Energy Management For Hybrid PV-Wind System.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT FOR HYBRID PV-WIND SYSTEM
Muhammad Alif Ridzuan Bin Rashid
Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)
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“ I hereby declare that I have read through this report entitle “Energy Management for Hybrid PV-Wind System” and found that it has comply the partial fulfillment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)”
Signature : ……….
Supervisor’s Name : ……….
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MUHAMMAD ALIF RIDZUAN BIN RASHID
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
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I declare that this report entitle “Energy Management for Hybrid PV-Wind System” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature : ……….
Name : ……….
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To my beloved parent, sisters, brothers
and all my friend for their supports
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I am greatly thankful to ALLAH S.W.T on His blessing to make this project successful.
In preparing this report, I was in contact with many people, researcher, academicians and technicians. They have contributed towards my understanding and thought. In particular, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my main project supervisor, Mr. Mohamad Na’im Bin Mohd Nasir, for encouragement, guidance critics and friendship. Without continued support and interest, this project would not have been same as presented here.
My gratitude also goes to my family who has so understood and supports me all the times. Thanks for their support, love and emotional supports that they had given to me.
My fellow postgraduate students should also be recognized for their support. My sincere appreciation also extends to all my colleagues and other who have provided assistance at various occasions. Their views and tips are useful indeed. Unfortunately, it is not possible to list all of them in this limited space.
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ABSTRACT
This project is to study the energy management for hybrid PV-Wind system. The aim of this project to analyze the energy management that produce from the combination of PV system and wind system which is hybrid system to the light emitting diode (LED) lamp as the load. In this project, the PV panel and Wind turbine used to generate the energy and the output of the energy control by two equipments which are solar charge control and hybrid charger. The output of the both equipment connect with the battery as storage energy for this system. To ensure the system can give supply to the load, LED light use as the load of this system. To ensure the management of the energy of this project, software of Homer be use to simulate the data to got the values the cost of the system. In this project, the solar system produce the best energy compare the wind system and it reliable to charge the battery of the system.
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ABSTRAK
Projek ini adalah untuk mengkaji pengurusan tenaga untuk sistem hibrid solar dan turbin angin. Tujuan projek ini untuk menganalisis pengurusan tenaga yang menghasilkan daripada gabungan sistem solar dan sistem angin yang merupakan sistem hibrid untuk menghidupkan lampu diod pemancar cahaya atau dikenali sebagai (LED) sebagai beban untuk sistem dalam projek. Dalam projek ini, solar panel dan turbin angin digunakan untuk menjana tenaga dan tenaga yang terhasil dikawal oleh satu sistem kawalan yang mengawal proses pengecasan kepada bateri dan keseluruhan sistem hibrid. Untuk memastikan sistem boleh memberi bekalan tenaga kepada beban, lampu LED digunakan sebagai beban di dalam sistem hibrid ini. Untuk memastikan pengurusan tenaga projek ini, perisian Homer akan digunakan untuk simulasi data yang diperolehi bagi mendapatkan nilai kos yang dihasilkan oleh sistem ini. Dalam projek ini, sistem solar menghasilkan tenaga yang terbaik membandingkan sistem angin dan ia sesuai untuk mengecaskan bateri bagi sistem hibrid ini.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
ABSTRACT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURE ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES xvii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Motivation 2
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Objectives 4
1.5 Scope 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Phothovoltaic System 5
2.2.1 Definition 5
2.2.2 Operation of Photovoltaic 7
2.2.3 Equivalent Circuit Model 10
2.3 Wind System 12
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CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.3.2 System Component and 14
Operation 2.4 Hybrid System 19
2.4.1 Defination 19
2.4.2 System Component 20
2.5 Storage System 21
2.5.1 Definition 21
2.5.2 Methods of Electricity energy 22
Storage 2.6 Homer Software 23
3 METHODOLOGY 25
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Flow chart of project activities 27
3.3 Photovoltaic System 28
3.4 Wind system 30
3.5 Hybrid Charger 33
3.6 Load System 36
3.7 Equipment for Recording The Data 39
3.8 Homer Software 40
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 49
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Photovoltaic System Performance 49
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CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 49
4.4 Load System 60
4.5 Battery System 64
4.6 Hybrid PV-wind System 67
4.7 Energy Performance of PV-wind system 74
4.8 Homer Software Simulation 75
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 77
5.1 Conclusion 77
5.2 Recommendation 78
REFERENCES 79
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
3.1 Electrical Specification 30
3.2 Part of the DS-300 31
3.3 Specification of DS-300 32
3.4 Specification of The LED SL-025-S1 37
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LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
1.1 Schematic of the proposed system 2
2.1 Simplified grid-connected PV system 6
2.2 A stand-alone PV system with optional generator 6
For back-up 2.3 Diagram of a photovoltaic-powered water pumping 6
System 2.4 Movement of photon in the Photovoltaic cell 7
2.5 Electrons flow 8
2.6 Photovoltaic cells, modules and arrays 8
2.7 I-V characteristic curve 9
2.8 The Maximum Power Point (MPPT) 9
2.9 P-V, P-V curve of PV under same temperature 10
and different irradiation level 2.10 The Equivalent Circuit of a Solar Cell 11
2.11 Types of wind turbines 13
2.12 A three-phase synchronous generator 15
2.13 Asynchronous generator 15
2.14 Basic component of inductance generator 16
2.15 (a) ; (b) 16
2.16 Operation of inductance motor 17
2.17 (a) The movement of stator. (b) The cutting of flux at 18
stator field 2.18 A self-excited inductance generator 18
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FIGURE TITLE PAGE
2.20 Schematic circuit of current control of wind 20
side DC-DC chopper 2.21 Schematic circuit of voltage-current control loops of 20
PV DC-DC chopper 2.22 Hybrid PV-wind system block diagram 21
2.23 Equivalent circuit of the battery 23
2.24 Software of Homer 24
3.1 Schematic diagram of PV-wind stand alone system 26
3.2 Flow Chart of project 27
3.3 Hybrid PV-wind System use in this project 28
3.4 Sunlight Solar Lighting Controller 29
3.5 General View of the DS-300 31
3.6 Hybrid PV-wind System 33
3.7 Hi-VAWT Hybrid Charger WS320 34
3.8 Hybrid Charger System 34
3.9 Wiring Guide of Hi-VAWT Hybrid Charger WS320 35
3.10 Light Emitting Diode (LED) light 38
3.11 The LED light operates at the night 38
3.12 Fluke Meters to record the data 39
3.13 The system will use in Homer software 40
3.14 The PV inputs 41
3.15 Wind turbine inputs 42
3.16 The battery inputs 43
3.17 The load inputs 44
3.18 The converter input 45
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FIGURE TITLE PAGE
3.20 Economic Inputs 47
3.21 The wind resource input 48
4.1 Plot of the solar characteristic on 23rd to 24th March 50
2013 4.2 Plot of the solar characteristic on 26th to 27th March 50
2013 4.3 Plot of the solar characteristic on 3rd to 4th March 51
2013 4.4 Plot of the solar characteristic on 8th to 9th March 52
2013 4.5 Plot of the solar characteristic on 9th to 10th March 52
2013 4.6 Plot of radiation on 25th March 2013 53
4.7 Plot of radiation on 3rd April 2013 54
4.8 Plot of radiation on 8th to 9th April 2013 54
4.9 Graph of wind characteristic on 23rd to 24th March 2013 55
4.10 Graph of wind characteristic on 26th to 27th March 2013 56
4.11 Graph of wind characteristic on 3rd to 4th April 2013 56
4.12 Graph of wind characteristic on 8th to 9th April 2013 57
4.13 Graph of wind characteristic on 9th to 10th April 2013 57
4.14 Graph of wind speed on 25th to 27th March 2013 58
4.15 Graph of wind speed on 28th to 29th March 2013 59
4.16 Graph of wind speed 3rd to 4th April 2013 59
4.17 Graph of wind speed 8th to 9th April 2013 60
4.18 Load characteristic on 23rd to 24th March 2013 61
4.19 Load characteristic on 26th to 27th March 2013 61
4.20 Load characteristic on 3rd to 4th April 2013 62
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FIGURE TITLE PAGE
4.22 Load characteristic on 9th to 10th April 2013 63
4.23 Plot battery characteristic on 23rd to 24th March 2013 64
4.24 Plot battery characteristic on 26th to 27th March 2013 64
4.25 Plot battery characteristic on 3rd to 4th April 2013 65
4.26 Plot battery characteristic on 8th to 9th April 2013 65
4.27 Plot battery characteristic on 9th to 10th April 2013 66
4.28 Graph voltage versus time for Hybrid PV-wind system 67
on 23rd to 24th March 2013 4.29 Graph voltage versus time for Hybrid PV-wind system 68
on 26th to 27th March 2013 4.30 Graph voltage versus time for Hybrid PV-wind system 68
on 3rd to 4th April 2013 4.31 Graph voltage versus time for Hybrid PV-wind system 69
on 8th to 9th April 2013 4.32 Graph voltage versus time for Hybrid PV-wind system 69
on 9th to 10th April 2013 4.33 Graph power versus time for Hybrid PV-wind system 71
on 23rd to 24th March 2013 4.34 Graph power versus time for Hybrid PV-wind system 71
on 26th to 27th March 2013 4.35 Graph power versus time for Hybrid PV-wind system 72
on 3rd to 4th April 2013 4.36 Graph power versus time for Hybrid PV-wind system 72
on 8th to 9th April 2013 4.37 Graph power versus time for Hybrid PV-wind system 73
on 9th to 10th April 2013 4.38 The optimized result 75
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FIGURE TITLE PAGE
A2 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Solar 81 System on 23rd to 24th March 2013
A3 Reading of Solar System on 26th to 27th March 2013 82 A4 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Solar 82
System on 26th to 27th March 2013
A5 Reading of Solar System on 3rd to 4th April 2013 83 A6 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Solar 83
System on 3rd to 4th April 2013
A7 Reading of Solar System on 8th to 9th April 2013 84 A8 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Solar 84
System on 8th to 9th April 2013
A9 Reading of Solar System on 9th to 10th April 2013 85 A10 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Solar 85
System on 9th to 10th April 2013
A11 Reading of Wind System on 23rd to 24th March 2013 86 A12 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Wind 86
System on 23rd to 24th March 2013
A13 Reading of Wind System on 26th to 27th March 2013 87 A14 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Wind 87
System on 26th to 27th March 2013
A15 Reading of Wind System on 3rd to 4th April 2013 88 A16 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Wind 88
System on 3rd to 4th April 2013
A17 Reading of Wind System on 8th to 9th April 2013 89 A18 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Wind 89
System on 8th to 9th April 2013
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FIGURE TITLE PAGE
A20 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Wind 90 System on 9th to 10th April 2013
A21 Reading of Load System on 23rd to 24th March 2013 91 A22 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Load 91
System on 23rd to 24th April 2013
A23 Reading of Load System on 26th to 27th March 2013 92 A24 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Load 92
System on 26th to 24th March 2013
A25 Reading of Load System on 3rd to 4th April 2013 93 A26 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Load 93
System on 3rd to 4th April 2013
A27 Reading of Load System on 8th to 9th April 2013 94 A28 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Load 94
System on 8th to 9th April 2013
A29 Reading of Load System on 9th to 10th April 2013 95 A30 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Load 95
System on 9th to 10th April 2013
A31 Reading of Battery System on 23rd to 24th March 2013 96 A32 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Battery 96
System on 23rd to 24th March 2013
A33 Reading of Battery System on 26th to 27th March 2013 97 A34 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Battery 97
System on 26th to 27th March 2013
A35 Reading of Battery System on 3rd to 4th April 2013 98 A36 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Battery 98
System on 3rd to 4th April 2013
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FIGURE TITLE PAGE
A38 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Battery 99 System on 8th to 9th April 2013
A39 Reading of Battery System on 9th to 10th April 2013 100 A40 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Battery 100
System on 9th to 10th April 2013
B1 Solar Radiation Data by Nasa 101
C1 Wind speed Data in year 2012 by WeatherOnline 102 C2 Wind speed Data in year 2013 by WeatherOnline 103
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
V - Voltage
A - Ampere
DC - Direct Current
AC - Alternate Current
W - Watt
PV - Photovoltaic
LED - Light Emitting Diode
MPP - Maximum Power Point
Ipv - Photovoltaic Current
Io - Saturation Current
Rs - Series Resistance
Rp - Shunt Resistance
Vta - Thermal Voltage
Ns - Cell Connected in Series
q - Electron Charge
k - Boltzman’s Constant
HAWT - Horizontal axis wind Turbine VAWT - Vertical axis wind Turbine
CO2 - Carbon Dioxide
W/m2 - Watt per Meter Square
KW/m2 - KiloWatt per Meter Square
m/h - Meter per hour
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Fluke Meter Graph 81
B Solar Radiation Data by NASA 101
C Wind Speed Data by 102
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The increasing of technology development today that causes high of demand energy. More of equipments today need used energy especially electrical energy. Without electrical energy, economic activity was paralyzed because all work today needed electrical energy whether in office, industrial, transportation place, bank, and all around the world. Because of the high demand in energy used, these can effect of decreasing the prime energy such as oil, coal, and natural gas. Besides, the uses of the prime energy such as oil, coal and natural gas as the demand to get energy also cause pollution to environment. It is about 40% of global energy will cause emissions of carbon dioxide and this become increasing up to 58% in 2030.
Because of those problems, the alternative energy will be introduced to solve it. The concept of alternative energy that will use is relates to sustainability, renewability, and pollution reduction. The various form renewable energy will be introduced such as solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, hydro energy, geothermal energy, wave and tidal energy. Based on the increasing of renewable energy technology development today clearly shown it will becomes as alternative energy to replacement the fossil fuel energy that will be used today in the future.
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1.2 Motivation
This project is to study the performance of energy management of the hybrid PV-wind stand alone system. In this case, the PV and wind generator were chosen as renewable energy and prime energy to generate the energy to supply direct current (DC) load which is LED light as the load of the system. PV and wind turbine were chosen because it is easy to used and can be used anywhere. Besides, it is easy to install and not need the extra space to build this system. The system will consist of the several parts which are wind turbine, PV panel, charge controller, storage and the load. Figure 1.1 shows the schematic of the proposed system.
Figure 1.1: Schematic of the proposed system [1].
This project is to research the energy management of hybrid PV-wind stand alone system. In this case, the performance of the energy in this system will be analyzed by taking the measure of the output energy of the system. Besides, the problem that will facing today which is the storage of the extra energy that generated by the prime energy like PV and wind turbine can be consider in this study as the one of the part of energy management. On the other hand, energy controller charger which is the important part in this system also will be analyzed and the performances will be investigated.
The type of the inverter also was been identify as the part in the controller. As the load of the system, the LED light of the system will be used. The energy that will produce at the load and when load is connect to system will be analyzed to find it performances in the system.
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1.3 Problem Statement
The increasing of electrical demand in the world will affected the natural resources such as oil, gas, and coal becomes deficiencies. Besides, the uses of natural resources to generate the electricity also will cause the pollution to environment by emission of carbon dioxide gas. To resolve this problem, the alternative energy will be introduced. Alternative energy, which is related to sustainability, renewability, and pollution reduction, is the energy that will be used in the future. Renewable energy which is solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy, and biomass energy is example of alternative energy. The new development in renewable energy such as solar and wind energy also has problem based on its reliability of their function.
In this case, this renewable energy which is stand alone renewable energy has a low reliability and flexibility on the system and it maintenance of each application. On other hand, the output energy that will produce by stand alone renewable energy not consistent as the system not achieved the specification needed. To overcome this problem, the renewable energy needs to be combining to make it more efficient. The best ways of combination of renewable energy is the hybrid PV-Wind system which is combination of photovoltaic system and wind turbine system.
In this combination both systems can help to solve the problem such as when the PV system will not operate during gloomy or night time, the wind turbine system can support to produce the energy and when the sunny day if no winds blow the PV still can produce the energy to the system.
By adding the hybrid application on the system, it will make the energy produce become more efficient. Besides, the other problem is about the energy storage. In this case, battery will use as the storage that will be control by the hybrid controller. To ensure the system is effective, the management of the energy of this system needs to be investigated.
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FIGURE TITLE PAGE
A38 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Battery 99 System on 8th to 9th April 2013
A39 Reading of Battery System on 9th to 10th April 2013 100 A40 Graph Voltage (blue) and Current (pink) of Battery 100
System on 9th to 10th April 2013
B1 Solar Radiation Data by Nasa 101
C1 Wind speed Data in year 2012 by WeatherOnline 102 C2 Wind speed Data in year 2013 by WeatherOnline 103
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xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
V - Voltage
A - Ampere
DC - Direct Current
AC - Alternate Current
W - Watt
PV - Photovoltaic
LED - Light Emitting Diode
MPP - Maximum Power Point
Ipv - Photovoltaic Current
Io - Saturation Current
Rs - Series Resistance
Rp - Shunt Resistance
Vta - Thermal Voltage
Ns - Cell Connected in Series
q - Electron Charge
k - Boltzman’s Constant
HAWT - Horizontal axis wind Turbine VAWT - Vertical axis wind Turbine
CO2 - Carbon Dioxide
W/m2 - Watt per Meter Square
KW/m2 - KiloWatt per Meter Square
m/h - Meter per hour
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xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Fluke Meter Graph 81
B Solar Radiation Data by NASA 101
C Wind Speed Data by 102
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The increasing of technology development today that causes high of demand energy. More of equipments today need used energy especially electrical energy. Without electrical energy, economic activity was paralyzed because all work today needed electrical energy whether in office, industrial, transportation place, bank, and all around the world. Because of the high demand in energy used, these can effect of decreasing the prime energy such as oil, coal, and natural gas. Besides, the uses of the prime energy such as oil, coal and natural gas as the demand to get energy also cause pollution to environment. It is about 40% of global energy will cause emissions of carbon dioxide and this become increasing up to 58% in 2030.
Because of those problems, the alternative energy will be introduced to solve it. The concept of alternative energy that will use is relates to sustainability, renewability, and pollution reduction. The various form renewable energy will be introduced such as solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, hydro energy, geothermal energy, wave and tidal energy. Based on the increasing of renewable energy technology development today clearly shown it will becomes as alternative energy to replacement the fossil fuel energy that will be used today in the future.
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2
1.2 Motivation
This project is to study the performance of energy management of the hybrid PV-wind stand alone system. In this case, the PV and wind generator were chosen as renewable energy and prime energy to generate the energy to supply direct current (DC) load which is LED light as the load of the system. PV and wind turbine were chosen because it is easy to used and can be used anywhere. Besides, it is easy to install and not need the extra space to build this system. The system will consist of the several parts which are wind turbine, PV panel, charge controller, storage and the load. Figure 1.1 shows the schematic of the proposed system.
Figure 1.1: Schematic of the proposed system [1].
This project is to research the energy management of hybrid PV-wind stand alone system. In this case, the performance of the energy in this system will be analyzed by taking the measure of the output energy of the system. Besides, the problem that will facing today which is the storage of the extra energy that generated by the prime energy like PV and wind turbine can be consider in this study as the one of the part of energy management. On the other hand, energy controller charger which is the important part in this system also will be analyzed and the performances will be investigated.
The type of the inverter also was been identify as the part in the controller. As the load of the system, the LED light of the system will be used. The energy that will produce at the load and when load is connect to system will be analyzed to find it performances in the system.
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3
1.3 Problem Statement
The increasing of electrical demand in the world will affected the natural resources such as oil, gas, and coal becomes deficiencies. Besides, the uses of natural resources to generate the electricity also will cause the pollution to environment by emission of carbon dioxide gas. To resolve this problem, the alternative energy will be introduced. Alternative energy, which is related to sustainability, renewability, and pollution reduction, is the energy that will be used in the future. Renewable energy which is solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy, and biomass energy is example of alternative energy. The new development in renewable energy such as solar and wind energy also has problem based on its reliability of their function.
In this case, this renewable energy which is stand alone renewable energy has a low reliability and flexibility on the system and it maintenance of each application. On other hand, the output energy that will produce by stand alone renewable energy not consistent as the system not achieved the specification needed. To overcome this problem, the renewable energy needs to be combining to make it more efficient. The best ways of combination of renewable energy is the hybrid PV-Wind system which is combination of photovoltaic system and wind turbine system.
In this combination both systems can help to solve the problem such as when the PV system will not operate during gloomy or night time, the wind turbine system can support to produce the energy and when the sunny day if no winds blow the PV still can produce the energy to the system.
By adding the hybrid application on the system, it will make the energy produce become more efficient. Besides, the other problem is about the energy storage. In this case, battery will use as the storage that will be control by the hybrid controller. To ensure the system is effective, the management of the energy of this system needs to be investigated.