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the conclusion of the previous steps. Finally, the result of observation was analyzed and evaluated.
Similarly, Hopkins makes point of view 1993:48 of the model of action research which is illustrated as follow:
D. Techniques of Collecting Data
In action research, Burns 1999: 79 has categorized the method in collecting data into the broad groupings, observational approaches and non-
observational approaches. According to Burns p. 79, the observational approaches cover some techniques include notes, diaries, recordings, photographs,
and transcripts. Meanwhile, he p. 117 asserts that non-observational approaches cover some techniques include interviews and discussion, questionnaires and
survey, and documents. In this research, the researcher used some techniques above. The
following are the detail explanation of each technique according to Burns 1999: 78-151:
1. Field notes
They are flexible tools for an action research data collection. The researcher made descriptions and accounts of observed events and wrote them
down in the form of field notes.
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2. Diaries
They are an alternative to field notes and provide continuing accounts of perceptions and thought processes, as well as of critical events or issues
which have surfaced in the classroom. The researcher used this technique as the continuity of taking field notes.
3. Recordings
Both audio and video recordings are technique for capturing in detail naturalistic interaction and verbatim utterances. They provide more obvious
and accurate information on patterns of interactional behaviour during the actual teaching learning process. McKernan in Burns 1999: 94 says that using
video in fact provides a useful checklist to focus in on various aspects of classroom behaviour. In this research, the researcher used both audio and video
recordings. 4.
Photographs Burns 1999: 101 says that photographic data holds promise as a way
of greatly enhancing classroom analysis and providing stimuli which can be integrated into reporting and presenting the research to others. They are also
generally used in action research as the qualitative research. So, took some photographs were taken during conducting the research.
5. Interviews
Burns 1999: 118 asserts that interviews are a popular and widely used as means of collecting qualitative data. In this research, the researcher has
interviewed the English teacher as the collaborator and some students as the subject of the research.
6. Questionnaires
Besides interviews, the researcher also gave some questionnaires to the students as an alternative form of data collection. It was conducted in order
to make the researcher easier and less time consuming to administer and to gather the larger number of informants.
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7. Documents
In action research, documents are a readily accessible source of data as many already exist in the institutional system. The researcher used the
syllabus and classroom material as the consideration in making lesson plan.
E. Techniques of Analyzing Data
