Off Grid Building System Using Solatube And Wind Energy For Small Scale Application.
! " "#
! $
% !!
)
! *+,*
%&
$
"'! (
2
I declare that this report entitle “Off Grid Building System Using Solatube and Wind
Energy for Small Scale Application” is the result of my own research except as cited in
references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently
submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature
:
Name
:
Muhammad Shalihin binAris
Date
:
2nd July 2012
“I hereby declare that I have read through this report entitle “Off Grid Building System
Using Solatube and Wind Energy For Small Scale Application” and found that it has
comply the partial fulfillment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical
Engineering (Industrial Power)”
Signature
:
Supervisor’s Name
:
Mr. Norhafiz bin Salim
Date
:
2nd July 2012
iii
-
The special thank to my supervisor, Mr Norhafiz bin Salim for his advice and
guidance in preparing my project.
My grateful thanks also go to others lecturer in Faculty of Electrical Engineering
that gives a great idea to develop my project. The entire project will be nothing without
the guidance from them.
Special thanks go to my friends for their corporate and help me during this project.
I also would like to thanks my family members, especially my parents for their support in
my studies.
iv
Renewable energy becomes one of important alternative sources because they cannot be
depleting. This project presents design of a solatube for lighting, wind turbine and solar
system to generate electricity. A solatube is design to replace lamp for bring daylight to
dark spaces where natural light had rarely been an option. Nowadays, the crisis of
electricity such as the increasing of bills will give a burden to the consumer. So by
replacing the solatube, it can reduces the usage burden and provide clean environment. A
solatube use a same concept with a traditional transparent roof but it has additional
improvement to give more comfortable lighting. For a wind turbine, it uses wind energy to
generate electricity for electric appliances. In Malaysia, the rate of wind flow is low. But
for this project, the rotor of wind turbine will be place at the top of cooling tower where the
wind flows out. So the turbine will get the constant of wind flow in every time to rotating
the turbine. Stand alone solar system also same as wind energy that use renewable energy
to generate power but solar system use energy from the sun to convert the solar energy to
the electrical energy by using solar panel. By doing the integration of solatube, wind
turbine and solar system, it will give the advantages to the user. By using solatube, it will
provide a same brightness as a lamplight. For the wind turbine and solar, it will reduce the
cost for the payment of electricity bills to the TNB.
v
-
Projek ini adalah bertujuan untuk mereka bentuk solatube untuk sistem pencahayaan,
turbin angin dan sistem solar untuk menjana tenaga elektrik. Solatube direka untuk
menggantikan penggunaan lampu dengan menggunakan cahaya matahari sebagai sumber
pencahayaan kepada ruang yang gelap dimana kaedah ini jarang sekali digunakan. Pada
masa ini, Malaysia mengalami krisis elekrik seperti peningkatan tarif elektrik dan ia
membebankan kepada pengguna. Oleh itu dengan menggantikan penggunaan solatube ini,
ia akan mengurangkan beban pengguna dan menyumbangkan persekitaran yang bersih.
Penggunaan solatube ini menggunakan konsep yang sama dengan tradisional bumbung
lutsinar yang sering digunakan pada masa lalu tetapi mempunyai penambahan teknologi
bagi memberi pencahayaan yang selesa. Bagi turbin angin, ia menggunakan tenaga angin
untuk menjana elektrik bagi kegunaan alat-alat elektrik. Di Malaysia, kadar aliran angin
adalah rendah berbanding di negara-negara yang lebih terkenal dengan penggunaan tenaga
angin ini. Tetapi untuk projek ini, pemutar bagi turbin angin akan di letakkan di atas
menara penyejuk dimana udara panas yang ditiup keluar akan memutarkan pemutar turbin
tersebut. Dengan cara itu, pemutar turbin akan dapat berputar dengan halaju yang sama
pada setiap masa. Sistem solar mempunyai persamaan dengan turbin angin iaitu
menggunakan tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui tetapi sistem solar menggunakan tenaga
daripada cahaya matahari dan menukarkan kepada tenaga elektrik dengan menggunakan
panel solar. Oleh itu, dengan melakukan integrasi terhadap solatube, turbin angina dan
system solar ini, ia akan memberikan banyak kelebihan terhadap kehidupan seharian
pengguna. Dengan menggunakan solatube, ia memberikan pencahayaan yang sama dengan
cahaya lampu. Bagi turbin angin dan solar pula, ia akan mengurangkan kos bagi
pembayaran bil elektrik kepada TNB.
vi
.
/
-
/
/
0
0
1
0
,
,
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
1
1.3
Objective
2
1.4
Scope
2
*
1
2
2.1
Introduction
3
2.2
Solar Energy
4
2.2.1 Solatube
5
2.2.2 Photovoltaic Panel (PV)
6
2.3
2.2.2.1 Mono crystalline Photovoltaic Panel
6
2.2.2.2 Poly crystalline Photovoltaic Panel
8
2.2.2.3 Amorphous Solar Panels
9
Wind Energy
10
2.3.1 Wind Turbine
11
2.3.1.1 Wind Turbine component
12
2.3.1.2 Rotor
12
2.3.1.2.1Horizontal Axis
13
2.3.1.2.2Vertical Axis
17
vii
2.3.1.3 Generator
18
2.3.1.3.1 Squirrel Cage Induction Generator 18
2.3.1.3.2 Double Fed Induction Generator
19
2.3.1.3.3 Direct Drive Synchronous Generator20
2.3.1.3.4Comparison
2.4
2
22
2.3.1.4 Charge Controller
23
2.3.1.5 Battery Bank
23
2.3.1.6 Inverter
24
2.3.1.6.1 Modified Sine Wave Inverter
24
2.3.1.6.2 Pure Sine Wave
25
2.3.1.6.3Grid Tie Inverter
25
Design Consideration
26
2.4.1 Power Density
26
2.4.2 Rotor Swept Area
27
.
*3
3.1
Introduction
27
3.2
Design of the Project
30
3.2.1 Design Solatube
31
3.2.1.1 Mirror
3.2.2 Design Wind Turbine And Solar
31
31
3.2.2.1 Rotor
31
3.2.2.2 Permanent Magnet DC Motor
31
3.2.2.3 Solar Panel
33
3.2.2.4 Inverter
34
3.2.2.5 Charge Controller 12 V
35
3.2.2.6 Battery Storage
35
3.3
Installation
36
3.4
Testing and Collecting Data
37
3.4.1 Solatube
37
3.4.2 Wind Turbine and Solar
39
viii
4
4*
4.1
Introduction
42
4.2
Result for Solatube
42
4.2.1 Case 1: Taken on 24th May 2012
43
4.2.2 Case 2: Taken on 26th May 2012
44
4.2.3 Case 3: Taken on 27th May 2012
46
4.2.4 Comparative Efficiency
47
4.3
Result for Wind Turbine
48
4.4
Result for Solar
49
4.5
Result for AC Output
51
5
5*
5.1
Solatube
52
5.2
Wind Turbine and Solar
53
5.3
Energy Consumption and Cost Saving
54
6
56
6.1
Conclusion
56
6.2
Recommendation
57
57
8
62
ix
2.1
The data of designing wind turbine
9
2.2
The information of suitability of having wind turbine
10
2.3
Comparison between three generators
17
3.1
The specification of the solar panel
33
3.2
Specification of the inverter
34
3.3
Gantt Chart
41
4.1
Lux meter reading for case 1
58
4.2
Lux meter reading for case 2
59
4.3
Lux meter reading for case 3
61
4.4
Result for wind turbine
63
4.5
Result for solar in day 1
64
4.6
Result for solar in day 2
65
4.7
Result for AC output
66
x
2.1
Cross-section Area of Solatube
4
2.2
Mono crystalline Photovoltaic Panel
7
2.3
Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Panel
8
2.4
Amorphous solar panels
9
2.5
Wind turbine component
12
2.6
Horizontal axis design
13
2.7
Vertical axis design
17
2.8
Squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG)
19
2.9
Double fed induction generator
20
2.10
Direct drive synchronous generator
21
2.11
Swept area of the blades
27
2.12
Weibull Distribution
28
3.1
Flow Chart of Project Methodology
29
3.2
Illustration system of the project
30
3.3
The Blade of rotor using PVC pipe material
32
3.4
Overall system of the project
36
3.5
Installed solatube on the top roof
37
3.6
Lux meter reading
38
3.7
Measurement of output wind turbine and solar
39
4.1
Illumination level for case 1
58
4.2
Illumination level for case 2
60
4.3
Illumination level for case 3
61
4.4
The lux efficiency for case 1, case 2 and case 3
62
4.5
Graph voltage, current and power for day 1
64
4.6
Graph voltage, current and power for day 2
65
xi
Electrical power
Efficiency of gearbox
Efficiency of turbine
T
Temperature = 303K
Exponential
D
Diameter
v
Wind speed
P
Power density
P
Density of the air
xii
1
CO2
Carbon dioxide
PWM
Pulse Width Modulation
TNB
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
DC
Direct current
AC
Alternating current
HAWT
Horizontal axis wind turbine
VAWT
Vertical axis wind turbine
PMSG
Permanent magnet synchronous generator
SCIG
Squirrel cage induction generator
DFIG
Doubly-fed induction generator
GTI
Grid tie inverter
AGM
Absorbed glass mad
1
.
,9,
$ "
,
$"
Due to the increasing of electricity bills, the development of the renewable energy
is very useful at this time. Several of the sources will be used to generates electricity such
as solar and wind energy. Most of the countries are conducting a research about the
technology to generate electricity by use the solar energy as an alternative source to replace
the existing sources. In Malaysia, the receiving rate of the sun is higher in every years,
means that Malaysia is suitable to develop the solar energy. For this project, the energy
from the sunlight will be used as a source of the lighting and generate electricity. The wind
energy source is familiar in several countries as Netherlands, Iran and China. But for our
country, it is not efficient to be an alternative source because of the rate of wind flow is
low. For this project, the source from wind energy is still will be used but the wind flow
will be taking from the blower of the cooling tower to rotating the turbine.
,9*
" !
$ $! ! $
The main problem that contributes to this project is the increasing of electricity
bills. The other problem is the increasing of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission that causes the
environmental impact such as greenhouse effect. This project also is implement to avoid
penalty from TNB if power factor below than 0.85. Lastly, by comparing the common
solar system with solatube, the cost and maintenance of solar system is very high.
2
,92
:! $ /!
The objective of this project are:
i.
To study concept of solatube for lighting, wind and solar energy to generate
electricity.
ii.
To develope solatube, wind and solar energy in order to utilize renewable
energy.
iii.
To analyze the output or result from the solatube, wind and solar energy.
iv.
To conclude that by using solatube, wind and solar energy will reduce the
electricity bills and minimize environmental impact.
,94
";!
This project design is purposely for a small scale area such as factory. The solatube,
wind and solar energy are using renewable energy source. The solatube will transfer
maximum amounts of sunlight from the roof top to interior building by using light
reflection [2]. The wind energy is design by using wind flow from cooling tower while the
solar energy is using solar panel to convert sunlight energy to electrical energy. The main
component used in designing the wind and solar system is blade or rotor, generator, solar
panel, charger controllers, inverter and batteries. The spinning of the blade enables the
rotor to capture the kinetic energy from the wind and convert to the rotary motion to drive
the generator. By adding the inverter to the system; it will convert from direct current (DC)
to alternating current (AC). The energy generate from the wind flow will stored to the
battery for standby. The blade of wind turbine will be place at the top of cooling tower
where the winds flow out to get the maximum wind energy capture.
3
.
*
1
*9,
$ "
$"
This project presents design of a solatube for lighting, wind turbine and solar
system to generate electricity. Solatube or solar light pipes originally refer to the light tube
for introducing lights for lighting purpose. The solar light pipes in buildings realize the
lightening use of solar energy by taking full advantage of natural daylight [2]. A wind
turbine and solar convert the wind dynamic energy and sunlight energy into the electrical
energy. This project design is purposely for a small scale area such as in certain area of a
factory.
*9*
"
! %<
Researches from Malaysian Meteorological Department, Malaysia naturally have
abundant sunshine and also solar radiation. However, the appeal of cloud reduces the
amount of sunshine and solar radiation. On the average, Malaysia receives about 6 hours of
sunshine per day. Based on the research, it is suitable for Malaysia to develop the power
from the solar because it is renewable energy, freely available, clean and does not pollute
the environment [13].
4
*9*9,
" $
!
Solatube is an advanced technology that used sunlight as a source for lighting. By
use a light energy from sunlight, the solatube will collect the light through an optic. An
optic designed with parabolic shape to collect the maximum amount of sunlight from
dawn, morning, midday, afternoon and dusk [2]. After the light enters the parabolic optic,
it will be transfer the light down the tubing. The tubing has the material that can reflect the
light along the tube until the light reach the diffuser. The diffuser will spread the light to
the dark spaces area.
For this project, the solatube is design to replace the uses of lamp during the day. A
solatube use a same concept with a traditional transparent roof but it has additional
improvement to give more comfortable. It will be place at the rooftop of the building to
capture the maximum amount of sunlight. Figure 2.1 below show the cross section area of
the solatube.
Figure 2.1: Cross-section area of solatube[2]
5
*9*9*
"$"/" $
! & 1(
Photovoltaic (PV) panel will convert solar energy to electricity energy as power
supply in form VDC. PV module will function as the power supply. The PV Module is a
collection of individual silicon cells that generate electricity from sunlight which positive
on one side (backside) and negative on the other (towards the sun). The sunlight produces
photon that strike the surface of the thin silicon wafers and the electricity will produce
through the system. The electron will knocked loose from the atoms in semiconductor
material, then creating electron-hole pairs. For the complete electric circuit, the electric
current, Iph(photocurrent) will produce in form electron when have two rod conductor are
attached to the both side for positive side and negative side[8].
The PV module will generate the DC electricity and will be used to charge batteries
at the charger controller. The losses are the main problem occurs at this level. The output
power cannot perform at maximum power due to load miss match or sunlight obstruction
by shading or dust accumulation on the solar panel. This shading may damage the shaded
cells due to overheating and limits the module current from series connected cells to the
minimum current from the shaded cell. The protection to PV panel with disconnected from
load or place bypass diodes when the current difference will be dissipated in the shaded
cells resulting in hot spots that may damage the cells [8].
6
*9*9*9,
" "
! $
% !!
)
! *+,*
%&
$
"'! (
2
I declare that this report entitle “Off Grid Building System Using Solatube and Wind
Energy for Small Scale Application” is the result of my own research except as cited in
references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently
submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature
:
Name
:
Muhammad Shalihin binAris
Date
:
2nd July 2012
“I hereby declare that I have read through this report entitle “Off Grid Building System
Using Solatube and Wind Energy For Small Scale Application” and found that it has
comply the partial fulfillment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical
Engineering (Industrial Power)”
Signature
:
Supervisor’s Name
:
Mr. Norhafiz bin Salim
Date
:
2nd July 2012
iii
-
The special thank to my supervisor, Mr Norhafiz bin Salim for his advice and
guidance in preparing my project.
My grateful thanks also go to others lecturer in Faculty of Electrical Engineering
that gives a great idea to develop my project. The entire project will be nothing without
the guidance from them.
Special thanks go to my friends for their corporate and help me during this project.
I also would like to thanks my family members, especially my parents for their support in
my studies.
iv
Renewable energy becomes one of important alternative sources because they cannot be
depleting. This project presents design of a solatube for lighting, wind turbine and solar
system to generate electricity. A solatube is design to replace lamp for bring daylight to
dark spaces where natural light had rarely been an option. Nowadays, the crisis of
electricity such as the increasing of bills will give a burden to the consumer. So by
replacing the solatube, it can reduces the usage burden and provide clean environment. A
solatube use a same concept with a traditional transparent roof but it has additional
improvement to give more comfortable lighting. For a wind turbine, it uses wind energy to
generate electricity for electric appliances. In Malaysia, the rate of wind flow is low. But
for this project, the rotor of wind turbine will be place at the top of cooling tower where the
wind flows out. So the turbine will get the constant of wind flow in every time to rotating
the turbine. Stand alone solar system also same as wind energy that use renewable energy
to generate power but solar system use energy from the sun to convert the solar energy to
the electrical energy by using solar panel. By doing the integration of solatube, wind
turbine and solar system, it will give the advantages to the user. By using solatube, it will
provide a same brightness as a lamplight. For the wind turbine and solar, it will reduce the
cost for the payment of electricity bills to the TNB.
v
-
Projek ini adalah bertujuan untuk mereka bentuk solatube untuk sistem pencahayaan,
turbin angin dan sistem solar untuk menjana tenaga elektrik. Solatube direka untuk
menggantikan penggunaan lampu dengan menggunakan cahaya matahari sebagai sumber
pencahayaan kepada ruang yang gelap dimana kaedah ini jarang sekali digunakan. Pada
masa ini, Malaysia mengalami krisis elekrik seperti peningkatan tarif elektrik dan ia
membebankan kepada pengguna. Oleh itu dengan menggantikan penggunaan solatube ini,
ia akan mengurangkan beban pengguna dan menyumbangkan persekitaran yang bersih.
Penggunaan solatube ini menggunakan konsep yang sama dengan tradisional bumbung
lutsinar yang sering digunakan pada masa lalu tetapi mempunyai penambahan teknologi
bagi memberi pencahayaan yang selesa. Bagi turbin angin, ia menggunakan tenaga angin
untuk menjana elektrik bagi kegunaan alat-alat elektrik. Di Malaysia, kadar aliran angin
adalah rendah berbanding di negara-negara yang lebih terkenal dengan penggunaan tenaga
angin ini. Tetapi untuk projek ini, pemutar bagi turbin angin akan di letakkan di atas
menara penyejuk dimana udara panas yang ditiup keluar akan memutarkan pemutar turbin
tersebut. Dengan cara itu, pemutar turbin akan dapat berputar dengan halaju yang sama
pada setiap masa. Sistem solar mempunyai persamaan dengan turbin angin iaitu
menggunakan tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui tetapi sistem solar menggunakan tenaga
daripada cahaya matahari dan menukarkan kepada tenaga elektrik dengan menggunakan
panel solar. Oleh itu, dengan melakukan integrasi terhadap solatube, turbin angina dan
system solar ini, ia akan memberikan banyak kelebihan terhadap kehidupan seharian
pengguna. Dengan menggunakan solatube, ia memberikan pencahayaan yang sama dengan
cahaya lampu. Bagi turbin angin dan solar pula, ia akan mengurangkan kos bagi
pembayaran bil elektrik kepada TNB.
vi
.
/
-
/
/
0
0
1
0
,
,
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
1
1.3
Objective
2
1.4
Scope
2
*
1
2
2.1
Introduction
3
2.2
Solar Energy
4
2.2.1 Solatube
5
2.2.2 Photovoltaic Panel (PV)
6
2.3
2.2.2.1 Mono crystalline Photovoltaic Panel
6
2.2.2.2 Poly crystalline Photovoltaic Panel
8
2.2.2.3 Amorphous Solar Panels
9
Wind Energy
10
2.3.1 Wind Turbine
11
2.3.1.1 Wind Turbine component
12
2.3.1.2 Rotor
12
2.3.1.2.1Horizontal Axis
13
2.3.1.2.2Vertical Axis
17
vii
2.3.1.3 Generator
18
2.3.1.3.1 Squirrel Cage Induction Generator 18
2.3.1.3.2 Double Fed Induction Generator
19
2.3.1.3.3 Direct Drive Synchronous Generator20
2.3.1.3.4Comparison
2.4
2
22
2.3.1.4 Charge Controller
23
2.3.1.5 Battery Bank
23
2.3.1.6 Inverter
24
2.3.1.6.1 Modified Sine Wave Inverter
24
2.3.1.6.2 Pure Sine Wave
25
2.3.1.6.3Grid Tie Inverter
25
Design Consideration
26
2.4.1 Power Density
26
2.4.2 Rotor Swept Area
27
.
*3
3.1
Introduction
27
3.2
Design of the Project
30
3.2.1 Design Solatube
31
3.2.1.1 Mirror
3.2.2 Design Wind Turbine And Solar
31
31
3.2.2.1 Rotor
31
3.2.2.2 Permanent Magnet DC Motor
31
3.2.2.3 Solar Panel
33
3.2.2.4 Inverter
34
3.2.2.5 Charge Controller 12 V
35
3.2.2.6 Battery Storage
35
3.3
Installation
36
3.4
Testing and Collecting Data
37
3.4.1 Solatube
37
3.4.2 Wind Turbine and Solar
39
viii
4
4*
4.1
Introduction
42
4.2
Result for Solatube
42
4.2.1 Case 1: Taken on 24th May 2012
43
4.2.2 Case 2: Taken on 26th May 2012
44
4.2.3 Case 3: Taken on 27th May 2012
46
4.2.4 Comparative Efficiency
47
4.3
Result for Wind Turbine
48
4.4
Result for Solar
49
4.5
Result for AC Output
51
5
5*
5.1
Solatube
52
5.2
Wind Turbine and Solar
53
5.3
Energy Consumption and Cost Saving
54
6
56
6.1
Conclusion
56
6.2
Recommendation
57
57
8
62
ix
2.1
The data of designing wind turbine
9
2.2
The information of suitability of having wind turbine
10
2.3
Comparison between three generators
17
3.1
The specification of the solar panel
33
3.2
Specification of the inverter
34
3.3
Gantt Chart
41
4.1
Lux meter reading for case 1
58
4.2
Lux meter reading for case 2
59
4.3
Lux meter reading for case 3
61
4.4
Result for wind turbine
63
4.5
Result for solar in day 1
64
4.6
Result for solar in day 2
65
4.7
Result for AC output
66
x
2.1
Cross-section Area of Solatube
4
2.2
Mono crystalline Photovoltaic Panel
7
2.3
Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Panel
8
2.4
Amorphous solar panels
9
2.5
Wind turbine component
12
2.6
Horizontal axis design
13
2.7
Vertical axis design
17
2.8
Squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG)
19
2.9
Double fed induction generator
20
2.10
Direct drive synchronous generator
21
2.11
Swept area of the blades
27
2.12
Weibull Distribution
28
3.1
Flow Chart of Project Methodology
29
3.2
Illustration system of the project
30
3.3
The Blade of rotor using PVC pipe material
32
3.4
Overall system of the project
36
3.5
Installed solatube on the top roof
37
3.6
Lux meter reading
38
3.7
Measurement of output wind turbine and solar
39
4.1
Illumination level for case 1
58
4.2
Illumination level for case 2
60
4.3
Illumination level for case 3
61
4.4
The lux efficiency for case 1, case 2 and case 3
62
4.5
Graph voltage, current and power for day 1
64
4.6
Graph voltage, current and power for day 2
65
xi
Electrical power
Efficiency of gearbox
Efficiency of turbine
T
Temperature = 303K
Exponential
D
Diameter
v
Wind speed
P
Power density
P
Density of the air
xii
1
CO2
Carbon dioxide
PWM
Pulse Width Modulation
TNB
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
DC
Direct current
AC
Alternating current
HAWT
Horizontal axis wind turbine
VAWT
Vertical axis wind turbine
PMSG
Permanent magnet synchronous generator
SCIG
Squirrel cage induction generator
DFIG
Doubly-fed induction generator
GTI
Grid tie inverter
AGM
Absorbed glass mad
1
.
,9,
$ "
,
$"
Due to the increasing of electricity bills, the development of the renewable energy
is very useful at this time. Several of the sources will be used to generates electricity such
as solar and wind energy. Most of the countries are conducting a research about the
technology to generate electricity by use the solar energy as an alternative source to replace
the existing sources. In Malaysia, the receiving rate of the sun is higher in every years,
means that Malaysia is suitable to develop the solar energy. For this project, the energy
from the sunlight will be used as a source of the lighting and generate electricity. The wind
energy source is familiar in several countries as Netherlands, Iran and China. But for our
country, it is not efficient to be an alternative source because of the rate of wind flow is
low. For this project, the source from wind energy is still will be used but the wind flow
will be taking from the blower of the cooling tower to rotating the turbine.
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The main problem that contributes to this project is the increasing of electricity
bills. The other problem is the increasing of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission that causes the
environmental impact such as greenhouse effect. This project also is implement to avoid
penalty from TNB if power factor below than 0.85. Lastly, by comparing the common
solar system with solatube, the cost and maintenance of solar system is very high.
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The objective of this project are:
i.
To study concept of solatube for lighting, wind and solar energy to generate
electricity.
ii.
To develope solatube, wind and solar energy in order to utilize renewable
energy.
iii.
To analyze the output or result from the solatube, wind and solar energy.
iv.
To conclude that by using solatube, wind and solar energy will reduce the
electricity bills and minimize environmental impact.
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This project design is purposely for a small scale area such as factory. The solatube,
wind and solar energy are using renewable energy source. The solatube will transfer
maximum amounts of sunlight from the roof top to interior building by using light
reflection [2]. The wind energy is design by using wind flow from cooling tower while the
solar energy is using solar panel to convert sunlight energy to electrical energy. The main
component used in designing the wind and solar system is blade or rotor, generator, solar
panel, charger controllers, inverter and batteries. The spinning of the blade enables the
rotor to capture the kinetic energy from the wind and convert to the rotary motion to drive
the generator. By adding the inverter to the system; it will convert from direct current (DC)
to alternating current (AC). The energy generate from the wind flow will stored to the
battery for standby. The blade of wind turbine will be place at the top of cooling tower
where the winds flow out to get the maximum wind energy capture.
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This project presents design of a solatube for lighting, wind turbine and solar
system to generate electricity. Solatube or solar light pipes originally refer to the light tube
for introducing lights for lighting purpose. The solar light pipes in buildings realize the
lightening use of solar energy by taking full advantage of natural daylight [2]. A wind
turbine and solar convert the wind dynamic energy and sunlight energy into the electrical
energy. This project design is purposely for a small scale area such as in certain area of a
factory.
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Researches from Malaysian Meteorological Department, Malaysia naturally have
abundant sunshine and also solar radiation. However, the appeal of cloud reduces the
amount of sunshine and solar radiation. On the average, Malaysia receives about 6 hours of
sunshine per day. Based on the research, it is suitable for Malaysia to develop the power
from the solar because it is renewable energy, freely available, clean and does not pollute
the environment [13].
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!
Solatube is an advanced technology that used sunlight as a source for lighting. By
use a light energy from sunlight, the solatube will collect the light through an optic. An
optic designed with parabolic shape to collect the maximum amount of sunlight from
dawn, morning, midday, afternoon and dusk [2]. After the light enters the parabolic optic,
it will be transfer the light down the tubing. The tubing has the material that can reflect the
light along the tube until the light reach the diffuser. The diffuser will spread the light to
the dark spaces area.
For this project, the solatube is design to replace the uses of lamp during the day. A
solatube use a same concept with a traditional transparent roof but it has additional
improvement to give more comfortable. It will be place at the rooftop of the building to
capture the maximum amount of sunlight. Figure 2.1 below show the cross section area of
the solatube.
Figure 2.1: Cross-section area of solatube[2]
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Photovoltaic (PV) panel will convert solar energy to electricity energy as power
supply in form VDC. PV module will function as the power supply. The PV Module is a
collection of individual silicon cells that generate electricity from sunlight which positive
on one side (backside) and negative on the other (towards the sun). The sunlight produces
photon that strike the surface of the thin silicon wafers and the electricity will produce
through the system. The electron will knocked loose from the atoms in semiconductor
material, then creating electron-hole pairs. For the complete electric circuit, the electric
current, Iph(photocurrent) will produce in form electron when have two rod conductor are
attached to the both side for positive side and negative side[8].
The PV module will generate the DC electricity and will be used to charge batteries
at the charger controller. The losses are the main problem occurs at this level. The output
power cannot perform at maximum power due to load miss match or sunlight obstruction
by shading or dust accumulation on the solar panel. This shading may damage the shaded
cells due to overheating and limits the module current from series connected cells to the
minimum current from the shaded cell. The protection to PV panel with disconnected from
load or place bypass diodes when the current difference will be dissipated in the shaded
cells resulting in hot spots that may damage the cells [8].
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