PERSUASION IN INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS Persuasion in International Journals: Pragmatic Analysis.
PERSUASION IN INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS:
PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Master Degree of Education
in Language Studies Department
by:
MADYA GIRI ADITAMA
S 200 140 014
MAGISTER OF LANGUAGE STUDIES
POST GRADUATE PROGRAM
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2016
i
ii
ii
iii
iii
iv
iv
v
v
vi
MOTTO
It’s no matter what you CAN DO but what you WANT to
DO, because I believe that “Where there is a Will there is a
Way”. And Allah is always with me.
Plan, Pray and Do the Best..!!!
vivii
DEDICATION
4.
.
viiviii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamin, praise is to Allah SWT, the Lord of
universe, with His blessing and guidance so the agreement of this work can be
finished. Sholawat and Salam are always given to our prophet Muhammad SAW
that brings people from the darkness to the lightness.
Working on this research has been a very enlightening, rewarding and
gratifying experience for the writer. Begin with offering out line, looking for title,
collecting samples, looking for theories to analyze, and analyzing what we ask in
research problems and making conclusion are very interesting process for the
writer. Sharing with advisors is important to improve our knowledge in making
the research better. It needs hard work and determination to finish the research.
“PERSUASION
IN
INTERNATIONAL
JOURNALS:
PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS” is chosen as the title of this thesis. This study is
accomplished as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for getting Master
Degree of Education in Magister of Language Studies, Post Graduate Program,
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
The writer is fully aware of other people’s help, advice, suggestion and
guidance. Therefore, on this opportunity, he would like to express his gratitude
and appreciation to:
ix
viii
1. Prof. Dr. Khudzaifah Dimyati, SH. M.Hum., as Director of Post Graduate
Program, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, who has given permission
to write this research.
2. Prof. Dr. Markhamah, M.Hum., as Head of Magister of Language Studies,
Post Graduate Program, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, who has
given permission to write this research.
3. Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D as the first advisor, who has given his great patience
for giving time to read this little work, help, guidance in finishing this
research,
4. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D. as the second advisor, who gave help,
guidance and corrections the research paper,
5. Dr. Dwi Haryanti, as the third examiner of this research.
6. All Lecturers of Magister of Language Studies in Post Graduate Program
UMS who have given great knowledge till the end of the study.
7. His beloved parents, who have been an important and indispensable source of
spiritual support to finish the study.
8. His beloved brother and sister who have supported his study.
9. Specialized to his late uncle who always gave suggestions and advices.
10. All his big families who have supported his life in study.
11. All his friends of class B Magister of Language Studies 2014, who have
supported and gave beautiful memories a long the study “we’ll always be
more than just friends”.
ix
x
x
xi
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER ………………………………………………………………………….. i
APPROVAL ……………………………………………………………………. ii
NOTE OF ADVISOR I ………………………………………………………... iii
NOTE OF ADVISOR II ………………………………………………………. iv
PRONOUNCEMENT…………………………………………………………... v
MOTTO ………………………………………………………………………... vi
DEDICATION ………………………………………………………………… vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………………… viii
TABLE OF CONTENT …………………….………………………………..... xi
SUMMARY...………..……………..…………………………………………. xiii
ABSTRAK ……………………….....……………………………………….... xiv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………... 1
A. Background of the Study ………………………………… 1
B. Limitation of the Study …………………………………... 3
C. Problem Statement ……………………………………….. 3
D. Objective of the Study ……………………………………. 3
E. Benefit of the Study ………………………………………. 4
F. Thesis Organization ……………………………………… 4
CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY ………………………………….... 6
A. Previous Study ……………………………………………. 6
B. Related Theories ………………………………………… 18
1. Pragmatics …………………………………………... 18
xi xii
2. Speech Acts ………………………………………….. 19
3. Persuasion ………………………………………….... 22
4. Hedges ……………………………………………….. 25
5. Writing Styles of Western and Eastern ……………. 38
6. Native and Non-native English …………………….. 39
C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………… 42
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ……………………………………. 43
A. Type of Research ………………………………………... 43
B. Object of Research ……………………………………… 43
C. Subject of Research ……………………………………... 43
D. Data and Data Source …………………………………... 43
E. Technique of Collecting Data …………………………... 44
F. Data Validity …………………………………………….. 47
G. Technique of Analyzing Data …………………………... 47
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION …………....... 49
A. Research Finding ………………………………………... 49
B. Discussion ………………………………………………... 68
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION …………………….... 75
A. Conclusion ……………………………………………….. 75
B. Suggestion ……………………………………………….. 75
C. Pedagogical Implication ………………………………... 76
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………….. 77
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………..... 84
xii
xiii
SUMMARY
Madya Giri Aditama, S200140014. PERSUASION IN INTERNATIONAL
JOURNALS: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS. A Thesis. Magister of Language
Study, School of Graduate Studies, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
2016.
Persuasive in written texts especially in international journals is very
interesting to be analyzed. The objectives of the research are to classify the
persuasive strategies and to describe hedging strategies applied in persuasive
sentences used by native and non-native English author in international journals.
The type of the research is descriptive qualitative. The data collecting method
used in this research is documentation method by using content analysis
techniques. The data sources are international journals, which consist of 25
journals written by native English author and 25 journals written by non-native
English author which are chosen randomly and analyzed by using Aristotle’s
persuasive strategies theory and Hyland’s hedges strategies theory. The research
findings shows that native authors use 481 persuasive strategies (100%) which
consist of 186 Ethos (37,63%), 132 Pathos (27,44%), and 168 Logos (34,93%)
application. And in non-native authors found 397 persuasive strategies (100%)
which consist of 157 Ethos (39,55%), 32 Pathos (8,06%), and 208 Logos (52,
39%) application. While in the use of hedges strategies, the native authors use 803
hedges (100%), which consist of 62 Attribute Hedges (7,72%), 463 Reliability
Hedges (57,66%), 149 Writer Oriented hedges (18,56%), and 129 Reader
Oriented Hedges (16,06%). On the other hand, non-native authors used 702
hedges (100%), which consist of 46 Attribute Hedges (6,54%), 411 Reliability
Hedges (58,46%), 113 Writer-Oriented hedges (16,07%), and 133 Reader
Oriented Hedges (18,92%). This study also discovers some similarities and
differences of persuasive and hedging strategies used by native and non-native
English authors in writing international journals.
Keywords: Hedging strategies, International Journals, Native and Non-native
English, Persuasive strategies.
xiii
xiv
ABSTRAK
Madya Giri Aditama, S200140014. PERSUASION IN INTERNATIONAL
JOURNALS: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS. Tesis. Magister Pengkajian
Bahasa, Sekolah Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta,
2016.
Ungkapan ajakan atau persuasif dalam teks tertulis terutama dalam
journal internasional merupakan sesuatu yang menarik untuk di analisis. Tujuan
dari penalitian ini adalah untuk mengklasifikasikan strategi-strategi persuasive
dan mendiskripsikan strategi hedging yang terdapat dalam kalimat-kaliam
persuasive yang digunakan oleh penulis-penulis natif dan non-natif bahasa inggris
dalam jurnal internasional. Jenis penelitian dalam tesis ini adalah diskriptif
kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode dokumentasi dengan
teknik kontan analisis. Sumber data adalah jurnal-jurnal internasional yang terdiri
dari 25 penulis natif dan 25 penulis non-natif yang dipilih secara acak dan
dianalisis menggunakan teori strategi persuasive oleh Aristotle dan strategi
hedging oleh Hyland. Temuan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penulis
natif menggunakan 481 strategi persuasif (100%) yang terdiri dari 186 Ethos
(37,63%), 132 Pathos (27,44%), dan 168 Logos (34,93%). Dan di penulis nonnatif ditemukan 397 strategi persuasif (100%) yang terdiri dari 157 Ethos
(39,55%), 32 Pathos (8,06%), dan 208 Logos (52, 39%). Sementara dalam
penggunaan strategi hedge, penulis natif menggunakan 803 hedges (100%), yang
terdiri dari 62 Attribute Hedges (7,72%), 463 Reliability Hedges (57,66%), 149
Writer Oriented hedges (18,56%), dan 129 Reader Oriented Hedges (16,06%). Di
sisi lain, penulis non-natif menggunakan 702 hedges (100%), yang terdiri dari 46
Attribute Hedges (6,54%), 411 Reliability Hedges (58,46%), 113 Writer-Oriented
hedges (16,07%), dan 133 Reader Oriented Hedges (18,92%). Penelitian ini juga
mengungkapkan beberapa kemiripan dan perbedaan dalam penggunaan strategi
persuasive dan strategi hedging oleh penulis natif dan non-natif dalam menulis
jurnal internasional.
Keywords: Strategi Hedging, Jurnal Internasional, Natif dan Non-natif, Strategi
Persuasif.
xiv
xv
PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Master Degree of Education
in Language Studies Department
by:
MADYA GIRI ADITAMA
S 200 140 014
MAGISTER OF LANGUAGE STUDIES
POST GRADUATE PROGRAM
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2016
i
ii
ii
iii
iii
iv
iv
v
v
vi
MOTTO
It’s no matter what you CAN DO but what you WANT to
DO, because I believe that “Where there is a Will there is a
Way”. And Allah is always with me.
Plan, Pray and Do the Best..!!!
vivii
DEDICATION
4.
.
viiviii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamin, praise is to Allah SWT, the Lord of
universe, with His blessing and guidance so the agreement of this work can be
finished. Sholawat and Salam are always given to our prophet Muhammad SAW
that brings people from the darkness to the lightness.
Working on this research has been a very enlightening, rewarding and
gratifying experience for the writer. Begin with offering out line, looking for title,
collecting samples, looking for theories to analyze, and analyzing what we ask in
research problems and making conclusion are very interesting process for the
writer. Sharing with advisors is important to improve our knowledge in making
the research better. It needs hard work and determination to finish the research.
“PERSUASION
IN
INTERNATIONAL
JOURNALS:
PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS” is chosen as the title of this thesis. This study is
accomplished as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for getting Master
Degree of Education in Magister of Language Studies, Post Graduate Program,
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
The writer is fully aware of other people’s help, advice, suggestion and
guidance. Therefore, on this opportunity, he would like to express his gratitude
and appreciation to:
ix
viii
1. Prof. Dr. Khudzaifah Dimyati, SH. M.Hum., as Director of Post Graduate
Program, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, who has given permission
to write this research.
2. Prof. Dr. Markhamah, M.Hum., as Head of Magister of Language Studies,
Post Graduate Program, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, who has
given permission to write this research.
3. Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D as the first advisor, who has given his great patience
for giving time to read this little work, help, guidance in finishing this
research,
4. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D. as the second advisor, who gave help,
guidance and corrections the research paper,
5. Dr. Dwi Haryanti, as the third examiner of this research.
6. All Lecturers of Magister of Language Studies in Post Graduate Program
UMS who have given great knowledge till the end of the study.
7. His beloved parents, who have been an important and indispensable source of
spiritual support to finish the study.
8. His beloved brother and sister who have supported his study.
9. Specialized to his late uncle who always gave suggestions and advices.
10. All his big families who have supported his life in study.
11. All his friends of class B Magister of Language Studies 2014, who have
supported and gave beautiful memories a long the study “we’ll always be
more than just friends”.
ix
x
x
xi
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER ………………………………………………………………………….. i
APPROVAL ……………………………………………………………………. ii
NOTE OF ADVISOR I ………………………………………………………... iii
NOTE OF ADVISOR II ………………………………………………………. iv
PRONOUNCEMENT…………………………………………………………... v
MOTTO ………………………………………………………………………... vi
DEDICATION ………………………………………………………………… vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………………… viii
TABLE OF CONTENT …………………….………………………………..... xi
SUMMARY...………..……………..…………………………………………. xiii
ABSTRAK ……………………….....……………………………………….... xiv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………... 1
A. Background of the Study ………………………………… 1
B. Limitation of the Study …………………………………... 3
C. Problem Statement ……………………………………….. 3
D. Objective of the Study ……………………………………. 3
E. Benefit of the Study ………………………………………. 4
F. Thesis Organization ……………………………………… 4
CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY ………………………………….... 6
A. Previous Study ……………………………………………. 6
B. Related Theories ………………………………………… 18
1. Pragmatics …………………………………………... 18
xi xii
2. Speech Acts ………………………………………….. 19
3. Persuasion ………………………………………….... 22
4. Hedges ……………………………………………….. 25
5. Writing Styles of Western and Eastern ……………. 38
6. Native and Non-native English …………………….. 39
C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………… 42
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ……………………………………. 43
A. Type of Research ………………………………………... 43
B. Object of Research ……………………………………… 43
C. Subject of Research ……………………………………... 43
D. Data and Data Source …………………………………... 43
E. Technique of Collecting Data …………………………... 44
F. Data Validity …………………………………………….. 47
G. Technique of Analyzing Data …………………………... 47
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION …………....... 49
A. Research Finding ………………………………………... 49
B. Discussion ………………………………………………... 68
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION …………………….... 75
A. Conclusion ……………………………………………….. 75
B. Suggestion ……………………………………………….. 75
C. Pedagogical Implication ………………………………... 76
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………….. 77
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………..... 84
xii
xiii
SUMMARY
Madya Giri Aditama, S200140014. PERSUASION IN INTERNATIONAL
JOURNALS: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS. A Thesis. Magister of Language
Study, School of Graduate Studies, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
2016.
Persuasive in written texts especially in international journals is very
interesting to be analyzed. The objectives of the research are to classify the
persuasive strategies and to describe hedging strategies applied in persuasive
sentences used by native and non-native English author in international journals.
The type of the research is descriptive qualitative. The data collecting method
used in this research is documentation method by using content analysis
techniques. The data sources are international journals, which consist of 25
journals written by native English author and 25 journals written by non-native
English author which are chosen randomly and analyzed by using Aristotle’s
persuasive strategies theory and Hyland’s hedges strategies theory. The research
findings shows that native authors use 481 persuasive strategies (100%) which
consist of 186 Ethos (37,63%), 132 Pathos (27,44%), and 168 Logos (34,93%)
application. And in non-native authors found 397 persuasive strategies (100%)
which consist of 157 Ethos (39,55%), 32 Pathos (8,06%), and 208 Logos (52,
39%) application. While in the use of hedges strategies, the native authors use 803
hedges (100%), which consist of 62 Attribute Hedges (7,72%), 463 Reliability
Hedges (57,66%), 149 Writer Oriented hedges (18,56%), and 129 Reader
Oriented Hedges (16,06%). On the other hand, non-native authors used 702
hedges (100%), which consist of 46 Attribute Hedges (6,54%), 411 Reliability
Hedges (58,46%), 113 Writer-Oriented hedges (16,07%), and 133 Reader
Oriented Hedges (18,92%). This study also discovers some similarities and
differences of persuasive and hedging strategies used by native and non-native
English authors in writing international journals.
Keywords: Hedging strategies, International Journals, Native and Non-native
English, Persuasive strategies.
xiii
xiv
ABSTRAK
Madya Giri Aditama, S200140014. PERSUASION IN INTERNATIONAL
JOURNALS: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS. Tesis. Magister Pengkajian
Bahasa, Sekolah Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta,
2016.
Ungkapan ajakan atau persuasif dalam teks tertulis terutama dalam
journal internasional merupakan sesuatu yang menarik untuk di analisis. Tujuan
dari penalitian ini adalah untuk mengklasifikasikan strategi-strategi persuasive
dan mendiskripsikan strategi hedging yang terdapat dalam kalimat-kaliam
persuasive yang digunakan oleh penulis-penulis natif dan non-natif bahasa inggris
dalam jurnal internasional. Jenis penelitian dalam tesis ini adalah diskriptif
kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode dokumentasi dengan
teknik kontan analisis. Sumber data adalah jurnal-jurnal internasional yang terdiri
dari 25 penulis natif dan 25 penulis non-natif yang dipilih secara acak dan
dianalisis menggunakan teori strategi persuasive oleh Aristotle dan strategi
hedging oleh Hyland. Temuan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penulis
natif menggunakan 481 strategi persuasif (100%) yang terdiri dari 186 Ethos
(37,63%), 132 Pathos (27,44%), dan 168 Logos (34,93%). Dan di penulis nonnatif ditemukan 397 strategi persuasif (100%) yang terdiri dari 157 Ethos
(39,55%), 32 Pathos (8,06%), dan 208 Logos (52, 39%). Sementara dalam
penggunaan strategi hedge, penulis natif menggunakan 803 hedges (100%), yang
terdiri dari 62 Attribute Hedges (7,72%), 463 Reliability Hedges (57,66%), 149
Writer Oriented hedges (18,56%), dan 129 Reader Oriented Hedges (16,06%). Di
sisi lain, penulis non-natif menggunakan 702 hedges (100%), yang terdiri dari 46
Attribute Hedges (6,54%), 411 Reliability Hedges (58,46%), 113 Writer-Oriented
hedges (16,07%), dan 133 Reader Oriented Hedges (18,92%). Penelitian ini juga
mengungkapkan beberapa kemiripan dan perbedaan dalam penggunaan strategi
persuasive dan strategi hedging oleh penulis natif dan non-natif dalam menulis
jurnal internasional.
Keywords: Strategi Hedging, Jurnal Internasional, Natif dan Non-natif, Strategi
Persuasif.
xiv
xv