a man who has a similar
psychological type like his father. He will look for another mentor with whom he feels a natural report. He will absorb the knowledge of his mentor and imitates his
personality traits and mannerism t o identify with him and fit the mentor‟s qualities
into himself Sanford and Lough 190.
5. Homosexuality
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