IJPA-The Indonesian Journal of Public Administration
Volume 2 | Nomor 2 | Nopember 2016
Page | 67 greater
social cohesion.
By promoting good health at all ages,
the benefits of development can be extended across generations.
Investments in primary health care can promote health across all
social groups and reduce health inequities,
including maternal
mortality number
within and
between countries.
Strives to
improve performance of health systems by enhancing financial and
human resources, appropriate use of technology and governance practices
will advance this agenda. Local potential for providing medium-large
scale employment as frontline health workers, particularly to women and
young persons, should be utilized to strengthen the economy and improve
health services.
This paper tries to analyze public health policy in term of how
local government facilitates public consciousness regarding maternal
health care. Research focuses are: a theoretical analysis of public
health and pro-poor policies, b analysis of public health especially
maternal health from sustainable development
perspective, c
governance practices Public Private Partnership
and community
engagement in maternal health care development.
As a remarkable result, the conclusion of this paper is expected
to provide alternative solutions. Still locally, maternal health care relies
mostly on the socio-cultural aspects of local area combining with social
cohesion
and community
trust Agyepong Liu, 2014.
2. Theoretical
Framework and Analysis
2.1. Public Policy and Public
Health: Definition and Understanding
Policy is a purposive course of action followed by an
actor or set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter of
concern Parson, 2006. Policy was a tactic and a strategy
geared to achieve goal Amara Raksasataya in Islamy, 2004.
Therefore, a policy contains three elements Wahab, 2008:
1
Identification of objectives. 2
Tactics or strategies of the various steps to achieve the
desired goals. 3
Provision of inputs to allow the implementation of real
tactics or strategies. Policy analysis involves an
essential skill possessed by the prospective
social workers,
especially those who will be working on a macro setting
community and social systems Suharto, 2008. Analysis of
public policies helps providing recommendations to assist policy
makers as an effort to solve public problems. Public health
policy
analysis contains
information to formulate and assess
policy alternatives,
recommendations Nugroho,
2004. Health is defined as a
personal condition of physical; mental; spiritual and social to
enable more people to live socially
and economically
IJPA-The Indonesian Journal of Public Administration
Volume 2 | Nomor 2 | Nopember 2016
Page | 68 productive Law Number 36 Year
2009 about Health. D espite the undoubted health advances in many
areas, poor health continues to be a constraint on development efforts. In
some
cases the
process of
development itself
is creating
conditions where, as a result of economic,
political and
social upheaval, inequities, environmental
degradation, and human health suffers WHO, 2002. In conclude,
health is not simply described as a medical term, otherwise, it can be
viewed in terms of non-medical perspectives. Public health involves
more complex physical condition of environment, community behavior
and social capital.
2.2. Public Health and Sustainable
Development
Sustainable goals of global development or better known as
SDGs contains 17 agreements of sustainable
development jointly
agreed upon by at least 193 countries in the General Assembly of the
United Nations UN on September 25, 2015 New York, United States.
On the agenda, Indonesia was represented by Indonesian Vice
President Jusuf Kalla to generate vision of global sustainability. The
agreement is valid from 2016 which officially replaces the Millennium
Development Goals MDGs.
Sustainable development goals promote seventeen transformative
purposes agreed upon and applied to all nations without exception. SDGs
formulation process is different from the process of formulating the
MDGs, in the formulation of the SDGs promoting the principle
of no man left behind. SDGs also contain principles that
emphasize equality
between countries and between citizens
which are universally applicable for all the states of the UN
member involves developed countries, developing countries
and poor countries.
Purposes of SDGs include eradication of poverty; zero
hunger; health and welfare enhancement; good quality of
education;
gender equality;
clean water and sanitation; green energy; good job and
economic growth; innovation and
infrastructure; reduced
inequality; sustainable cities and communities;
sustainable consumption and production;
protecting the planet preventing the impact of climate change;
keeping
life below
water marine resources; maintaining
terrestrial ecosystems; peace and justice; and revitalization of
the global partnership.
Health system
in Indonesia closely related to the
quality of family health. A healthy province created from a
healthy district; healthy counties created from healthy districts;
healthy district that comes from a healthy village; A healthy
village created from a healthy family, the analogy implicitly
explained that the creation of a healthy country come from
small groups most of the state,
IJPA-The Indonesian Journal of Public Administration
Volume 2 | Nomor 2 | Nopember 2016
Page | 69 namely a family. By recognizing
this, national and local government has been working on a program that
leads
to increase
community empowerment efforts with lead
preventive efforts on community based health program.
The presence of community empowerment
can create
an independent community to increase
health quality. Therefore, sustainable human
development must
be enlightened to achieve success on
community empowerment. It can be said that, sustainable health or
human development is the priority of governance
process Rachmat,
2004. Health development efforts of
the region has been reflected in the formulation of the vision of national
government led by The President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo, called as
―A Nawacita: 9 future ideas of Indonesia‖. Specifically on health
sector, Nawacita established points of sustainable health development in
remote areas and villages within the framework of local autonomy or
decentralization.
The presence of the Village Law is a great achievement for the
advance of rural development and health development in particular.
With decentralization, the village government is authorized to manage
the village in order to grow. The decentralization process must be
done on an ongoing basis, all the stakeholders are faced by many
challenges, thus a creation of harmony
between localregional
government’s health programs can be
synergized by
national government’s program.
Significant aspect
of sustainable
development in
maternal health program covers the principles of POSDCoRB -
planning, organizing, staffing, directing,
coordinating and
controlling, reporting
and budgeting, also evaluation. Not
to mention, political conflict of interest in local autonomous
areas can sometimes make this decentralized system should
receive special attention.
By prioritizing sustainable development, societies commit
to progress
across four
dimensions: economic
development including
the eradication of extreme poverty,
social inclusion, environmental sustainability,
and good
governance. Each of these dimensions contributes to the
others, and progress across all four is required for individual
and societal wellbeing.
Health is
inherently important as a human right, but
is also critical to achieving these four pillars. National aspirations
for economic growth cannot be achieved without a healthy and
productive population. While health benefits from economic
growth, its value as a critical catalyst for development led to
health
related goals
being centrally positioned in the
Sustainable Development Goals SDGs. Child and maternal
mortality became a measure of a
IJPA-The Indonesian Journal of Public Administration
Volume 2 | Nomor 2 | Nopember 2016
Page | 70 nation’s overall development, along
with poverty
eradication, the
empowerment of
women, and
environmental sustainability WHO, 2002.
2.3. Public Health Policy: A Social
