Problems facing mariculture development in Bagamoyo District Site Analysis Requirement Prior to Villages Issuing the Approval

13 PART II 2.0. MARICULTURE PRACTICES AND ZONING IN BAGAMOYO DISTRICT 2.1. Current situation on mariculture practices Available records suggest that aquaculture was first introduced in Tanzania in late 1940s. It is being estimated that the industry produces about 3000 tons of fish annually, from more than 8000 ponds scattered all over the country. Most fish farmers in the country prefer to produce Tilapia species especially the Oreochromis niloticus though there are many other species that could be farmed successfully. Mariculture trials in Bagamoyo have a long history. Prawn farming on the other hand is traced back to 1980s. In 1986 a Norwegian company Batarz Group proposed a joint venture with the Bagamoyo Development Cooperative in the developing a medium-sized semi- intensive prawn farm North of Bagamoyo. Other medium scale commercial initiatives have recently commenced production in the same area. A company called Grammack started production but later on stopped. Currently, various forms of mariculture practices are taking place which includes but not limited to, seaweed and milk fish farming and crab-fattening The most successful case of mariculture development in Bagamoyo District is seaweed farming of the red algae, Euchema spinosum and Euchema cottonii conducted in Mlingotini village with some trials in Mbegani and northern coast. Shrimp farming is another aspect of mariculture in Bagamoyo, which is growing very fast and showing promising future. Currently, shrimp farming is commonly conducted in Changwaela and Mbegani coastal areas. Farmed species includes; white shrimps Fenneropenaeus indicus formerly known as Penaeus indicus, giant black shrimp P. monodon, and tiger shrimp P. semisucatus. It is anticipated that the development of hatchery for marine species currently under construction at Mbegani Fisheries Development centre will foster mariculture practices.

2.2. Problems facing mariculture development in Bagamoyo District

Mariculture development in Bagamoyo faces a number of problems which partly have contributed to under-development of the industry. These include: • Unavailability of source of good seedlings or fish fingerlings • Lack of knowledge and skills required for production of quality seeds and fish feeds, • Inadequate extension services to monitor and evaluate mariculture activities • Inadequate water supply especially due to weather and climate change impacts which changes water compositions limnological factors • Inconsistency of mariculture products to the existing markets Despite these setbacks, coastal communities extensively practice fish farming with most of the systems being part of salt production ponds. Price of cultured fish and seaweed is another challenge to farmers, which needs to be addressed along with improvement of processing and handling techniques as well as adding value to mariculture products. 14

2.3. Mariculture zoning, estuary profiling and seed scouting in Bagamoyo District

During mariculture suitable sites analyses for the coast of Bagamoyo, most of the sites which were surveyed were mapped through taking coordinates with GPS and they were qualified to be right candidates for mariculture activities. The main idea of mapping these sites is to determine how much land has been used for mariculture activities, carrying capacity of the total land as well as to set proper procedures for establishment such kind of activities. Apart from available land, seedsfingerlings availability for stocking is crucial when considering establishment of mariculture farms. Potential sites for fish fingerlings collection were identified whereby during rainy seasons fingerlings are readily available in plenty and thus the establishment of mariculture farms will have to follow the seasonality. Similar to zoning of suitable mariculture sites, there was a need to identify and locate all entry points to all specific salt flats along the coast and to be layered with mariculture maps for consistency of documentation of the coast regarding mariculture activities. This is due to the fact that, these estuariescreeks are the ones which determines the sustainability of mariculture activities for the specific selected areas.

2.3.1. Saadani Village

The northern part of Saadani village also has a reasonably large area suitable for mariculture activities but not larger than that in the south. The common unique feature observed is that all these area are visited by wild animals including those which are very dangerous like lions and elephants. There are three small sites on the edge and to the south of village. These sites are within residential area and are owned individually. They are characterized by natural water flow, not located in SANAPA, if fish farms established within these sites could be a model for training others. Their size differs from one another whereby Site 1 is approximately 1.25 hectares, Site 2 is approximately 3 hectares and Site 3 is approximated to be 7 hectares. Part of the larger site Site 3 is fed by Chamamba Creek. In Saadani Village there is Marumbe salt flats where found abandoned old salt works. Small group salt works using wood to evaporate sea water from mangroves and Stamico salt company. The southern part of Saadani village is one of the largest sites for salt production in Bagamoyo District. The nearby area Kajanjo-just a small village is a fishing camp where by sometimes the fishers are the ones who works with salt company STAMICO. This area is unique in the sense that it has large number of fingerlings for prawns and milk fish which could be seen by eyes without any difficulties. Apart from that, the salt pans were visited by wild birds which signified the availability of fish in such ponds and thus the suitability of the site. It has low topography water flows in naturally during high tide and the soil type generally clay with high retention of water. 15 Plate 1: Representatives of Suitable sites for mariculture activities in Saadani Village 16

2.3.1.1. Wami River Estuary

No fish farming should occur in Park controlled Wami estuary.

2.3.2. Kitame Sub-Village

The main difference of this location compared to other sites in the coastal villages in Bagamoyo, Makurunge area RAZABA and Kitame villages is that there are fish ponds which technically well-made, and would be excellent for milk fish farming but currently the owner does not use them. The community members suggested that TCMP should facilitate negotiations for the community members to be allowed to hire such sites from the owner to farm milk fish. Some parts along the coastline where there are no mangroves contain clay soil with high water retention capacity with rivers of salt water feeding the sites naturally. This makes the area a suitable candidate for mariculture practices in Bagamoyo. It has more than 20 sites with both manmade and natural ponds currently used for salt production and inshore small- scale fishing. Kitame Salt works could be zoned as appropriate for mariculture, but these ponds are actively used for salt production. However, there are a few salt flats which are located nearby the residential area and are owned by the village in which these can be used by the village with no problems. 17 Plate 2: Representatives of Suitable sites for mariculture activities in Kitame Sub- Village 18

2.3.3 Razaba Sub-Village

On the way to RAZABA village there is a large coastal plain, with low areas and apparent drainage channels, having no obvious potential for small scale mariculture. This location would benefit from a specific area-wide planning project. Plate 3: Representatives of Suitable sites for mariculture activities in RAZABA Sub- Village 19

2.3.4 Ruvu Estuary

North of the river: there is one large site with potential for mariculture but it was abandoned some time ago. It is possible that the elevation of the ponds is too high above sea level. It might need a water pumping system, an investment which is not feasible for small scale mariculture practices. There is also a medium-sized site which formerly had mangroves on it and one small natural pond found with dead fish, probably due to high salinity.

2.3.5 Magomeni Village

The coastline of Magomeni village has couples of Salt flats which are mostly owned by private companies mainly for salt production. These owners pump water to fill out the salt ponds as the elevation of the ponds are relatively high. The ponds could be converted to larger fish farms or shrimp farms, but would have to be major investments due to the need for this infrastructure, thus out of the scope of this ordinance. However, some of these salt ponds and salt flats were mapped for keeping records. 20 Plate 4: Representatives of Suitable sites for mariculture activities in Magomeni Village 21

2.3.6 Dunda

An intensive survey was conducted in this village but surprisingly, no site was found to qualify for mariculture practices. This is due to the fact that the area contains sandy beaches which are not suitable for construction of fish ponds.

2.3.7 Kaole Village

In this village there is only one site which generally considered suitable for mariculture practices. Currently part of the site is being used for salt production by villagers and part of it is idle. The Coordinates for this area were taken and local community in Kaole village agreed that the site to be zoned for establishing mariculture activities in near future. 22 Plate 5: Representatives of Suitable sites for mariculture activities in Kaole Village 23

2.3.8 Pande

In this village there are no sites potential for mariculture practices. This is due to the fact that coastal area of the village is where Mbegani Fisheries Development Centre located. However, some villagers from Pande are involved in pearl oyster farming at the infra littoral area along Mbegani FDC. It was actually supposed to take coordinates surrounding the farms of Pearl Oyster farms but it was not possible to make a quick arrangement for boat hence coordinates were not taken.

2.3.9 Mlingotini

There is no land based site along this coast suitable for constructing fish ponds. But this village has unique characteristics for seaweed farms within the tidal and intertidal area. Previously, Seaweed farmers in this area were by TCMP- SUCCESS Project to make trials on modern farming technology floating lines. Coordinates surrounding this area were taken and this village will only concentrate on seaweed farming currently practiced as the main species grown mainly are Spinosum and Cottonii. 24

2.3.10 Kondo Village

Along the coast of Kondo village there are 11 Salt flats, some of these are Prison, Juwata, Manji, Mwarabu and Sadik. Generally most of these sites are suitable for establishment of pond mariculture activities. Plate 6: Representatives of Suitable sites for mariculture activities in Kondo Village 25

2.3.11 Mapinga Village

Mapinga village has a large area in terms of salt flats along its coast though these salt flats are mostly owned by private companies and utilized for salt production as major business. Mapinga village has a total of 2 salt flats, namely Stamico and Sabiru. Apart from these salt flats, there are fish ponds that also owned by private owner named Reagent Estate, these ponds could be very productive and profitable if they were well managed and technically operated. Also in Mapinga village there is a fishing camp where nearby there is a small natural fish pond with a connection to the ocean. Although this natural pond supports fish lives but technically it was recommended not to be used for mariculture establishments. During periods of High-High Water Tides fish can escape to the sea. It was also recommended that dykes not be allowed in this area. 26 Plate 7: Representatives of Suitable sites for mariculture activities in Mapinga Village 27

2.3.12 Kiharaka village

Kiharaka village is where Bagamoyo District borders Kinondoni District. The Mpiji River forms the actual boarder. The Mpiji River together with other little rivers floods and fills water to the Two Major salt flats along the Kiharaka coast. During the mariculture site analysis the small-size salt flat was excluded from consideration, as it has no qualities suitable for mariculture activities. The large-sized salt flat also known as Muyonga site was analysed. It is severely damaged as the result of an entrepreneur attempting unsuccessfully to establish multiple fish ponds. The work was carried out without technical consultation from Fisheries and other agencies. In addition the Muyonga site is clearly located within a major Mangrove Forest reserve area. As a result, this location should be considered as a high priority for the ecological recovery plan. 28 Plate 8: Representatives of Suitable sites for mariculture activities in Kiharaka Village 29

2.4. Site Analysis Requirement Prior to Villages Issuing the Approval

Mariculture development depends very much on reliable source of sea water. Creating a profile for a specific area is essential to identify the current status, future needs and its potential for development. A water source here means all entry points from sea water through mangrove forests to land which beyond them that can get tidal water twice a month. These points are associated with human activities and thus can be affected anthropogenically basing on the nature of the communities around that area as well as change naturally due to climate change. The process of profiling the sites involved the surrounding coastal communities for them to understand the results and the use of the findings. Adding to that, by collecting all information for a profile for each specific estuaries and creeks will have an important benefit to Bagamoyo District to update the coast as well as to ensure actions are appropriate and effective in the course of environmental and coastal resources conservation. On the other hand to understand the community to increasing awareness of its services, identify issues, problems and needs of such ecosystems. However, there are some areas which are in critical situation and thus they need recovery plans instead of mariculture activities establishments. 30 PART III 3.0. MARICULTURE MONITORING AND CONTROL IN BAGMOYO DISTRICT 3.1. Small Scale Mariculture Permit Procedure The permitting procedure for small-scale mariculture activities shall follow the procedures described below using the forms and instructions provided in the Annexes as indicated. The procedures are based upon those described in the Mariculture Investor’s Guide. However the Bagamoyo procedure shall be simple, easy to use and especially suitable for use at the community level. The District does not take on the responsibility for directly helping individuals or groups acquire sites, initiate or manage mariculture businesses. Important considerations that persons interested in initiating small-scale pond culture should take into account regarding site selection and fish pond operations are listed in Annex 12. A potential mariculture pond in an existing salt works or other pond structure will be provided with the quickest review, and will not be considered as a new operator in terms of the limits on cumulative development of mariculture in the estuary where the farm is located mentioned in Strategy 1c. Therefore, the investor only needs to be registered and be listed in the village mariculture roster. However, the investor should fill in an application standard form provided. All other applicants are encouraged to consider carefully the size of the operation they ultimately wish to manage. This regulatory procedure is not intended to handle projects that do not conform to the basic requirements of eligibility described in Strategy 1b. Applicants are discouraged from occupying the time of district authorities with requests that patently exceed this threshold. The District will exercise its right to reject such applications outright without detailed technical review or site visit. For sustainable environmental and coastal resources use, establishment of any kind of Mariculture related projects should follow the Environment and Social management Framework ESMF and Resettlement of Policy Framework RPF as well as Environmental Impact Assessment EIA procedures should be followed. • Early steps for conducting EIA for any project is SCREENING through PRA which will results into grouping of various project groups A,B,C basing on the type and nature of the project itself. Type A projects are regarded ad large projects which for this case does not fall under these Permit Procedures and are required to undergo EIA procedures by NEMC. Types B and C are moderate and small scale projects which most of cases are implemented by local communities , these may or may not undergo EIA procedure depending on i Type ii size and iii sensitiveness of these specific projects. However, these projects B and C have to be screened Annex 2.

3.2. Application Procedures and District Review