Comparison between Dialect of Paser Pematang and Paser Telake in Kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim in Daily Activities
Comparison between Dialect of Paser Pematang and Paser Telake in
Kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim in Daily Activities
THESIS
By:
Heny Marhaini Prastiwi
09360244
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
MAY 2014
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
MOTTO
“Intelligence is not the determinant of success but hard work is the real determinant
of your success”
DEDICATION:
I dedicated this thesis to:
My beloved father and mother,
My sister and my brother,
My lectures,
My friends,
And my sweet darling
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL …………………………………………………………………..
i
LEGALIZATION …………………………………………………………….
ii
MOTTO & DEDICATION …………………………………………………..
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………….........
iv
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………...
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………..
vi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study ……………………………………….
1
1.2
Statement of the Problems ……………………………………....
5
1.3
Purposes of the Study …………………………………………...
5
1.4
Significance of the Study ……………………………………….
5
1.5
Scope and Limitation ……………………………………………
6
1.6
Definition of the Key Terms …………………………………….
6
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
Language Variation ……………………………………………...
7
2.1.1
Style ……………………………………………………..
7
2.1.2
Jargon ……………………………………………………
8
2.1.3
Register ………………………………………………….
9
2.1.4
Colloquial ………………………………………………..
10
2.1.5
Slang …………………………………………………….. 10
2.1.6
Dialect …………………………………………………… 11
2.1
Dialect …………………………………………………………… 11
2.2
2.2.1
Kinds of Dialect …………………………………………. 12
2.2.2
The Differences and the Similarities Form of Dialect …... 13
The Description of Research Object …………………………….. 14
2.3
2.3.1
History of Paser Language ………………………………. 14
2.3.2
Dialect of Paser Pematang ………………………………. 15
2.3.3
Dialect of Paser Telake ………………………………….. 15
2.3.4
The Characteristics Dialect of Paser Pematang and Dialect of
Paser Telake ……………………………………………… 16
Daily Activities ………………………………………................... 16
2.4
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research Design ……………………………………..................... 18
3.2
Research Subject ………………………………………................ 19
3.3
Research Instrument ……………………………………………... 20
3.3.1
Observation …………………………………………….... 21
3.3.2
Interview ………………………………………………… 21
3.4
Data Collection ………………………………………………….. 22
3.5
Data Analysis ……………………………………………............. 23
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Finding …………………………………………………............... 24
4.1
4.1.1
The Similarities between Dialect of Paser Pematang and Paser
Telake in Daily Activities …………………….................. 24
4.1.2
Dialect Differences between Paser Pematang and Paser Telake
in Daily Activities ……………………………………….. 27
4.2
Discussion ……………………………………………………….. 29
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1
Conclusion ……………………………………………………..... 32
5.2
Suggestion …………………………………………………….....
REFERENCES
APPENDIXES
32
References
Agha, Ashif. 2007. Language and Relation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ary, Donald. 2006. Introduction to Research in Education 7th Edition. Canada:
Wadsworth.
Brown, H. Douglas. 2002. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. -4th ed.
San Fransisco State University: Addison Wesley Longman. Inc.
Chambers, J.K and Peter Trudgill. 2004. Dialectology. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Dawson, Cathrine. 2002. Practical Research Methods. Newtec Place: United
Kingdom.
Eckert, Penolope and Sally McConnel-Ginet. 2003. Language and Gender.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fraenkel, Jack R and Norman E. Wallen. 2009. How to Design and Evaluate Research
in Education, 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies. New York.
http://pematanggadungdesakelurahan.ptkpt.net/_a.php?_a=desakecamatankota&tanda
=kota&daerah=Kab.&urut=&asc=000101&sby=000000&prov=Kalimantan+
Timur&_en=&no1=2&provkot=Kab.+Paser Accessed on 13th January 2014 at
09:50 AM.
http://www.paserkab.go.id.id/ Accessed 14th April 2014 at 02:15 PM.
http://www.sejarahpaser.com/2012/11/ilmu-ghaib-dari-suku-dayak-paser.html
Accessed on January 13th 2014 09:48 AM.
Jendra, Made Iwan Indrawan. 2010. Sociolinguistic: The Study of Societies`
Languages. Jakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Raila, Elpa Nauli. 2008. Dialect Differences between Banjarmasin and Amuntai of
Banjarese. Thesis: UMM.
Sari, Purnama. 2007. Dialectical differences between Malayan Sambas and Malayan
Pontianak Dialect in Kalimantan Barat. Thesis: UMM.
Stewart, Jr., Thomas W. And Vailette, Nathan. 2001. Language Files: Material for An
Introduction to Language and Linguistics. -8th ed. Ohio: Ohio State University.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2002. An Introduction to Sociolinguistic 4th Edition. Melborne:
Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistic 5th Edition. Melbourne:
Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
www.sejarahpaser.com/2012/06/paser.html Accessed on 13th January at 12:30 PM.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This research contains of some sections such as; background of the study,
statement of the problem, purpose of the study, significance of the study, scope and
limitation, and definition of key terms. Each section is presented as follows:
1.1 Background of the study
The main function of language is as communication medium. Language
allows people to say things to each other and to express communication need. Language
allowing people to live, work, and play together, to tell the truth, but also to tell a lie or
lies. In the interaction of communicative setting, people use of many kinds of language
variation.
Communication is a basic need for human beings. The main instrument of
communication is language, that makes human being get information. By using it,
human can get information through language. Since human beings are introduction
social cultures, they have a tendency to live among their society and need
communication and interaction. They can not live alone in isolated area without
interaction with other people.
The variation of language or variation within speech communication is also
discussed in Sociolinguistics. These language varieties are not only as a sign of
differentiating its speech community but also as an indication of language situation and
reflect purpose, topic, norms, and modes of language. The language varieties are also
created to make the language more interesting and unique, such as: style, jargon,
register, colloquial, slang and dialect.
Dialect is one of the things in sociolinguistics that need to study. Dialect is a
variety of language based on the place where it is used (Jendra, 2010: 186). Dialect can
be divided based on regional and social factor. One dialect is different from another
dialect and these differences can be seen from the pronunciation, grammar, and
vocabulary.
Regional dialect is distinctive varieties of the language and geographically
based. Regional dialect diversity affecting language that are differences residence and
regional dialect associated with social dialect because it is influenced by the
background language users such as education and age.
Regional dialect is a factor of person into a variety of languages. In the
implementation in a particular place, of course that is because influenced by cultural
backgrounds, region and even different social.
Therefore, the use of the language used reflects where they came from. So, it
is the way they pronounce the word, it would be similar or different from one person
to another person from region and different cultural backgrounds with them. Even with
the environment and with who they are speaking, will affect the meaning or intent of
the language or words used.
The other type of dialect is social dialect. Social dialect originates among
social groups and is related to a variety of factors, the principal one apparently being
social class, religion, and ethnicity.
Social dialect in society is still influenced by the different divisions (region).
Social dialect characterizes their position in the social hierarchy. Social factor affect
the way we communicate or how speakers convey a thought or idea to another person,
or otherwise out of the way of delivering the information.
Our country has many kinds of dialects, especially in Borneo which has four
parts of region, namely West Borneo, East Borneo, Center Borneo, and South Borneo
that usually make the society of java difficult to understand the language itself. Also
cannot use our dialect in other dialects because it has differentiation in grammar,
vocabulary, and pronunciation. In East Borneo especially in Kabupaten Paser
indigenous people commonly recognize many sub tribes which they call Paser
Pematang, Paser Telake, Paser Adang, Paser Modang, Paser Migi Paser Mayang,
Paser Tikas, Paser Tiong Talin, Paser Balik, and Paser Lusan. Thus, the researcher
wants to do the research about the comparison of dialect between Paser Pematang and
Paser Telake in Kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim.
The benefit of studying comparison of dialect is that it can contribute toward
community development especially in language usage, because sometimes have similar
and different meanings, sound or pronunciation, and even their form. The researcher
decides to do this research because the language of Paser Pematang and Paser Telake
are similar, that is Paser language and they are separated regionally, therefore the
dialects are automatically different. Paser Pematang is spoken in area Sadurangas /
Benuo, Seratai, Tanjung Harapan, Tanah Grogot, Pasir Belengkong, and Muara Samu.
Meanwhile Paser Telake is spoken in area Olong Telake, Longkali, Pinang Jatus,
Olong Gelang, Pias, etc.
Based on the importance of this research, the researcher must know about the
previous similar researches that studied about dialect. They were Elpa Nauli Raila
(2008) and Purnama Sari (2007).
The first research was written by Raila (2008) with the title “Dialect
Differences between Banjarmasin and Amuntai of Banjarese”. The result of her
research stated that there were differences of sounds pattern such as sound [e], for
example in words, semalam, in Banjarmasin it is pronounced //s[e`]malam// but
inAmuntai //s[a]malam//. It also has differentiation in vocabulary, for example, the
word kamu. Banjarmasin people say nyawa, but Amuntai people say kau’ui. The
differences of sound pattern and vocabulary between Banjarnmasin and Amuntai
Banjarese are caused by different regional and geographical factors.
The last research was conducted by Sari (2007) with the title “Dialectical
differences between Malayan Sambas and Malayan Pontianak Dialect in Kalimantan
Barat”. The result of the research showed the pronunciation differences between
Pontianak and Sambas were on their sounds of [a], and also [e] and the vocabulary
differences between Pontianak and Sambas are in some words.
Based on the research above, it is known that there is no research about the
comparison between dialect of Paser Pematang and Paser Telake. Therefore, the
researcher chooses this title of her thesis about the comparison between dialect of Paser
Pematang and Paser Telake in Kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim in daily
activities.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Considering the background of the research, the research problem is stated as
follow.
1. What are the similarities in dialect between Paser Pematang and Paser Telake in
Kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim in daily activities?
2. What are dialect differences between Paser Pematang and Paser Telake in
Kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim in daily activities?
1.3 Purpose of the Study
Related to the statement of problems, the purpose of the study is stated as
follows:
1. To describe the similarities in dialect between Paser Pematang and Paser Telake
in kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim in daily activities.
2.
To describe dialect differences between Paser Pematang and Paser Telake in
Kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim in daily activities.”
1.4 Significance of the Study
By conducting this research, the researcher expects that the findings will be
useful to enlarge knowledge about local dialects especially in Kabupaten Paser Tanah
Grogot Kaltim. Besides, the reader will be informed about phenomenon of human
communication especially comparison between dialect of Paser Pematang and Paser
Telake in Kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim in daily activities.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
This research is intended to analyze comparison between dialect of Paser
Pematang and Paser Telake. This research focuses on the analysis of the language
variety used by people in Paser Pematang and Paser Telake in their daily activities.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation the researcher
defines:
Comparison is the process of examining two or more things in order to establish
their similarities and differences.
Dialect is any variety of a language spoken by a group of people that is
characterized by systematic differences from other varieties of the same language
in term of structural or lexical features (Thomas W. Stewart. Jr, Nathan Vailette
2001).
Paser Pematang is located area Sadurangas / Benuo, Seratai, Tanjung Harapan,
Tanah Grogot, Pasir Belengkong, Muara Samu, etc.
Paser Telake is located in area Olong Telake, Long kali, Pinang Jatus, Olong
Gelang, Pias, etc.
Daily activities also known as activities of daily living are those activities that
people must be able to routinely be considered fully independent.
Kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim in Daily Activities
THESIS
By:
Heny Marhaini Prastiwi
09360244
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
MAY 2014
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
MOTTO
“Intelligence is not the determinant of success but hard work is the real determinant
of your success”
DEDICATION:
I dedicated this thesis to:
My beloved father and mother,
My sister and my brother,
My lectures,
My friends,
And my sweet darling
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL …………………………………………………………………..
i
LEGALIZATION …………………………………………………………….
ii
MOTTO & DEDICATION …………………………………………………..
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………….........
iv
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………...
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………..
vi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study ……………………………………….
1
1.2
Statement of the Problems ……………………………………....
5
1.3
Purposes of the Study …………………………………………...
5
1.4
Significance of the Study ……………………………………….
5
1.5
Scope and Limitation ……………………………………………
6
1.6
Definition of the Key Terms …………………………………….
6
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
Language Variation ……………………………………………...
7
2.1.1
Style ……………………………………………………..
7
2.1.2
Jargon ……………………………………………………
8
2.1.3
Register ………………………………………………….
9
2.1.4
Colloquial ………………………………………………..
10
2.1.5
Slang …………………………………………………….. 10
2.1.6
Dialect …………………………………………………… 11
2.1
Dialect …………………………………………………………… 11
2.2
2.2.1
Kinds of Dialect …………………………………………. 12
2.2.2
The Differences and the Similarities Form of Dialect …... 13
The Description of Research Object …………………………….. 14
2.3
2.3.1
History of Paser Language ………………………………. 14
2.3.2
Dialect of Paser Pematang ………………………………. 15
2.3.3
Dialect of Paser Telake ………………………………….. 15
2.3.4
The Characteristics Dialect of Paser Pematang and Dialect of
Paser Telake ……………………………………………… 16
Daily Activities ………………………………………................... 16
2.4
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research Design ……………………………………..................... 18
3.2
Research Subject ………………………………………................ 19
3.3
Research Instrument ……………………………………………... 20
3.3.1
Observation …………………………………………….... 21
3.3.2
Interview ………………………………………………… 21
3.4
Data Collection ………………………………………………….. 22
3.5
Data Analysis ……………………………………………............. 23
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Finding …………………………………………………............... 24
4.1
4.1.1
The Similarities between Dialect of Paser Pematang and Paser
Telake in Daily Activities …………………….................. 24
4.1.2
Dialect Differences between Paser Pematang and Paser Telake
in Daily Activities ……………………………………….. 27
4.2
Discussion ……………………………………………………….. 29
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1
Conclusion ……………………………………………………..... 32
5.2
Suggestion …………………………………………………….....
REFERENCES
APPENDIXES
32
References
Agha, Ashif. 2007. Language and Relation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ary, Donald. 2006. Introduction to Research in Education 7th Edition. Canada:
Wadsworth.
Brown, H. Douglas. 2002. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. -4th ed.
San Fransisco State University: Addison Wesley Longman. Inc.
Chambers, J.K and Peter Trudgill. 2004. Dialectology. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Dawson, Cathrine. 2002. Practical Research Methods. Newtec Place: United
Kingdom.
Eckert, Penolope and Sally McConnel-Ginet. 2003. Language and Gender.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fraenkel, Jack R and Norman E. Wallen. 2009. How to Design and Evaluate Research
in Education, 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies. New York.
http://pematanggadungdesakelurahan.ptkpt.net/_a.php?_a=desakecamatankota&tanda
=kota&daerah=Kab.&urut=&asc=000101&sby=000000&prov=Kalimantan+
Timur&_en=&no1=2&provkot=Kab.+Paser Accessed on 13th January 2014 at
09:50 AM.
http://www.paserkab.go.id.id/ Accessed 14th April 2014 at 02:15 PM.
http://www.sejarahpaser.com/2012/11/ilmu-ghaib-dari-suku-dayak-paser.html
Accessed on January 13th 2014 09:48 AM.
Jendra, Made Iwan Indrawan. 2010. Sociolinguistic: The Study of Societies`
Languages. Jakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Raila, Elpa Nauli. 2008. Dialect Differences between Banjarmasin and Amuntai of
Banjarese. Thesis: UMM.
Sari, Purnama. 2007. Dialectical differences between Malayan Sambas and Malayan
Pontianak Dialect in Kalimantan Barat. Thesis: UMM.
Stewart, Jr., Thomas W. And Vailette, Nathan. 2001. Language Files: Material for An
Introduction to Language and Linguistics. -8th ed. Ohio: Ohio State University.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2002. An Introduction to Sociolinguistic 4th Edition. Melborne:
Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistic 5th Edition. Melbourne:
Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
www.sejarahpaser.com/2012/06/paser.html Accessed on 13th January at 12:30 PM.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This research contains of some sections such as; background of the study,
statement of the problem, purpose of the study, significance of the study, scope and
limitation, and definition of key terms. Each section is presented as follows:
1.1 Background of the study
The main function of language is as communication medium. Language
allows people to say things to each other and to express communication need. Language
allowing people to live, work, and play together, to tell the truth, but also to tell a lie or
lies. In the interaction of communicative setting, people use of many kinds of language
variation.
Communication is a basic need for human beings. The main instrument of
communication is language, that makes human being get information. By using it,
human can get information through language. Since human beings are introduction
social cultures, they have a tendency to live among their society and need
communication and interaction. They can not live alone in isolated area without
interaction with other people.
The variation of language or variation within speech communication is also
discussed in Sociolinguistics. These language varieties are not only as a sign of
differentiating its speech community but also as an indication of language situation and
reflect purpose, topic, norms, and modes of language. The language varieties are also
created to make the language more interesting and unique, such as: style, jargon,
register, colloquial, slang and dialect.
Dialect is one of the things in sociolinguistics that need to study. Dialect is a
variety of language based on the place where it is used (Jendra, 2010: 186). Dialect can
be divided based on regional and social factor. One dialect is different from another
dialect and these differences can be seen from the pronunciation, grammar, and
vocabulary.
Regional dialect is distinctive varieties of the language and geographically
based. Regional dialect diversity affecting language that are differences residence and
regional dialect associated with social dialect because it is influenced by the
background language users such as education and age.
Regional dialect is a factor of person into a variety of languages. In the
implementation in a particular place, of course that is because influenced by cultural
backgrounds, region and even different social.
Therefore, the use of the language used reflects where they came from. So, it
is the way they pronounce the word, it would be similar or different from one person
to another person from region and different cultural backgrounds with them. Even with
the environment and with who they are speaking, will affect the meaning or intent of
the language or words used.
The other type of dialect is social dialect. Social dialect originates among
social groups and is related to a variety of factors, the principal one apparently being
social class, religion, and ethnicity.
Social dialect in society is still influenced by the different divisions (region).
Social dialect characterizes their position in the social hierarchy. Social factor affect
the way we communicate or how speakers convey a thought or idea to another person,
or otherwise out of the way of delivering the information.
Our country has many kinds of dialects, especially in Borneo which has four
parts of region, namely West Borneo, East Borneo, Center Borneo, and South Borneo
that usually make the society of java difficult to understand the language itself. Also
cannot use our dialect in other dialects because it has differentiation in grammar,
vocabulary, and pronunciation. In East Borneo especially in Kabupaten Paser
indigenous people commonly recognize many sub tribes which they call Paser
Pematang, Paser Telake, Paser Adang, Paser Modang, Paser Migi Paser Mayang,
Paser Tikas, Paser Tiong Talin, Paser Balik, and Paser Lusan. Thus, the researcher
wants to do the research about the comparison of dialect between Paser Pematang and
Paser Telake in Kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim.
The benefit of studying comparison of dialect is that it can contribute toward
community development especially in language usage, because sometimes have similar
and different meanings, sound or pronunciation, and even their form. The researcher
decides to do this research because the language of Paser Pematang and Paser Telake
are similar, that is Paser language and they are separated regionally, therefore the
dialects are automatically different. Paser Pematang is spoken in area Sadurangas /
Benuo, Seratai, Tanjung Harapan, Tanah Grogot, Pasir Belengkong, and Muara Samu.
Meanwhile Paser Telake is spoken in area Olong Telake, Longkali, Pinang Jatus,
Olong Gelang, Pias, etc.
Based on the importance of this research, the researcher must know about the
previous similar researches that studied about dialect. They were Elpa Nauli Raila
(2008) and Purnama Sari (2007).
The first research was written by Raila (2008) with the title “Dialect
Differences between Banjarmasin and Amuntai of Banjarese”. The result of her
research stated that there were differences of sounds pattern such as sound [e], for
example in words, semalam, in Banjarmasin it is pronounced //s[e`]malam// but
inAmuntai //s[a]malam//. It also has differentiation in vocabulary, for example, the
word kamu. Banjarmasin people say nyawa, but Amuntai people say kau’ui. The
differences of sound pattern and vocabulary between Banjarnmasin and Amuntai
Banjarese are caused by different regional and geographical factors.
The last research was conducted by Sari (2007) with the title “Dialectical
differences between Malayan Sambas and Malayan Pontianak Dialect in Kalimantan
Barat”. The result of the research showed the pronunciation differences between
Pontianak and Sambas were on their sounds of [a], and also [e] and the vocabulary
differences between Pontianak and Sambas are in some words.
Based on the research above, it is known that there is no research about the
comparison between dialect of Paser Pematang and Paser Telake. Therefore, the
researcher chooses this title of her thesis about the comparison between dialect of Paser
Pematang and Paser Telake in Kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim in daily
activities.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Considering the background of the research, the research problem is stated as
follow.
1. What are the similarities in dialect between Paser Pematang and Paser Telake in
Kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim in daily activities?
2. What are dialect differences between Paser Pematang and Paser Telake in
Kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim in daily activities?
1.3 Purpose of the Study
Related to the statement of problems, the purpose of the study is stated as
follows:
1. To describe the similarities in dialect between Paser Pematang and Paser Telake
in kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim in daily activities.
2.
To describe dialect differences between Paser Pematang and Paser Telake in
Kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim in daily activities.”
1.4 Significance of the Study
By conducting this research, the researcher expects that the findings will be
useful to enlarge knowledge about local dialects especially in Kabupaten Paser Tanah
Grogot Kaltim. Besides, the reader will be informed about phenomenon of human
communication especially comparison between dialect of Paser Pematang and Paser
Telake in Kabupaten Paser Tanah Grogot Kaltim in daily activities.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
This research is intended to analyze comparison between dialect of Paser
Pematang and Paser Telake. This research focuses on the analysis of the language
variety used by people in Paser Pematang and Paser Telake in their daily activities.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation the researcher
defines:
Comparison is the process of examining two or more things in order to establish
their similarities and differences.
Dialect is any variety of a language spoken by a group of people that is
characterized by systematic differences from other varieties of the same language
in term of structural or lexical features (Thomas W. Stewart. Jr, Nathan Vailette
2001).
Paser Pematang is located area Sadurangas / Benuo, Seratai, Tanjung Harapan,
Tanah Grogot, Pasir Belengkong, Muara Samu, etc.
Paser Telake is located in area Olong Telake, Long kali, Pinang Jatus, Olong
Gelang, Pias, etc.
Daily activities also known as activities of daily living are those activities that
people must be able to routinely be considered fully independent.