viii
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Typical mechanical properties of fiber used in PMC
11 2.2
Differences between thermoset and thermoplastic 12
2.3 Properties of thermoplastic elastomers
13 2.4
Advantages and disadvantages of crosslinking 13
2.5 Types of laminates based on orientation
19 2.6
Advantages and disadvantages of thermoplastic and thermoset matrices
20 2.7
Specification of the filament and staple 21
2.8 Mechanical and physical properties of glass and kevlar fabric
21 2.9
Materials that commonly used based other researchers 22
2.10 The thickness and layer of the composite
23 2.11
Standard and machine used for anti stab testing 25
2.12 Results of the resin reinforced p-aramid fabric
28 2.13
Stab resistance test results for spike protection class energy level 1 to 3
29 2.14
Example results of stab resistance test for edge blade Protection class energy level 1-3
29 2.15
Overview of studies on anti stab 35
3.1 Mechanical properties of aramid fiber
38 3.2
Properties of E-glass fiber 40
3.3 Mechanical properties of HDPE
41 3.4
Mechanical properties of LDPE 42
3.5 Sample code for HDPE sample
44 3.6
Sample code for LDPE sample 45
4.1 Sample coding and value of areal density for different testing
53
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1
Flowchart of methodology 7
2.1 Classification of composite materials
10 2.2
Thermoplastic processing method 14
2.3 Lamina and laminates lay-ups
16 2.4
a The bidirectional b The unidirectional 17
2.5 Quasi-isotropic material lay-up
18 2.6
Quasi static knives penetration testing for multi axial composite 23 2.7
The compression jig for quasi static stab resistance testing 24
2.8 a Anti-stabbing test equipment drop tower type
b Dimensional specification 24
2.9 Types of impactor a S1, b P1 and c spike
26 2.10
The hybrid multiaxial composites target 26
2.11 a Puncture impact b Dynamic puncture
27 2.12
The effect of the angle on the penetration 29
2.13 Photography of fabric damage on the STF-kevlar and kevlar
30 2.14
Image of back layer a Kevlar b STF- 30
2.15 a near the tip; b in the middle of the stab position;
c near the blunt sides d near the tip 31
2.16 Static puncture observations of thickness-direction a G-CF,
b K-CF, dynamic puncture observations of in-plane c G-CF and d K-CF
32 3.1
Flowchart of methodology 37
3.2 Kevlar 300 in satin weave type
39 3.3
Woven roving of E-glass fiber 39
3.4 HDPE in pellet form.
41 3.5
LDPE in pellet form. 41
3.6 Orientation of composite laminate
43 3.7
Laminate size a the laminate composite, b mould size 43
x 3.8
Hot press machine 46
3.9 Flowchart of hot press process.
47 3.10
a Quasi static machine testing and b jig 49
3.11 Three point of loading flexural testing
50 3.12
Scanning electron microscopy 51
4.1 7 layers of reinforcement for sample H3
54 4.2
11 layers of reinforcement for sample H5 56 4.3
Differences thickness and areal density of each sample. 57
4.4 Bending test for sample H5c a before test, b after test
58 4.5
Laminate composite damage at layer 6 of sample H5c. 59
4.6 Maximum force at strokedisplacement 10 mm
61 4.7
Schematic diagram of knives for stab test a P1, b S1. 62
4.8 Maximum force at displacement 20 mm
65 4.9
Maximum force at strokedisplacement 50 mm 66
4.10 Back side of sample L3a during penetration.
67 4.11
Back side failure of laminate composite after penetration 68
a H2a, b L5a 4.12
Schematic of impact damage mode for laminate composite 68
Shyr and Pan, 2013. 4.13
Schematic cross sectional view of fiber orientation and the 69
height after penetration 4.14
Height penetration distribution for laminate composite sample 70
4.15 Cross section after P1 penetration at displacement 20, 50 mm
71 a H3, b L5
4.16 Maximum force at strokedisplacement 50 mm
75 4.17
Cross section after S1 penetration at displacement 50 mm 76
a H5, b L5. 4.18
SEM images of the HDPE fabric target after quasi static stab 77
testing on sample H5. 4.19
SEM images of the LDPE fabric target after quasi 78
static stab testing on sample L5.
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ASTM -
American society for testing and materials EVA
- Ethylene-vinyl acetate
GFRP -
Glass fiber-reinforced polymer GMT
- Glass mat thermoplastic
H1 -
HDPE sample 3 H2
- HDPE sample 4
H3 -
HDPE sample 5 H4
- HDPE sample 6
H5 -
HDPE sample 7 HDPE
- High Density Polyethylene
HG -
HDPE with glass fiber sample 2 HK
- HDPE with kevlar sample 1
L1 -
LDPE sample 3 L2
- LDPE sample 4
L3 -
LDPE sample 5 L4
- LDPE sample 6
L5 -
LDPE sample 7 LDPE
- Lower Density Polyethylene
LG -
LDPE with glass fiber sample 2 LK
- LDPE with kevlar sample 1
NIJ -
National Institute Justice P1
- Small knife
PE -
Polyethylene PET
- Polyethylene terephthalate
PMC -
Polymer matrix composite PP
- Polypropylene
PSM -
Projek sarjana muda RTM
- Resin transfer molding
xii S1
- Large knife
SEM -
Scanning electron microscopy SiO
2
- Silicon oxide
TPU -
Thermoplastic polyurethane UHMWPE
- Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene
UTM -
Universal testing machine
xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
o
- degree
o
C -
degree celcius KPa
- Kilo Pascal
kN -
Kilo Newton gcm
3
- gram per centimetre cubic
in. -
inch MPa
- Mega Pascal
µm -
micro metre X
- multiply
- percent
: -
ratio mm
- millimetre
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background