Discussion Conclusion Background Textile Antenna.

2.2 Fabric Characterization

10 2.3 Meshed Ground Plane Structure 14 2.4 Textile Transmission Line 15 2.41 Textile Transmission Line Configuration 16 2.5 Antenna Positioning in the Garment 17 ΙΙΙ DESIGN PROCEDURES 3.1 Methodology 20 3.2 Gantt Chart 22 3.3 Fabric Characterization 22 3.3 Design of Dual Band Fabric Antennas 24 3.31 Fed Substrate 23 3.32 Substrate Thickness 23 3.33 Antenna Design and Prototyping 23 3.34 Transmission Line 24 3.35 Feeding Methods 27 3.36 Rectangular Patch 28 3.4 Design of Dual Band Fabric Antennas 30 3.5 Calculation 31 3.6 Design Consideration 35 ΙV RESULT 4.1 Design Dual Band Antenna 36 4.2 Simulation 39 V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 49

5.1 Discussion

50

5.1 Conclusion

51 VΙ REFERENCES 52 LIST OF TABLES NO TITLE PAGES 2.1 Average result of the dielectric constant for each material 10 3.1 Gantt Chart 22 3.2 The advantages and disadvantages of microstrip patch antenna 26 LIST OF FIGURES NO TITLE PAGES 1.1 Flow chart 12 2.1 Aperture Coupled Patch Antenna 13 2.2 The use of cooper wire grid within textile structures 14 2.3 Textile antenna with meshed ground plane made of cooper wire 15 grid sewed antenna left and glued antenna right 2.4 Meshed conductors and solid conductors : meshed line a, solid line 15 b solid line c meshed ground plane d solid ground plane 2.5 Sketch of a textile via 17 2.6 Positioning of the antenna with regard to the assembly on garment 17 2.7 Possible location of the antenna on the garment 18 2.8 Antenna is integrated between textile layers 19 2.9 Measurement setup in the anechoic chamber 19 3.1 Flow chart 21 3.2 Transmission-line model of microstrip antenna 25 3.3 Typical feeds for microstrip antennas 28 3.4 Rectangular microstrip patch and its equivalent circuit 28 transmission line model 3.5 Rectangular microstrip patch radiating slots and equivalent 29 magnetic current densities. 3.6 Typical E - and H -plane patterns of the each microstrip slot, and of the 29 two together 3.7 Design of Dual Band Fabric Antennas with Slot Element 30 4.1 Dimension of Dual Band Textile Antennas 37 4.2 Return loss for feed located at 2.45GHz and 5.5GHz 40 4.3 Radiation Pattern for 2.45GHz 42 4.4 Farfield region 0° and 90° for 2.45GHz 43 4.5 Radiation Pattern for 5.2GHz 44 4.6 Farfield region 0° and 90° for 5.2GHz 45 4.7 Surface current flows for a dual band at 2.45 GHz and 5.2GHz 47 4.8 Gain and directivity for a dual band at 2.45 GHz 48 4.9 Gain and directivity for a dual band at 5.2 GHz 49 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Textile antennas are becoming attractive, since the development of wearable system has opened possibilities to incorporate antennas into clothing. This project will design and investigate the performance of such antenna and also designed to be integrated into protective clothing since it is made out of a high performance fleece fabric. The development of textile systems has altered the concept of clothing. New generation garments are capable of monitoring the we arer’s vital signs and activity as well as the environment. The fact that this is done in a –for the wearer- comfortable and unobtrusive way, makes these garments quite exceptional. Additionally, the introduction of these textiles has uncovered the need for wireless communication systems that are unnoticeably integratable into clothing. Data concerning the operator’s health status and surrounding environmental risks .Therefore, a wireless link is established where the antenna on the operator’s side is a textile antenna to be integrated into the garment. A textile antenna is proposed for operating in the 2.45 GHz and 5.5GHz for short communication range to transmit the wearer’s life signs to a nearby base station.

1.2 Problem Statement