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and works with the coastal communities to reduce dynamite fishing and raise awareness on the importance of coastal and marine resources. The main underlying principle of the
programme is to encourage local government and civil societies to use “participatory methods for collaborating with communities in the analysis of development needs and opportunities,
the mobilisation of community and external resources, and the implementation and monitoring of development activities” Eskola, 2003: 20. The programme passed through
three phases: phase 1 1988-1993, phase 2 1994-1999 and phase 3 1999-2005. In 1994, a Marine Environmental Protection Programme was initiated for the Lindi and Mtwara
districts with facilitation from the RIPS Wagner, 2004. The program included seaweed farming, patrol for dynamite fishing, a village credit revolving scheme to enable fishermen to
buy conventional fishing gear and the production of media materials to enhance environmental awareness Ibid.
c. Mangrove Management Programme MMP
This national programme was initiated in 1988 to promote mangrove conservation and sustainable utilisation. The programme has continued to undertake sustainable management
of the country’s 115,500 hectares basing on these strategies: i involvement of local communities through the formation of village natural resource committees which oversee
community based conservation activities, ii intersectoral coordination through collaborative meetings and workshops involving various relevant sectors and stakeholders, and iii
awareness raising through sensitisation activities on mangrove conservation undertaken through training, seminars, radio programmes and interactive video TCMP, 2000.
d. Rufiji Environment Management Project REMP
The project was initiated – with a five year phase 1998-2003 plan – within Rufiji district in the ecosystems affected by flooding of the river floodplains, downstream of the Selous
Game Reserve and several upland forests of special importanceMwilawa, 2003. Its main
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goal was to promote long-term sustainable conservation through wise use of the lower Rufiji forests, woodlands and wetlands. The project was implemented with technical support from
IUCN and financial assistance from the Royal Netherlands Embassy Ibid. The project has some considerable successes: i economic valuation of natural resources was carried out in
nine villages, ii land cover and land use map was revised, iii meteorological station at Utete was re-established and one district officer was trained in data collection, iv district
environmental management plan for the delta and floodplain was established and v a study on fuelwood use and potential alternative was undertaken TCMP, 2000.
e. Kinondoni Coastal Area Management Programme KICAMP
The programme was set up in 2000 to develop a local ICM strategy through identification of priority coastal issues and development of a strategy to address them. With support from
SIDA, the programme started with two pilot areas of Mbweni and Kunduchi wards with an overall aim of improving the understanding and management of marine and coastal resources
in Kinondoni district TCMP, 2000. It had four major components: i coastal land and water use planning, ii coastal community development, iii coastal surveys, assessments and
monitoring, and iv education, information and communication Ibid. To achieve such interventions under collaborative approach, the programme and its activities were merged
within the Kinondoni municipal council [in the department of natural resources] Muthiga et al., 2008. The program was able to facilitate community-based monitoring of several aspects
of the environment including coral reefs, although the practice had some irregularities Wagner, 2004. Some of its activities in component iii were undertaken in the Dar es
Salaam Marine Reserves; thus, supporting the management of critical habitats MNRT, 2006.
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f. Marine and Coastal Environment Management Project MACEMP
