Design Of Reconfigurable Defected Ground Structure For UWB Application.

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DESIGN OF RECONFIGURABLE DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE FOR UWB APPLICATION

NURSAIYIDAH BTE SALIM

This report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunications) With Honours

Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN

PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II

Tajuk Projek : ………

Sesi Pengajian : 1 2 1 3 2

Saya ……….. (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. 2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :

SULIT*

*(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

TERHAD** **(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh

organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh:

__________________________ ___________________________________

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

Tarikh: ……….. Tarikh: ……….. Design of Reconfigurable Defected Ground Structure (DGS) for UWB Application

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DECLARATION

I hereby, declared this report entitle “Design of Reconfigurable Defected Ground Structure for UWB Application” is the results of my own research except as cited in

the references

Signature :

Author’s Name : Nursaiyidah Bte Salim

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APPROVAL

This report is submitted to the Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering of UTeM as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Electronics Engineering (Telecommunication). The member of the supervisory

committee is as follows:

……….. Dr. Zahriladha bin Zakaria (Official Stamp of Supervisor)

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DEDICATION

“In the Name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the Most Merciful”

Special dedication to my beloved parents:

Salim bin Abu & Rohana binti Hj. Japar

My supporting siblings:

Muhammad Syafiq bin Salim Nursyahirah bte Salim

My respects supervisor:

Dr. Zahriladha bin Zakaria

My friends and my fellow lecturers

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, I thank God for giving me all kinds of opportunities in completing this project. Without a long life, wisdom is able to function as well as the spirit given; I may not be able to complete this project well.

First and foremost, I would like to thank the respected supervisor, Dr. Zahriladha bin Zakaria for giving me the opportunity to be your student supervision, thus giving me the responsibility to complete the assigned task. Thanks for all the guidance, opinions and advice and admonitions in helping me increase motivation.

Last but not least, thank you to Mr. Azwan bin Shairi and master students for helping me in many aspects. Without the help and guidance from them, I may not be able to complete this project.

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ABSTRACT

Defected Ground Structure (DGS) has been widely used and they have shown increasing potential due to its drastic development of the several applications in this recent year. Most of the applications nowadays have the similar range of other applications which causes the signal overlapped. Defected ground structure is used to solve this problem by removing the unwanted signal. This project presents the reconfigurable DGS resonator on microstrip technology. The objective of this project is to design the band stop filter which can operate at resonant frequencies 3.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz by employing U-shaped DGS design on the ground plane. Six sets DGS have been simulated and analyzed but only three sets DGS have been measured due to prove the theoretical concepts. First until fifth design present the U-shaped DGS with single and double slot which produce the resonant frequency at 3.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz. Square-shaped is the last design which produced in order to make this filter available to reconfigure with PIN diode. It is because U-shaped design cannot reconfigure with the PIN diode cause of the ground plane of this structure does not separate. The DGS is reconfigured by PIN diode is operating at frequency 3.48 GHz and 5.18 GHz with a return loss at -17.34 dB and -17.50 dB. The operating bandwidth is 168 MHz and 251 MHz which indicates the Q-factor of this design is 20.7 and 20.64. This type of DGS is useful for applications when the undesired signal needs to remove such as radar and wideband systems. It has simple structure, equivalent LC circuit model and great potential applicability to design RF circuit.

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ABSTRAK

Struktur Ground berpaling tadah (DGS) telah digunakan secara meluas dan mereka telah menunjukkan peningkatan potensi akibat pembangunan yang drastik daripada beberapa permohonan pada tahun baru-baru ini. Kebanyakan aplikasi yang kini mempunyai rangkaian yang sama dengn aplikasi lain menyebabkan isyarat bertindih. Struktur tanah berpaling tadah digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini dengan mengeluarkan isyarat yang tidak diingini. Projek ini membentangkan DGS konfigur resonator teknologi mikrostrip. Objektif projek ini adalah untuk mereka bentuk band penapis stop yang boleh beroperasi pada frekuensi salunan 3.5 GHz dan 5.2 GHz dengan menggunakan berbentuk U DGS reka bentuk kapal terbang tanah. Enam set DGS telah simulasi dan dianalisis tetapi hanya tiga set DGS telah diukur kerana membuktikan konsep teori. Pertama sehingga reka bentuk kelima membentangkan DGS berbentuk U dengan slot satu dan dua yang menghasilkan frekuensi resonan pada 3.5 GHz dan 5.2 GHz. Berbentuk persegi reka bentuk terakhir yang dihasilkan untuk membuat penapis ini disediakan untuk menyusun semula dengan cahaya PIN. Ia adalah kerana reka bentuk berbentuk U tidak boleh menyusun semula dengan PIN cahaya punca pesawat alasan struktur ini tidak berasingan. DGS yang diatur semula oleh diod PIN beroperasi pada frekuensi 3.48 GHz dan 5.18 GHz dengan kerugian pulangan pada -17,34 dB dan -17,50 dB. Jalur lebar operasi adalah 168 MHz dan 251 MHz yang menunjukkan faktor-Q reka bentuk ini adalah 20.7 dan 20.64. Jenis ini DGS adalah berguna untuk aplikasi apabila isyarat yang tidak diingini perlu mengeluarkan seperti radar dan sistem Wideband. Ia mempunyai struktur yang mudah, bersamaan model litar LC dan kesesuaian potensi yang besar untuk reka bentuk litar RF.

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viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE i

DECLARATION ii

APPROVAL iii

DEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

ABSTRAK vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF FIGURES xiii

LIST OF TABLES xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi

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CHAPTER 1: 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT 2

1.4 SCOPES OF PROJECT 3

1.5 IMPORTANCE OF WORK 4

1.6 REPORT STRUCTURE 4

CHAPTER 2: 5

LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE (DGS) TECHNOLOGY 5

2.2 ADDITIONAL APPLICATION OF DGS 9

2.2.1 Antenna 9

2.2.2 Ultra Wideband 10

2.2.3 Delay Line 11

2.3 RECONFIGURABLE DGS 12

2.3.1 Transmission line 12

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2.3.3 Lumped Element 14

2.4 RESONATOR 15

2.5 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF DGS 16

2.5.1 LC and RLC Equivalent Circuits 17

2.5.2 Π-shaped Equivalent Circuit 19

2.5.3 Quasi-static Equivalent Circuit 20

CHAPTER 3: 21

METHODOLOGY 21

3.1 INTRODUCTION 21

3.2 DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE 21

3.3 DESIGN SPECIFICATION 23

3.4 NUMERICAL SOLUTION 23

3.5 SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS 23

3.6 FABRICATION 24

3.7 CUTTING 25

3.8 SOLDERING 25

3.9 MEASUREMENT 25

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CHAPTER 4: 27

DEVELOPMENT OF DGS 27

4.1 INTRODUCTION 27

4.2 DESIGN OF DGS1 28

4.2.1 Simulation Results 28

4.2.2 Circuit Simulation Result 29

4.3 DESIGN OF DGS2 30

4.3.1 Simulation Result 30

4.3.2 Circuit Simulation Result 31

4.4 DESIGN OF DGS3 32

4.4.1 Simulation Result 32

4.4.2 Comparison between DGS1 and DGS3 33

4.4.3 Circuit Simulation Result 34

4.5 DESIGN OF DGS4 35

4.5.1 Simulation Result 35

4.5.2 Measurement Result 36

4.5.3 Comparison between Simulation and Measurement Result of DGS4 37

4.5.4 Circuit Simulation Result 38

4.6 DESIGN OF DGS5 39

4.6.1 Simulation Result 39

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xii

4.6.3 Comparison between Simulation and Measurement 41

4.6.4 Circuit Simulation Result 43

4.7 DESIGN OF DGS6 44

4.7.1 Design of DGS6 without PIN diode 44

4.7.2 Design of DGS6 with PIN diode 46

CHAPTER 5: 50

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 50

5.1 CONCLUSION 50

5.2 RECOMMENDATION 51

REFERENCES 52

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xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1: U-Shaped Layout ... 3

Figure 2-1: Some Common Configurations for DGS Resonant Structures ... 6

Figure 2-2: Microstrip Line With U-Slot DGS on The Ground Plane ... 8

Figure 2-3: Transfer Characteristic Of U-Slot ... 8

Figure 2-4: Various DGS ... 9

Figure 2-5: Equivalent Circuit of U-Slot DGS ... 14

Figure 2-6: Schematic of The Bandstop Filter Using Cross Couples Resonators ... 15

Figure 2-7: Structure of A Specific DGS Type and Its Frequency Response, Obtained by Electromagnetic Simulation ... 16

Figure 2-8: Conventional Design and Analysis Method of Dumbbell DGS ... 17

Figure 2-9: LC Equivalent Circuit ... 18

Figure 2-10: RLC Equivalent Circuit for Unit DGS ... 19

Figure 2-11: Π-Shaped Equivalent Circuit of DGS ... 19

Figure 2-12: New Design and Analysis Method of DGS ... 20

Figure 3-1: Project Flow Overview... 22

Figure 3-2: Schematic Diagram of Proposed DGS ... 23

Figure 3-3: Transformation of DGS Layout Into Coreldraw Software ... 24

Figure 3-4: Fabricated DGS ... 25

Figure 3-5: Network Analyzer and Fabricated DGS Under Testing ... 26

Figure 4-1: Design for 3.5 Ghz Frequency ... 28

Figure 4-2: Simulation Results of DGS1 ... 28

Figure 4-3: Equivalent Circuit Model of DGS1 ... 29

Figure 4-4: Simulation Result of Equivalent Circuit Model of DGS1 ... 29

Figure 4-5: Layout of DGS2 ... 30

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xiv

Figure 4-7: Equivalent Circuit Model of DGS2 ... 31

Figure 4-8: Simulation Result of Equivalent Circuit Model of DGS2 ... 31

Figure 4-9: Layout of DGS3 ... 32

Figure 4-10: Simulation Result of DGS3 ... 32

Figure 4-11: Comparison Between DGS1 and DGS3 ... 33

Figure 4-12: Equivalent Circuit for DGS 3 ... 34

Figure 4-13: Simulation Result for Equivalent Circuit of DGS3 ... 34

Figure 4-14: Layout of DGS4 ... 35

Figure 4-15: Simulation Result of DGS4 ... 35

Figure 4-16: Fabricated DGS4 ... 36

Figure 4-17: Measurement Result for DGS4 ... 37

Figure 4-18: Comparison Between Simulation and Measurement Result of DGS4 .. 38

Figure 4-19: Equivalent Circuit Model of DGS4 ... 38

Figure 4-20: Simulation Result for Equivalent Circuit of DGS4 ... 39

Figure 4-21: Layout of DGS5 ... 40

Figure 4-22: Simulation Result of DGS5 ... 40

Figure 4-23: Fabricated of DGS5 ... 41

Figure 4-24: Measurement Result of DGS5 ... 41

Figure 4-25: Comparison Between Simulated and Measured of DGS5 ... 42

Figure 4-26: Equivalent Circuit Model of DGS5 ... 43

Figure 4-27: Simulation Result for Equivalent Circuit of DGS5 ... 43

Figure 4-28: Layout for DGS6 (Without Pin Diode) ... 44

Figure 4-29: Simulation Result for DGS6 (Without Pin Diode) ... 44

Figure 4-30: Layout for DGS6(Without Pin Diode) ... 45

Figure 4-31: Simulation Result for DGS6 (Without Pin Diode) ... 45

Figure 4-32: Measurement Process When Pin Diode Off ... 46

Figure 4-33: Measurement Result When Diode Off ... 46

Figure 4-34: Layout if DGS6 (With Pin Diode On) ... 47

Figure 4-35: Simulation Result for DGS6 (With Pin Diode On) ... 47

Figure 4-36: Measurement Process When Pin Diode On ... 48

Figure 4-37: Measurement Result for Dgs6 When Pin Diode On At 5v ... 48

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1: Comparison Between Conventional DGS and Reconfigurable DGS ... 12

Table 4-1: Simulation Result of DGS1 ... 28

Table 4-2: Lumped Element Value for RLC Circuits (DGS1) ... 29

Table 4-3: Simulation Result for DGS2 ... 30

Table 4-4: Lumped Element for DGS2 ... 31

Table 4-5: Simulation Result for Equivalent Circuit of DGS2 ... 32

Table 4-6: Simulation Result of DGS3 ... 33

Table 4-7: Comparison Between DGS1 and DGS3 ... 33

Table 4-8: Lumped Element for DGS3 ... 34

Table 4-9: Simulation Result for Equivalent Circuit of DGS3 ... 35

Table 4-10: Simulation Result of DGS4 ... 36

Table 4-11: Measurement Result for DGS4... 37

Table 4-12: Comparison Between Simulation and Measurement Result of DGS4 ... 38

Table 4-13: Lumped Element of DGS4 ... 39

Table 4-14: Simulation Result for Equivalent Circuit of DGS4 ... 39

Table 4-15: Simulation Result of DGS5 ... 40

Table 4-16: Measurement Result of DGS5 ... 41

Table 4-17: Comparison Between Simulation and Measurement Result for DGS5 .. 42

Table 4-18: Lumped Element for DGS5 ... 43

Table 4-19: Simulation Result for Equivalent Circuit of DGS5 ... 44

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xvi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

DGS - Defected Ground Structure

CPW - Coplanar Waveguide

PBG - Photonic Band Gap

UWB - Ultra Wideband

WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network

WiMAX - Wireless Maximum

RF - Radio Frequency

UV - Ultraviolet

ADS - Advanced Design System

RLC - Resistance Inductance Capacitance

LC - Inductance Capacitance

LPF - Low Pass Filter

FCC - Federal Communications Commission

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xvii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A INOTEK Exhibition 2013 Poster 55

B INOTEK: IEEE Special Award 56

C INOTEK 2013 Award 57

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CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

The increase in developments of wireless applications introduces new requirements for transceiver architecture that feature compact size, good microwave performance and enhanced integration density [1, 2].

Recently there is a much interest in developments of high-performance microwave components using slow-wave structure, such as electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures and defected ground structures (DGS). They have attracted the interest of many researchers, due to their interesting properties in terms of size miniaturization, suppression of surface wave and arbitrary stop bands [3].

DGS is one of technique where the ground plane metal of microstrip, stripline or coplanar waveguide will defect to improve the performance. It is considered to be an approximation of an infinite, perfect-conducting current sink. Furthermore, a ground plane at microwave frequencies is far removed from the idealized behaviour

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2 of perfect ground. The extra perturbations of DGS aren't giving as defective even though it is altering the uniformity of the ground plane [4].

This project proposes the design of reconfigurable defected ground structure (DGS) resonator to produce band stop response. The reconfigurable DGS will be designed based upon microstrip technology to exhibit band stop characteristic at 3.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz using FR-4 on a 1.6 mm dielectric substrate thick with dielectric constant = 4.6. This topology of reconfigurable DGS is useful for applications when the undesired signals need to be removed such as in wideband systems.

1.2 Problem Statement

At present, most of the system frequency range overlaps with the frequency range of other systems. An example is the ultra wideband (UWB) systems where it faces interferences of other signal such as WiMAX system and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) radio signal. Therefore, many people tried to find a solution for this problem. So, to overcome this problem, the DGS reconfigurable concept has been implemented into the UWB system by obtaining the resonant frequency at 3.5 GHZ which is for WiMAX system and 5.2 GHZ for IEEE 802.11a lower band of a WLAN system.

1.3 Objective of Project

The objective of this project is to design a band stop filter where it involves the DGS to reconfigure at any desired resonant frequencies. To implement it, the capabilities of DGS to reconfigure at an arbitrary frequency have been investigated. The PIN diode will be added to this band stop filter to see the effects on the system and to reconfigure this filter at the resonant frequency. This project has potential to

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3 be applied in the UWB application such to remove the undesired frequencies that interfere the UWB systems.

1.4 Scopes of Project

In this project, the scope of work is divided into few parts which are research analysis, simulation, optimization, fabrication and measurement analysis on the result. The research processes are based on the review studies of DGS technology and Ultra-Wideband. In this part, some calculations are needed before the filter layout is designed. The simulation process includes the design of layout, simulation and optimizes the frequency response that already targeted. Advanced Design System 2011 (ADS) software has been chosen as simulation tools, while U-shaped design is chosen as DGS-shaped design.

The fabrication part starts from layout printing onto transparent paper, UV exposure on a substrate using the UV machine, etching, cutting and soldering processes. The measurement process will be done by measuring the filter using the Network Analyzer to obtain the frequency response. U-shaped DGS is chosen to defect the ground plane, thus give the impact on the filter. Figure 0-1 shows the layout for U-shaped DGS.

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1.5 Importance of Work

This project proposes to design DGS structure which can be applied in UWB system. Many systems now have same frequency range, so to avoid the signal at UWB system overlapped with another signal like WiMAX and WLAN, so DGS is used to remove undesired signal.

1.6 Report Structure

This report has five chapters. Chapter 1 describes the background, problem statement, objectives and scope of the project. Chapter 2 presents the brief theory of DGS and related literature review in designing the U-shaped DGS structure. Chapter 3 describes the methodology of the project which includes the design specification and procedure flow process. Chapter 4 presents the simulation and measurement results. The results obtained are analyzed and discussed. The last chapter concludes the report and recommendations for further work are given.

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CHAPTER 2:

LITERATURE REVIEW

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a review of past research effort relate to DGS technology, reconfigurable DGS, resonator, coplanar waveguide and the process used in this study. The chapter begins with the discussion of fundamentals of DGS. A review of other relevant research studies is also provided. The review is organized chronologically to offer sight to how past research efforts have laid the groundwork for later studies, including the present research effort. The review is detailed so that the present research effort tailored to the present body of literature as well as to justly the scope and direction of the present research effort.

2.1 Defected Ground Structure (DGS) Technology

DGS is realized by etching a defected pattern in the ground plane [5]. DGS is a defect structure which etched in the ground plane of microstrip or coplanar lines

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6 where it disturbs the shield current distribution in the ground plane. This disturbance will change the characteristics of a transmission line such as line capacitance and inductance [1].

The DGS in the microstrip line uses an artificial defect on the ground and it provides a band-rejection characteristic of the resonance property. The cutoff frequency of DGS depends on the etched area on the ground plane, while the designs gap distance will effects to the attenuation pole location [6]. Because of that, DGS has been used in filtering circuits to improve the stop band characteristics [1, 7-9]. A shielding plane could be used to suppress the back radiation, although this could affect severely the antenna performance due to parallel plate modes propagation [9].

The basic element of DGS is a resonant gap or slot in the ground metal, placed directly under a transmission line and aligned for efficient coupling to the line. Figure 2-1 shows several resonant structures that may be used. Each one differs from occupied areas, equivalent L-C ratio, coupling coefficient, higher-order responses, and other electrical parameters. A user will select the structure that works best for the particular application [4].

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CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

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of perfect ground. The extra perturbations of DGS aren't giving as defective even though it is altering the uniformity of the ground plane [4].

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Objective of Project

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be applied in the UWB application such to remove the undesired frequencies that interfere the UWB systems.

1.4 Scopes of Project

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1.5 Importance of Work

1.6 Report Structure

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CHAPTER 2:

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Defected Ground Structure (DGS) Technology

DGS is realized by etching a defected pattern in the ground plane [5]. DGS is a defect structure which etched in the ground plane of microstrip or coplanar lines

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where it disturbs the shield current distribution in the ground plane. This disturbance will change the characteristics of a transmission line such as line capacitance and inductance [1].

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